UNIT 3 – RESPIRATION

INTRODUCTIONThe respiratory system is responsible for providing oxygen to the body cells and removing carbon dioxide from the body. Oxygen is used by the cells to break the chemical bonds in glucose and convert this energy into ATP. This system functions very closely with the circulatory system since it’s the blood that will be responsible for carrying oxygen to cell.

RESPIRATIONThis is a very general term used to discuss the respiratory system. There are three main ways we can describe respiration. a) External respiration involves the exchange of gases at the lungs. Oxygen transfers into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out. This involves the mechanical process of breathing which brings the oxygen to the lungs and carries the carbon dioxide

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out of the lungs.. It (breathing) is both a voluntary and involuntary process.

b) Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases at the cellular level. It’s the movement of oxygen out of the blood in the capillaries and into the body cells. At the cells, the blood will pick up the carbon dioxide waste and carry it back to the lungs to be exhaled. This is an involuntary process.

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c) Cellular respiration involves the chemical reaction of oxygen with glucose to produce energy/ATP, carbon dioxide and water. C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---- 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATPThis is critical to the proper functioning of all cells in the body.

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https://app.discoveryeducation.ca/learn/videos/ad15f722-97fa-4efd-8394-65cbc3042684?hasLocalHost=false

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ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMThe organs of the system are passageways that warm, clean and moisten the air before it gets into our body. Other organs in the system serve as the site of gas exchange . Each organ is specially designed to help with gas exchange.

CONDITIONS FOR GAS EXCHANGE

In order for respiration to take place across a membrane (lung cells and body cells), 5 conditions must be met.

1. Moist membranes - Water is the carrier for the O2. Gases must be dissolved in water so they can pass freely across cell membranes.

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2) Concentration gradient - different concentrations of gases at sites of gas exchange allows for diffusion. The higher the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion will take place. Eg. at the lungs and cells

3) Warm temperature Warm air will speed up diffusion of gas into bloodstream. Faster moving molecules will diffuse faster.

4) Contact with the circulatory systemIn order for diffusion into the blood to take place, we need direct contact with the circulatory system and a very large surface area.

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5) Thin membranes – Diffusion cannot occur across thick, muscular membranes. Sites of gas exchange must have membranes, one cell thick that will facilitate diffusion.

Comprehension Questions1.What is the job of the respiratory system?\

To exchange gases – oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration.

2.Which system is it directly connected to? circulatory3.Where does external respiration take place? lungs

What happens during external respiration? Oxygebn moves into capillaries and carbon dioxide moves outWhat process facilitates external respiration? breathing

4.Where does internal respiration take place? cellsWhat happens during internal respiration? Oxygen moves into cells and carbon dioxide moves out

5.What is cellular respiration? A process that turns sugar and oxygen in to energyWhat reactants are needed? sugar and oxygenWhat products are created? Carbon dioxide and water and ATP

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What is the equation for this process?Where does this happen? In the mitochonria

6. What are the 5 conditions for gas exchange?Moist membraneWarmthContact with circulatory systemThin membrane for diffusioinConcentration gradient

7. Explain how a moist membrane helps diffusion rates.

The gases diffuse best when dissolved in liquid. Water provides the solvent

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8. Why do the gases diffuse into a capillary and not an artery or vein?Veins and arteries have thicker walls with muscle. Capillaries aare thin.

9. How does warm temperature help with diffusion rates?Provides kinetic energy foro the molecules which speeds up movement and ultimately diffusion rates

10. In what way is the respiratory system designed to increase surface area for gas exchange.

Millions of alveoli and capillaries

Pathway for air flowmouth ***, nose/nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles (lungs), alveoli

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https://app.discoveryeducation.ca/learn/videos/25ce2b2e-b683-4cee-8787-8cb538358d19?hasLocalHost=false

NOSE/NASAL CAVITY

Air enters the body through the nares/nostrils and fills the nasal cavity. This is the true first point of entry for the respiratory system. Thin bones called turbinates, hang into this cavity and have many functions. The turbinates are covered in a thin membrane that secretes mucus to

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moisten the air and trap foreign particles. This area is lined with capillaries that provide a rich blood supply to warm the incoming air. The nose also has cilia which will trap foreign particles and clean the incoming air. The cilia cells are like little hairs that help move mucus and debris into the throat to be swallowed. The more debris or contaminants in the nasal cavity, the more mucus that will be produced.Smoking and pollution can destroy the cilia in the nose and dry out the membranes .

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Adenoids are also present at the back of the nasal cavity where the nose blends into the pharynx. They are lymph nodes that provide white blood cells to help fight infection.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbW5iCUN6mg - sneezing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdypW7gglp8 - why do we sneeze ling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=056B1M14VVY

2. PHARYNX (throat)This is part of both the digestive system and the respiratory system. This area connects the nasal passage to the trachea.Tonsils are present in this area and help to fight infection. Tonsils are also lymph nodes.If infection develops, tonsils (and adenoids) can become inflamed and block airways. This can result in tonsillitis .

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http://www.healthhype.com/pharynx-functions-anatomy-pictures-disorders.html

http://www.google.ca/images?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&biw=1270&bih=568&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=tonsilitis&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=

3. LARYNX (Voice box)The larynx is the first part of the trachea and the opening is guarded by the epiglottis . This structure is a flap that will cover up the trachea while swallowing food.

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The larynx is made of 9 cartilages – the largest one is the thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple). Both women and men have Adam’s apples, but during puberty a males’ voice box grows larger and more prominent.Production of sound is the result of air being forced over the vocal chords . If the vocal chords are stretched tightly, the sound produced will be high pitched. If the vocal chords are more relaxed , the sound will be deeper. Males have deeper voices because during puberty, these vocal chords grow longer and thicker which causes a deeper sound as air passes over the chords.The epiglottis is present to prevent food from getting into the trachea. If food does travel into the trachea, it will trigger a cough reflex.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usAqJoVYVSc

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYpDwhpILkQ&feature=fvsr - laryngoscopy

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3NpwHK2REg

4. TRACHEA (windpipe ) It is a tube that carries air to the lungs. It connects the larynx to the lungs. It is made of smooth muscle along the back wall and 16 – 20, C - shaped rings of

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cartilage around the front. The cartilage provides structure and stability for the trachea. This keeps it from collapsing in between breaths. The trachea lengthens and expands slightly with each breath.

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It is lined with cilia cells that beat together in a wave-like motion in the opposite direction of incoming air to help push foreign materials towards the throat. Mucus is secreted by cells in the walls of trachea to clean the air and to help trap dirt and foreign material. As air comes down the trachea, cilia move dirt and mucus up and out to the throat where it can be swallowed or spit out.The trachea can become blocked or collapsed and a tracheotomy may be needed. A tracheotomy involves cutting a hole in the trachea to allow for air to enter the lungs.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQnfRc3ODgs - trachea video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHasd-Uj4Mo - The Heat

5. BRONCHI and BRONCHIOLES – (singular BRONCHUS)The trachea splits into 2 branches or bronchi. One bronchus goes to each lung. In the lung the bronchi branch out and become narrow passages called bronchioles.The structure of these tubes is similar to that of the trachea but the cartilage decreases as they branch into the smallest tubes. Both types of tubes are lined with cilia and secrete mucus .

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6. LUNGShttp://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/lungs-article/

https://www.japantoday.com/category/health/view/new-lung-transplant-technique-could-save-lives-study

These are spongy, soft and textured organs. The lungs provide a very moist environment to aid in gas exchange.The right lung has 3 lobes, and the left lung has 2 lobes to make more room for the heart

The lungs are covered with a membrane called visceral pleura while the walls of the pleural cavity are covered by the parietal pleura.

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The membranes secrete a fluid, that allow the lungs to glide easily in the chest cavity (thorax) during breathing .

The bronchioles extend deep into the lungs, branching to smaller and smaller tubes. At the end of each tube is an air sac called an alveolus (plural – alveoli). The alveoli are the main site of gas exchange. There are 300 million air sacs in the lungs!

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The walls of alveoli are 1 – cell thick so that O2 and CO2 can diffuse in and out EASILY. Alveoli are in direct contact with the circulatory system because the capillaries are wrapped around the sacs and are connected to veins/arteries. They help to increase surface area for gas exchange .

Alveoli are lined with a surfactant which facilitates the transfer of gases. This surfactant provides moisture in which the gases can dissolve so they can diffuse into the blood. This fluid also keeps the alveoli open between breaths.

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DIAPHRAGM – This is a sheet of muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage. The movement of this muscle up and down, will help the body in the process of breathing. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (chest cavity: heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdom inal cavity

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http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=iron+lung+diane+odell&&view=detail&mid=6200DACFF01351C8A9876200DACFF01351C8A987&FORM=VRDGAR&adlt=stricthttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=iron+lung+diane+odell&&view=detail&mid=76C19DDE6DBDB5E2CAC876C19DDE6DBDB5E2CAC8&FORM=VRDGAR&adlt=strict

MECHANICS OF BREATHINGBreathing has 2 phases: 1) inhalation

2) exhalation

It is an involuntary action controlled by the nervous system in response to carbon dioxide levels in the blood. (more later)The movement is the result of the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp-gCvW8PRY&NR=1

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1) INHALATIONDuring inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. This causes the diaphragm to move downward and the chest to move outward and upwards. This causes the volume of the cavity to increase which results in a decrease in pressure due to the void - empty space . This causes air to rush into lungs until the pressure in the lungs is equal to the outside pressure .2) EXHALATIONDuring exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. The causes the diaphragm to move up

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and the intercostal muscles to move in and downwards. This leads to a decrease in chest volume which causes an increase in lung pressure. As a result, air is forced out of the lungs to balance the pressure between the outside air and the lungs.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvaADyYk0Mo - hiccups

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NUxvJS-_0k - what do the lungs do – ted talk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kacMYexDgHg - respiratory system overview

LUNG CAPACITIES30

Lung volume can be measured with a spirometer .

The total lung capacity of an average person is around 6 L. Measuring lung capacity is an important diagnostic method to find out if there are any issues with the respiratory system. The amount of air in the lungs can be measured into different volumes. Volumes listed are approximates and standards for an adult.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9eiVqddVVo

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Tidal Volume – Volume of air breathed in and out in a single breath. 0.5 L

Inspiratory Reserve Volume –Maximum volume breathed in after a normal inspiration. 3.3 L

Expiratory Reserve Volume – Maximum volume breathed out after a normal expiration. 1.0 L

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Vital capacity – Maximum volume of air that can be breathed out aftertaking in a deep breath. 4.8 L

Residual Volume – air that remains in the lungs and cannot be expelled. 1.2 LTotal Lung Capacity – Total volume of air that the lungs can hold. Only a fraction of the air is used in normal breathing. 6.0 LBelow is a spirogram that shows volume vs time curve.

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CHEMISTRY OF GAS EXCHANGEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZvzl8KH6iI – alveoli gas exchange

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVU_zANtroE - oxygen’s complex journey

Once the oxygen is inhaled and reaches the alveoli, it needs a transport mechanism to move through the body. Carbon dioxide which is picked up from the tissues as waste material, also needs to be transported back to the lungs to be exhaled. Both gases travel through the blood in the circulatory system, but there are a few different

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methods of transfer for both of these gases.One of the main transport molecules for both gases is hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a globular protein found in RED BLOOD cells, that is made up of 4 protein chains and an iron atom in the middle of each cluster. Hemoglobin has the ability to carry both OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE. It acts as a taxi that can pick up oxygen at the lungs, drop it off at the tissues, load carbon dioxide waste and carry it to lungs to be exhaled.

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OXYGENOxygen is transported through blood in two ways.1) Hemoglobin has an extremely high affinity (attraction) for oxygen. When oxygen combines with hemoglobin we call it oxyhemoglobin. This molecule has a bright red pigment. This is an unstable compound that can

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undergo a reversible reaction. Once the oxyhemoglobin reaches the tissue cells, it releases the oxygen so it can go to the mitochondria and undergo cellular respiration. It is then called deoxyhemoglobin.As the amount of oxygen in the blood goes up, the hemoglobin attracts more oxygen to the cells. This encourages high volume transport of oxygen. However, as the carbon dioxide level goes up, less oxygen attaches to hemoglobin to allow for more space for carbon dioxide to get rid

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of wastes. This is called the Bohr effect. 2) Some oxygen can remain dissolved in blood plasma (small %)

CARBON DIOXIDEThis molecule can be carried in our blood in 3 forms: 1) BICARBONATE ION – HCO 3- ( 75-85 %)

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As carbon dioxide is produced through cellular respiration, it is transferred to the red blood cell and combines with H2O in a reversible reaction where it turns into CARBONIC ACID (H2CO3). This acid can build up in the blood and affect the pH which can damage tissues. As a result, some of the carbon dioxide doesn’t remain in this form for long. Carbonic acid will then convert into BICARBONATE ION (HCO3-) in another reversible reaction. This ion will act as a buffer and will not affect blood pH. In this way, the

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carbon dioxide can still be carried in the blood.

2) Carbon dioxide can be bound to HEMOGLOBIN in red blood cells

(10 – 20%)When it combines with hemoglobin it becomes:CO2 + Hb HbCO 2 (CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN)

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Carbon dioxide attaches to a different site than oxygen does. NOTE: - Carbon Monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas that binds at the SAME site as O2 on hemoglobin molecules. This restricts the transfer of oxygen to the necessary cells and can be fatal leading to DEATH. (gas leaks, smoking)3) DISSOLVED IN BLOOD PLASMA ( 5% )CO2 can dissolve easily in blood plasma like O2

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Respiratory homeostasis: control of breathing rate The average normal rate is about 15 - 18 breaths/minutes. The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by the respiratory centre, in the medulla oblongata (base of skull). Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid artery, detect changes in O2 through blood pH levels.

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When pH levels of blood are low (very acidic), it is a sign that CO2 levels are very HIGH in blood. Chemoreceptors send signals to the respiratory centre (in the medulla) which will trigger the muscles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract. This will increase breathing rate and depth.**** see “Control of Breathing” worksheet. You need to know the terms on this worksheet.

There are many factors affecting the rate of respiration and breathing including exercise, stress

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, drugs, alcohol, illness, ph levels, resting state, temperature . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3QYDtSbhrA yawning

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0dQx4SNSwE - yawning

https://app.discoveryeducation.ca/learn/videos/bc674b3a-dd8d-49f6-9abd-af41a837d3b0?hasLocalHost=false full videohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPq-LkikA2Y CO2 transporthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCYBGRj4Teo - tracheotomy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_5eKkwnIRs - -3D animation

DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMhttps://app.discoveryeducation.ca/learn/videos/c6a147d6-ffa5-4a6b-b3a9-3376aa6f1841?hasLocalHost=false

PLEURISYA condition in which the pleura gets inflamed due to a decrease in the production of pleural fluid

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Cause: bacterial infection, cancer, lupus, arthritis, chest traumaSymptoms: – pain in chest, bluish color, shortness of breath, coughing, rapid breathing Treatment: depends on the cause but antibiotics and anti-inflammatories care often used. Bed rest, fluids, steroids to help heal the tissues.

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BRONCHITIShttp://slu.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=57&gid=000077

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An inflammatory reaction, which causes inflammation of the tissues lining the bronchi and bronchioles. This restricts the air passageway. Cells in the lining will secrete more mucus in response to the inflammation. This mucus blocks air passageways even further.Cause: bacterial or viral infection, environmental causes – pollution, smokeSymptoms: Wheezing, chest pain, persistent hoarse cough, mucus production, fatigue, fever, difficulty breathing

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Treatment: antibiotics, steroids to heal the lung tissues, rest, warm fluids, expectorant

ASTHMAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzfLDi-sL3w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aK76DoxKGk

Allergic reactions trigger inflammation of the tissue lining the bronchiole passageways. This can cause constriction of the airway and spasms of the walls of the tubes.

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Cause: Many triggers exist. Depends on the person’s allergies – environmental, food, drug, medicine, humidity, pollen.Symptoms during an attack: wheezing, tightness in chest, bluish tinge to face, initial coughing, difficulty breathingTreatment: steroid inhalers, removal of irritant, oxygen maskhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aK76DoxKGk

CYSTIC FIBROSIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhFpFiZumS0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aK76DoxKGk

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It is a genetic disorder, in which the air passageways produce too much mucus. The mucus blocks the main airways but also moves to the digestive system and blocks pancreatic and bile ducts.Cause: genetic mutationSymptoms: vary with age. Failure to thrive, digestive discomfort, constipation, loss of appetite, fatigue, nasal congestion, difficulty breathing, coughing, salty skin, recurrent pneumonia, fatty stoolsTreatment: Antibiotics, enzyme therapies, lung transplant, oxygen

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therapy, increased salt solutions, exercise and diet changes.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xxT5gQywpk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omkp2VJTE3c

EMPHYSEMAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGtrRLGkyu8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBtO7qgtrqs

Damage to the lung tissue that occurs as a result of trapped air in alveoli. The trapped air causes the alveoli to burst. This restricts gas exchange. Long term disease that progress over time.

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Cause: smoking, heavy exposure to environmental pollutantsSymptoms: - wheezing, cough with or without mucus, fatigue, many respiratory infections, shortness of breath, can result in stroke or heart attackTreatment: No cure and can lead to death. Medications like pain killers, anti inflammatory, and steroids can be taken to relieve symptoms. Oxygen tank

LUNG/ORAL CANCER

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Tumor growth occurs in the lung tissue. This obstructs the passageways, destroys tissue and makes it difficult for air to be exchanged.Cause: Smoking – First, second and third hand smoke. Pollution, radiation therapy, exposure to toxic chemicals. Symptoms: Chest pain, difficulty breathing, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of weight, shoulder pain, hoarseness.Treatment: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.

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EFFECTS OF SMOKINGhttp://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/smokehealth.htm

https://app.discoveryeducation.ca/learn/videos/3e26c47c-ad19-4eff-b4e5-b80d72dd85ae?hasLocalHost=false - pigs lungs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wsXee9SZ04 - smoker lungshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4cqaq4sB-4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmzJrHraayA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFR07vsnWjA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyO-2JQR7Fo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haqi4xvjvKo - smoking vs vaping

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vjhae3IYCc - every cigarette is doing you damage

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