Biomass to hydrogen with CCS: can we go negative? · 2020-06-26 · Coal/Biomass CO 2 dehydration compression CO 2 CO 2 H 2 transport H 2 storage H 2 from electrolysis H 2 utilization

Biomass to hydrogen with CCS: can we go negative?

Cristina Antonini and Marco Mazzotti

2020-06-22

1

Coal/Biomass

CO2

dehydration compression

CO2

CO2

H2

transport

H2 storage

H2 from electrolysis

H2

utilization

CO2 transport, injection and storage

CO2

WP2

Task 1.2

Task 1.3

Task 1.4

Task 1.1 ETHZ, UU

ECN

ETHZ, UU

RUB

WGSNG/Biomass H2Reforming

SyngasVPSA

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2Reforming

BasicOxygen

FurnaceGas

WGS SEWGSH2

Industrial process

(Steel plant)

2

ELEGANCY - Overview

SyngasNG/Biomass

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionSEWGS: Sorption enhanced WGS

CO2

Coal/Biomass

CO2

dehydration compression

CO2

CO2

H2

transport

H2 storage

H2 from electrolysis

H2

utilization

CO2 transport, injection and storage

CO2

WP2

WGSNG/Biomass H2Reforming

SyngasVPSA

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2Reforming

BasicOxygen

FurnaceGas

WGS SEWGSH2

Industrial process

(Steel plant)

ELEGANCY - Low-C H2 production

SyngasNG/Biomass

CO2

3

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionSEWGS: Sorption enhanced WGS

Goals:

1) Study low-C hydrogen production with CO2 capture and storage

- starting from different feedstocks - using different production technologies- comparing benchmark with novel CO2/H2 separation processes

2) Investigate the possibility to deliver negative emissions

VPSA

4

Low-C H2 production

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2ReformingSyngasNG

Feedstock Feedstock conversion Technology

– Natural gas (NG) ReformingNG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorption

PSA tail gas (CH4, CO, H2) CO2

5


– Natural gas (NG) Reforming • Steam methane reforming (SMR)NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionSMR: Steam methane reforming

VPSA

WGSCO2

capturePSASMR

H2O

Flue gas

Furnace

H2Syngas

PSA tail gas (CH4, CO, H2)

NG

CO2

Low-C H2 production

VPSA

WGSCO2

capturePSA

6

SMR

H2O

Flue gas


Furnace

H2Syngas

CO2

NG


– Natural gas (NG) Reforming • Steam methane reforming (SMR)NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionSMR: Steam methane reforming

CO2 (60-70 %)

Low-C H2 production

VPSA

CO2

WGSCO2

capturePSA

7

ATRH2Syngas

Fired heater

Flue gasASU

O2

Air

H2ONG


– Natural gas (NG) Reforming • Steam methane reforming (SMR)• Autothermal reforming (ATR)

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionSMR: Steam methane reformingATR: Autothermal reformingASU: air separation unit


Low-C H2 production

VPSA

WGSCO2

capturePSA

8

ATR

H2OH2Syngas

ASU

O2

Air

Flue gas

NG

CO2




Fired heater

PSA tail gas (CH4, CO, H2) CO2 (93-98 %)

Low-C H2 production

VPSA

CO2

9

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2ReformingSyngasNG





Low-C H2 production

VPSA

CO2

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

10

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane


– Natural gas (NG)– Biomethane from WB

Reforming • Steam methane reforming (SMR)• Autothermal reforming (ATR)

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionSMR: Steam methane reformingATR: Autothermal reformingASU: air separation unitWB: Wet biomass


Low-C H2 production

VPSA

CO2

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

11

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane






Low-C H2 production

Negative emissions

CO2

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

12

Reforming

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane




– Dry biomass (wood) Gasification


H2O

Forestry wood logging

Chipping

O2

ASUAir


Low-C H2 production

Gasification

Gasification

CO2

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

13

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane




– Dry biomass (wood) Gasification • Steam-blown dual fluidized bed gasifier

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionSMR: Steam methane reformingATR: Autothermal reformingASU: air separation unitWB: Wet biomassDFB: Dual fluidized bed

H2O


Chipping

O2

ASUAir


Low-C H2 production

Gasification

DFBgasifier

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

Heat

CO2

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

14

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane






H2O


Chipping

O2

ASUAir


Low-C H2 production

Flue gas

Char

GasificationAir

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

Heat

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

15

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane






H2O


Chipping

O2

ASUAir


Low-C H2 production

Flue gas

Char

GasificationAir

CO2

CO2 (60 %)

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

Heat

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

16

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane






H2O


Chipping

O2

ASUAir


Low-C H2 production

Flue gas

Char

GasificationAir

CO2

CO2 (60 %)

Negative emissions

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

WGS PSAH2

17

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane




– Dry biomass (wood) Gasification • Steam-blown dual fluidized bed gasifier• Oxy-fired entrained flow gasifier

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionSMR: Steam methane reformingATR: Autothermal reformingASU: air separation unitWB: Wet biomassDFB: Dual fluidized bedEF: Entrained flow

H2O


Chipping

O2

ASUAir

PSA tail gas (CO, H2) CO2

Low-C H2 production

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

CO2

capture

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

WGS PSAH2

18

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane






H2O


Chipping

O2

ASUAir

PSA tail gas (CO, H2)

Low-C H2 production

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

CO2

capture

CO2 (98 %)

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

CO2

WGS PSAH2

19

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane






H2O


Chipping

O2

ASUAir

PSA tail gas (CO, H2)

Low-C H2 production

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

CO2

capture

CO2 (98 %)

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

Negative emissions

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

20

Reforming

BiogasUpgrading

AnaerobicDigestion

BiogasWet

biomass

SyngasNG/Biomethane





NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift sectionPSA: Pressure swing adsorptionSMR: Steam methane reformingATR: Autothermal reformingASU: air separation unitWB: Wet biomassDFB: Dual fluidized bedEF: Entrained flow

Dry

biomass

Woodchips

H2O


Chipping

O2

ASUAir


Low-C H2 production

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

➢ These production chains are modelled in Aspen Plus

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

21

ReformingSyngasNG/Biomethane

CO2 capture - benchmark technology

Benchmark: amine absorption Standard solvent: Methyl diethanolamine (MDEA)

Lean stream

Rich stream

Semi-lean stream

Gas recycle

Shiftedsyngas

Raw H2

CO2 to dehydration and compression

Ab

sorb

er

Stri

pp

er

CO2

HPflash

LPflash

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionLP: Low pressureHP: High pressure

WGSCO2

capturePSA

H2

22


CO2 capture - benchmark technology

Benchmark: amine absorption Standard solvent: Methyl diethanolamine (MDEA)

➢ Detailed model in Aspen Plus

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorptionLP: Low pressureHP: High pressure

Shiftedsyngas

Raw H2

CO2

23

CO2 capture technology – optimization

➢ Detailed model in Aspen Plus

1) Sensitivity analysis on the process variables2) Select the decision variables, continuous (𝒙) and discrete (𝒚)3) Two objective functions to optimize

– CO2 capture rate ψ– Total specific equivalent work ω

4) The optimization problem is solved using a genetic algorithm

→ Pareto Optimum

Pro

cess

mo

del

in A

spen

Plu

s

CO2 capture rate:

ψ

Total specific equivalent work:

ω [MJ/kgCO2]

=𝑚CO2

captured

𝑚CO2in

=𝑊tot

𝑚CO2

captured

min𝑥,𝑦

𝜔,1

𝜓

subject to

𝒙min ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒙max

𝒚 ∈ 𝒚𝟏, 𝒚𝟐, … 𝒚𝑵

Multi-objective optimization

Goal: optimize the CO2 capture plant for different H2 production chains

VPSA

WGS PSAH2

24


CO2 capture - novel technology

Novel CO2/H2 separation technology: Vacuum pressure Swing Adsorption

NG: Natural GasWGS: Water-gas shift section(V)PSA: (Vacuum) Pressure swing adsorption

CO2

capture

PAds

PPE1

PHP

PBD-vac

PAds

PPE1

VP

PAds

Feed (Shifted Syngas)

Hydrogen

PHP

PPE1

PPE2

PPE2

PPE3

PPE3

PHP

PPE3

PBD-vac

PPE2

PPE3

PPE1

PPE2

CO2

Tail Gas I Tail Gas II

PBD-vac

VP

PBD-vac

VP

Tail Gas III

PressPE-BD1 PE-BD2 PE-BD3 BD1 HP BD-vac LP1 LP2 PE-Pr3 PE-Pr2 PE-Pr1Ads

Natural gas

Biomethane

Wood chips

VPSA

PSAH2 (200 bar)

25


Low-C H2 production - performance

WGS

SMR: Steam methane reforming ATR: Autothermal reforming CCS: benchmark CO2 capture with MDEADFB: Dual fluidized bed EF: Entrained flow

Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir


CO2

capture

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]

Antonini, C., Treyer, K., Streb, A., van der Spek, M., Bauer, C., & Mazzotti, M. (2020). Hydrogen productionfrom natural gas and biomethane with carbon capture and storage–A techno-environmental analysis. Sustainable Energy & Fuels.

1) The performance of the benchmark and of the novel VPSA process is similar→ CCS: Benchmark CO2 capture with MDEA

2) For all technologies presented we developed a detailed model simulation in Aspen Plus

3) The performance of the SMR and ATR processes does not change significantly while using biomethane instead of natural gas

4) When the feedstock is biomass the captured CO2 can deliver negative emissions

Natural gas

Biomethane

Wood chips

VPSA

PSA

26



WGS


Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir


CO2

capture

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]


H2 (200 bar)

27

Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir



DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]

VPSA

WGS PSAH2

SMRSyngasNG/Biomethane CO2

capture

CO2

Re-do this plot



Natural gasBiomethaneWood chips

VPSA

PSAH2

28

ATRSyngasNG/Biomethane CO2

capture



Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]

WGS



Natural gas

Biomethane

Wood chips


Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir

29

PSAH2Reforming

SyngasNG/BiomethaneWGS

CO2

capture

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier



η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]





30

PSAH2Reforming

SyngasNG/Biomethane CO2

capture

Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier



η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]

WGS



31

PSAH2Reforming


capture

Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

CO2


η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]

WGS




BiomethaneWood chips

32

PSAH2Reforming


capture

Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier

CO2


η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]

WGS




CO2 emitted to the atmosphere CO2 captured and stored (negative emissions)

33

Conclusions

• Producing low carbon hydrogen is possible ➢ Combining production from natural gas with CCS

➢ Using biomass either wet or dry

➢ Negative emissions can be obtained when combining hydrogen production from biomass with CCS

• The availability of biomass will be a critical factor and will vary from region to region

• The overall environmental performance that depends on the type of feedstock and production chain selected has to be evaluated via LCA➢Karin will present the overall environmental performance of low-C hydrogen

production

Acknowledgement

ACT ELEGANCY, Project No 271498, has received funding from DETEC (CH), BMWi (DE), RVO (NL), Gassnova (NO),BEIS (UK), Gassco, Equinor and Total, and is cofunded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020programme, ACT Grant Agreement No 691712. This project is supported by the pilot and demonstrationprogramme of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE).

34

35

PSAH2Reforming


capture

Wood chips

H2O

O2

ASUAir

DFBgasifier

EFgasifier



η =𝐸H2[MW]

𝐸feedstock [MW]

WGS




Documents

Biomass to hydrogen with CCS: can we go negative? · 2020-06-26 · Coal/Biomass CO 2 dehydration compression CO 2 CO 2 H 2 transport H 2 storage H 2 from electrolysis H 2 utilization