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Hemodialysis Hemodialysis- IntroductionHemodialysis is an advanced and permeant method to treat kidney failures. It is treatment used for removal kidneys renal failure cases and this treatment separates waste product such as urine , creatinine , water from blood. Hemodialysis (machine) pumps the patients blood against dialysate that may be generated by the dialysis machine or at a central location (ASN 2015).Dialysis machines includes pumps, monitors, and alarms that allow safe proportioning of dialysate.

A modern hemodialysis machine

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hemodialysis_machine_INNOVA.jpgHemodialysis machine and process

Biomaterial considerations Hemodialysis serve as artificial kidney requires material that function in contact with blood and have appropriate permeability & mass transport characteristics (Ratner 2004). dialyses membranes which come in to contact with blood may cause humoral and cellular inflammatory reactions maybe triggered (Krmczi, Rosenkranz, & Zlabinger, 1999). Therefore a biocompatible biomaterial should be used to avoid such reactions.

Materials commonly used Polysulfone a family of thermoplastic polymers.It has high toughness and has stability at high temperatures. Its hydrolyses stability let it to form membrane reproducible properties and controllable size of pores down to 40 nanometers (Mandolfo, Malberti et al. 2003).These membrane are used in hmodialysis to remove water from blood.These membrane permits low molecular weight soultes as urine , water but prevent high molecular weight blood and protiens.Polysulfone proved a better biocompitable mebrane then other cellulose meterials (Kubala, Ciz, Soska, Cerny, & Lojek, 2002).

Materials commonly used Silicone rubber (medical grade silicone ) is an elastomer.It has high resistant to extreme environment temperature.It is non-reactive and stable. It is Used in tubing , catheters, drains , feeding tubes.

Emerging trend in the device design The key components of the hemodialysis machineHeating De-aeration Proportioning Monitoring Ultrafiltration Disinfection

Source: (ASN, 2015)I will not explain in detail but show thee actual components in the machine 8Emerging trend in the device design Out break of infection due to the use of machine. The new biomaterials are introduced to reduce the infectionsResearch in the area to improve the biocompatibility of the device and biometerials Major advances have occurred in membrane technology with the development of more biocompatible dialyzer membranes (Radovich, 1995).Use of high flux biocompatible membranes (Woods & Nandakumar, 2000)contemporary issuesPatient safety Low blood pressure (hypotension)Muscle crampsAnemiaBone diseasesHigh blood pressure (hypertension)References (Endnote Harvard format)ASN 2015. American Society of Nephrology. https://www.asn-online.org/.KRMCZI, G. F., ROSENKRANZ, A. R. & ZLABINGER, G. J. 1999. Polymorphonuclear granulocyte stimulation by cellulose-based hemodialysis membranes. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 37, 351-355.KUBALA, L., CIZ, M., SOSKA, V., CERNY, J. & LOJEK, A. 2002. Influence of polysulfone and hemophan hemodialysis membranes on phagocytes. General physiology and biophysics, 21, 367-380.MANDOLFO, S., MALBERTI, F., IMBASCIATI, E., COGLIATI, P. & GAULY, A. 2003. Impact of blood and dialysate flow and surface on performance of new polysulfone hemodialysis dialyzers. The International journal of artificial organs, 26, 113-120.RADOVICH, J. 1995. Composition of polymer membranes for therapies of end-stage renal disease. Contributions to nephrology, 113, 11.RATNER, B. D. 2004. Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine, Academic press.WOODS, H. & NANDAKUMAR, M. 2000. Improved outcome for haemodialysis patients treated with high-flux membranes. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 15, 36-42.