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Biosphere Modeling. Galina Churkina MPI for Biogeochemistry. Biosphere modeling?. Biosphere -. … all living and non-living matters which have been affected in any way by life …. Vegetation, ecosystems. Human impacts. Vegetation Modeling. Types and purposes of vegetation models - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Biosphere ModelingBiosphere ModelingGalina ChurkinaGalina Churkina
MPI for BiogeochemistryMPI for Biogeochemistry
Biosphere -Biosphere -
Biosphere modeling?Biosphere modeling?
… all living and non-living matters which have been affected in any way by life…
Vegetation, ecosystems
Human impacts
Types and purposes of vegetation modelsTypes and purposes of vegetation models Models’ verificationModels’ verification Advantages and issuesAdvantages and issues
Vegetation ModelingVegetation Modeling
PurposesPurposesTo examine and predict:To examine and predict:
plant population dynamics considering plant population dynamics considering competition between individual species competition between individual species
changes in energy flows and changes in energy flows and biogeochemical cycling of ecosystemsbiogeochemical cycling of ecosystems
vegetation distribution and its shifts vegetation distribution and its shifts (biogeography models)(biogeography models)
Plant population models Plant population models ((gap modelsgap models))
To predict plant population dynamics To predict plant population dynamics considering:considering: plant competitionplant competition establishmentestablishment growthgrowth mortalitymortality
Time step - yearsTime step - years
To describe vertical exchange of energy To describe vertical exchange of energy and water fluxesand water fluxes
Vegetation is a “barrier” between land Vegetation is a “barrier” between land surface and the atmospheresurface and the atmosphere
Carbon flux was addedCarbon flux was added Time step - secondsTime step - seconds
Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-TransferTransfer
Ecosystem modelsEcosystem models
Changes in carbon, nitrogen, water Changes in carbon, nitrogen, water fluxes and/or storage of ecosystemsfluxes and/or storage of ecosystems
Trees are not defined individuallyTrees are not defined individually
Climatic inputs + plant Climatic inputs + plant physiology/empiric relationshipsphysiology/empiric relationships
Time step - days, months, yearsTime step - days, months, years
DDynamicynamic G Globallobal V Vegetationegetation M Modelsodels
To examine and predict changes in To examine and predict changes in vegetation distributionvegetation distribution
Changes in carbon, water fluxes and/or Changes in carbon, water fluxes and/or storage of ecosystemsstorage of ecosystems
Time step - months, yearsTime step - months, years
Inputs and outputsInputs and outputs
Selected inputs Selected outputs Vegetation
distribution Satellite FPAR
Other satellite data c
Biogeoche- mical fluxes Leaf Area Index
Vegetation Distribution
Satellite based models CASA X X X
GLO-PEM X X X SDBM X X TURC X X X SIB2 X X X X
Models for seasonal biogeochemical fluxes HRBM X
CENTURY X X TEM X X
CARAIB X X X FBM X X X
SILVAN X X X
BIOME-BGC X
X X
KGBM X X X X
Models for seasonal biogeochemical fluxes and vegetation structure LPJ X X X DOLY X X X
HYBRID X X X
after Cramer et al. 1999
How to verify the model results?How to verify the model results?
Site Level ConstraintsSite Level Constraintsg
C/m
2/d
ay
gC
/m2/d
ay
month month
Measured data are from Tharand, Germany
After parameter optimization
Spatial constrainsSpatial constrains
month
Remotely sensed DATA from MODISLAI simulated with BIOME-BGC model
Global constraints?Global constraints?
Effect of industrial N deposition on global normalized NEP and NPP (kgC/m2/yr)
Verification at different scalesVerification at different scalesGlobal:• atmospheric inversions
Regional:• country statistics (forest inventories,etc.)• remote sensing • Landsat, MODIS, SeaWiFS
Site level: measurements of • ecosystem/soil C fluxes,• C/N content in vegetation or soil• mean residence time of C in soil• etc.
Vegetation model
AdvantagesAdvantages
Simulate responses of ecosystems to Simulate responses of ecosystems to regionally heterogeneousregionally heterogeneous temperature and rainfall anomaliestemperature and rainfall anomalies nitrogen deposition ratenitrogen deposition rate land useland use
Generate predictionsGenerate predictions
Issue Issue
Verification of model results at regional Verification of model results at regional and global scalesand global scales
Simulation of human impacts on Simulation of human impacts on ecosystemsecosystems
Churkina & Running, 1998
Dominant controls for carbon, Dominant controls for carbon, energy and water fluxesenergy and water fluxes
Radiation
Water Temperature
Can we neglect human activities?Can we neglect human activities?