Announcing a new, expanded secondedition of the ultimate reference formethodological research in the life andmedical sciences and healthcare provision

Second Edition

...In print and online...

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ISTICSEncyclopedia of

BIOSTATISTICS

Encyclopedia o

BIOSTAT

Authoritative and Comprehensive CoverageBuilding on the widely acclaimed achievement of the First Edition, thedistinguished editorial team has commissioned new material and revisedexisting articles to ensure that the coverage of key topics is completely upto date and comprehensive. Among the areas receiving increasedattention are Bayesian methodology and applications, and modeling thespread of infectious diseases and the development of epidemics. Inaddition the Encyclopedia now includes many contributions that focus onthe rapid growth of bioinformatics and its pivotal role in studying thehuman genome.

Praise for the first edition

“...The present scope ofstatistics in medical research isnowhere more manifest thanin the stunning, benchmarkEncyclopedia ofBiostatistics... an unsurpassedand timely addition to thestatistical literature...”

- International Journal of Epidemiology

At the forefront of Statistical and Medical ResearchThe Encyclopedia of Biostatistics, 2ndEdition offers the definitive referenceto support the development and use ofstatistical methods for addressing theproblems and critical issues thatconfront scientists, practitioners andpolicy makers engaged in the life andmedical sciences. With the growingimportance and application ofbiostatistics, reflected in the increasingnumber of statisticians employed in thepharmaceutical industry, healthcaresector and medical schools, this newedition will find widespread applicationin basic medical science; the planning,financing and distribution of health care; andthe measurement of health care status andprogress in the population.

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December 2004

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• Expanded and enhanced coverage of key topicsincluding bioinformatics, clinical trials,computation, genetics, and Bayesian methodsand applications

• Containing over 1300 articles, 182 entirely newto this edition, with more than 300 revised andupdated to reflect current research anddevelopments

• All encompassed in 8 extensively cross-referenced volumes

This second edition of the encyclopedia provides atimely expansion and updating of this outstandingbody of knowledge. Listed below is a selection ofnew and revised articles categorised by the areasoverseen by the editorial team.

Categorical DataAssociation, measures ofBayesian methods for contingencytablesBeta-binomial distributionBinary dataBradley-Terry modelContagious distributionsContingency tableContinuity correctionFisher’s exact testGeneralized linear mixed modelsGenerating functionsGoodman-Kruskal measures ofassociationIterative proportional fittingLogistic regression, conditionalMantel-Haenszel methodsMarginal modelsMatched pairs with categorical dataMcNemar testMisclassification modelsPolya’s urn modelPolytomous dataPower divergence statisticsProportional-odds modelProportions, inferences andcomparisonsSpatial models for categorical dataSquare contingency tableTrend test for counts andproportionsTwo-by-two table

Clinical EpidemiologyCo-morbidityComputer-aided diagnosisComputerized therapeutic decisionsupportDiagnostic test accuracyDose-response inpharmacoepidemiologyDrug approval and regulationEpidemiology as legal evidenceGold standard testMeta-analysis of diagnostic testsMultiple diagnostic testsNatural history study of prognosis

Normal clinical values, design of astudyNormal clinical values, referenceintervals for number needed to treat(NNT)Pharmacoepidemiology, adverse andbeneficial effectsPharmacoepidemiology, overviewPharmacoepidemiology, studydesignsPlacebosPostmarketing surveillance of newdrugs and assessment of riskPredictive modeling of prognosisReceiver operating characteristic(ROC) curvesRisk assessment in clinical decisionmakingScreening benefit, evaluation ofScreening, models ofScreening, overviewSpecificityTime-varying treatment effect

Clinical TrialsAdaptive designs for clinical trialsBayesian methods in clinical trialsClinical significance versus statisticalsignificanceClinical trials audit and qualitycontrolClinical trials, overviewCluster randomization Cooperative Studies Program, USDepartment of Veterans Affairs Data monitoring committeesEligibility and exclusion criteriaEquivalence trialsEthics of randomized trialsFraud in clinical trialsGuidelines on statistical methods inclinical trialsIntention to treat analysisMedical devicesMeta-analysis of clinical trialsMissing data in clinical trialsMulticenter trialsMultiple endpoints National Surgical Adjuvant Breast &

Bowel Project Noncompliance, adjustment forNonrandomized trialsOutcome measures in clinical trialsPhase I trialsPhase II trialsPrevention trialsQuality of life Randomized treatment assignmentSample size determination for clinicaltrialsSociety for Clinical Trials Software for clinical trialsTextbooks in clinical trialsWomen’s Health Initiative: statisticalaspects & selected early results

Disease ModelingAccident pronenessBack-calculationBacterial growth, division, andmutationClinical signalsCompartment modelsConception, models forEpidemic curveEpidemic models, controlEpidemic models, inferenceEpidemic models, multi-strainEpidemic models, recurrentEpidemic models, stochasticEpidemic models, structuredpopulationInfectious disease modelsIon channel modelingMathematical biology, overviewMigration processesPharmacokinetics andpharmacodynamicsSensitivity analysis of epidemicmodelsShape analysisSIR epidemic modelsTumor growthTumor modelingViral population growth models

EpidemiologyAttributable riskBiasBias from exposure effects oncontrolsBias, overviewBias, protopathicCase series, case reportsCausationCohort studyConfoundingControlsCounter-matchingCross-sectional studyCumulative incidenceDensity samplingDetection biasDifferential errorDynamic populationEcologic fallacyEgretEligibility restrictionEpi InfoEpicureEpidemiology overviewExperimental studyExposure effectFrequency matchingHawthorne effectIncidence rateIncidence-prevalence relationshipsMeasurement error in epidemiologicstudiesMeta-analysis in epidemiologyMultiplicative modelOvermatchingPoisson regression in epidemiologyRadiation epidemiologyReliability studyRisk assessment for environmentalchemicalsRisk factorSmoothing methods in epidemiologyStudy populationSystematic errorGeneticsCase-only gene mapping

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BIOSTATSelected Articles contdDNA sequencesEugenicsFamily-based association forquantitative traits.Gene expression analysisGenetic counselingGenetic distanceGenetic risk ratiosGenome-wide significanceGenotypeHeterozygosityHLA systemHuman genetics, overviewHuman genome projectLinkage analysis, model freeMeta-Analysis in human geneticsParental effectsProtecting privacy in genetic studiesSoftware for genetic epidemiologyStatistical forensicsX-linkage

Health Services ResearchDiagnosis related groups (DRGs)Group randomized trialsHealth care technology assessmentHealth science informaticsHealth services data sources inEuropeHealth services data sources in theUSHealth services research, overviewInstrumental variables in healthservices researchLeague tablesMedicare dataOutcomes researchPharmacoeconomicsProfiling providers of medical careProgram evaluationQuality of careQuality of life and health statusSimulation in operations researchSmall area variation analysisUnit of analysis

Historical and Institutional American Statistical AssociationBerkson, J.Biometrical Journal (J)Biometrics (J)Biometrika (J)Bradford Hill LecturesCenters for Disease Control &Prevention (CDC)Cochrane CollaborationCommittee of Presidents of StatisticalSocieties (COPSS)Controlled Clinical Trials (J)De FinettiEuropean Federation of Statisticiansin the Pharmaceutical Industry(EFPSI)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Hawkins, F. BissetInternational Biometric SocietyInternational Society for ClinicalBiostatisticsJournal of Clinical Epidemiology (J)Journal of the American StatisticalAssociationMoran, Patrick Alfred PiercePeirce, C.S.Quetelet, A.Royal Statistical SocietySavage, Leonard JimmieScientific method and statisticsStatistical Methods in MedicalResearch (J)Teaching statistics to medicalstudentsTeaching statistics to physiciansUniversity Group Diabetes Program(UGDP)World Health Organization (WHO):global health situation

Laboratory and Basic ScienceResearchBiological assay, overviewChemometricsDilution method for bacterial densityestimationDose-response models in riskanalysis

Mutagenicity studyParallel-line assaySerial dilution assay

Longitudinal Data Analysisand Time SeriesAutocorrelation functionBarahona-Poon testBaseline adjustment in longitudinalstudiesBroadband smoothingCausal direction, determinationChoi-Williams distributionCorrespondence analysis oflongitudinal dataDiagnostics in modeling longitudinaldata Direct and indirect effectsDiscrimination and clustering formultivariate time seriesInstrumental variablesKalman filter Levinson Durbin algorithmLinear mixed effect models forlongitudinal dataLomb periodogramLongitudinal data analysis, overviewMining time series dataMultivariate adaptive splines foranalysing longitudinal dataNon Fourier waveformsNonignorable drop-out inlongitudinal studiesNonlinear mixed effects models forlongitudinal dataNonparametric regression analysis oflongiutudinal dataReverse arrangement testStatistical vector field plotTime series similarity measuresTransfer function modelsWavelet analysisWigner-Ville distributionZ analysisZero padding

Medical SpecialtiesAccident and emergency medicineBSE and vCJDCardiology and cardiovascular

diseaseChronomedicineEndocrinologyGastroenterologyHepatologyOtorhinolaryngologyPsychiatryRadiationReproductionSports medicineSurgeryTravel medicine

Multivariate AnalysisAdditive treesBagging and boostingCentroid MethodClassification, overviewCosine of angle between two vectorsCronbach’s alphaData mining (software)Factor analysis, overviewFactor analysis, second orderFactor loading matrixKnowledge discovery and dataminingLambda criterion, Wilks’Microarray proceduresMultidimensional scalingMultivariate analysis of varianceMultivariate analysis, overviewMultivariate distributions, overviewMultivariate multiple regressionMultivariate t distributionMultivariate Weibull distributionOblimin rotationOblique rotationOrthoblique rotationOrthogonal rotationPattern recognitionPillai’s trace testProbabilistic functional treesProcrustes rotationProjection pursuitPsychometrics, overviewReduced rank regressionRoy’s maximum root criteriaSimilarity, dissimilarity, and distance

Praise for the first edition

“...a resource beyondcompare the authorindex reads like aWho’s Who of thesubject a colossalwork of immenseimportance...”- British Medical Journal

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ISTICSmeasureSingle linkage clusteringVarimax rotation

Sampling and ExperimentalDesignAdaptive samplingBerkson’s fallacyBinomial confidence intervals whenno events are observedCall-backs and mail-backs in samplesurveysCluster sampling, optimal allocationDistance samplingDouble samplingEstablishment surveys withpopulation survey-generatedsampling framesExperimental designIncomplete block designsNational Center for Health Statistics(NCHS)NonresponseOptimal designPartially balanced incomplete blockdesignQuota, representative, and othermethods of purposive samplingSample size adequacy in surveysSoftware for sample survey data,misuse of standard packagesStratified samplingSuperpopulation models in surveysampling

Statistical ComputingAlgorithmBioinformaticsBootstrap methodComputer architecture andorganizationComputer languages and programsConfidentiality and computers

Database systemsDynamic programmingJackknife methodMachine learningMarkov chain Monte Carlo, recentdevelopmentsNumerical analysisPolynomial approximationRSoftware, biostatisticalSpline smoothingSupport vector machines

Statistical ModelsAkaike’s criteriaBayesian goodness of fitBayesian methods for modelcomparisonDiagnosticsErrors in the measurement ofcovariatesFan plotFixed effectsForward searchMallows’ Cp statisticMeasurement scaleMisspecificationNonlinear regressionParsimonyResponse variableRobust regressionTwo-stage least squares regressionVariance components

Survival AnalysisAalen-Johansen estimatorAdditive-multiplicative intensitymodelsBayesian model selection in survivalanalysisBayesian survival analysisBootstrapping in survival analysisCompliance and survival analysis

CopulaCurrent status dataEvent history analysisExcess mortalityExpected survival curveGoodness of fit in survival analysisGrenander estimatorsHazard models based on firstpassage time distributionsHazard plottingHistorical controls in survival analysisInterim analysis of censored dataInverse probability weighting insurvival analysisJoint modeling of longitudinal andevent time dataKaplan-Meier estimatorLexis diagramProportional hazards, overviewResiduals for survival analysisSample size determination in survivalanalysisSurvival analysis, overview Survival analysis, softwareSurvival distributions and theircharacteristicsTime origin, choice ofTime to pregnancyTurnbull estimatorWeibull distribution

Theory and MethodsAspin-Welch testBayes factorsBayes’ theoremBivariate normal distributionCentral limit theoryChaos theoryChi-square distributionConditionality principleData miningEdgeworth expansion

Empirical BayesExpectationInferenceInference, foundations ofInformation matrixInverse Gaussian distributionJames-Stein estimatorJ-shaped distributionKullback-Leibler informationLikelihood principleLikelihood ratioLocation-scale familyMeanModeSaddlepoint approximationScedasticityStandard normal deviateStatistical dependence andindependenceStudent’s t distributionStudent’s t statisticsSufficiencyWilcoxon-type scale tests

Vital and Health StatisticsActuarial methodsBurden of diseaseCensusesCohabitationConfidentialityData access, national andinternationalDeath certificationInterviewing techniquesMapping disease patternsPerson-years at riskRecord linkageSocial classificationsSurveys, health, and morbidityVital statistics, overview

For a complete article listing and further information please visit:

www.wileyeurope.com/go/eob

Encycloped

BIOSTOS ATTEditors in Chief:

Peter ArmitageUniversity of Oxford, UK

:Theodore ColtonBoston University School of Public Health,Boston, MA, USA

Section Editors:Categorical data

Alan AgrestiUniversity of Florida,Gainsville, FL, USA

Clinical Trials, Medical SpecialitiesTheodore ColtonBoston University Schoolof Public Health, Boston,MA, USA

GeneticsRobert C.ElstonCase Western ReserveUniversity, Cleveland, OH,USA

Disease modellingFrank BallUniversity of Nottingham,Nottingham, UK

EpidemiologyJacques BenichouCHU Hôpitaux de Rouen,France

Health services researchPaula DiehrUniversity of Washington,Seattle, WA, USA

Clinical epidemiologyStephen WalterMcMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canada

Clinical TrialsCarol K.RedmondUniversity of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Peter B. ImreyCleveland ClinicFoundation, Cleveland,OH, USA

Jane OlsonHarvard University,Boston, MA, USA�Deceased

Lyle J.PalmerHarvard University,Boston, MA, USA

Edward B.PerrinUniversity of Washington,Seattle, WA, USA

Mitchell H.GailNational Cancer Institute,Bethesda, MD, USA

combined with editorial excellence

S CSHistorical and institutional

Doug AltmanCancer Research, Oxford,UK

Statistical computingJohn MaindonaldAustralian NationalUniversity, ACT, Canberra,Australia

Medical specialtiesTony JohnsonMRC Biostatistics Unit,Cambridge, UK

Multivariate analysisRalph B. D’Agostino,Jnr.Boston University, Boston,MA, USA

Statistical modelsVern FarewellMRC Biostatistics Unit,Cambridge, UK

Survival analysisPer Kragh AndersenUniversity of Copenhagen,Copenhagen, Denmark

Vital and health statisticsManning FeinleibJohns Hopkins University,Baltimore, MD, USA

Theory and methodsRobert J.GlynnHarvard University,Boston, MA, USA

Sampling and experimentaldesign

Paul LevyRTI International, Research Triangle Park,NC, USA

Laboratory and basic scienceresearch

John N.S.MatthewsUniversity of Newcastle,Newcastle, UK

Longitudinal data analysis andtime series

Brian EverittInstitute of Psychiatry,King’s College London,London, UK

Edmund A.GehanGeorgetown University,Washington, DC, USA

Lisa M.SullivanBoston University, Boston,MA, USA

Niels KeidingUniversity of Copenhagen,Copenhagen, Denmark

Bernard RosnerHarvard University,Boston, MA, USA

Susan WilsonAustralian NationalUniversity, ACT, Canberra,Australia

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