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Centers of Revolution in 1848
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Bismarck & German Unificatio
n“Nice Guys Finish Last”
1848 - The turning point at which history failed to
turn. --- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]
Centers of Revolution in Centers of Revolution in 18481848
THEAFTERMATH
Democrats Swept Out of Democrats Swept Out of EuropeEurope
The Communist The Communist ManifestoManifesto
Karl MarxKarl Marx Friedrich Friedrich EngelsEngels
Why did the Why did the 18481848 Revolutions failRevolutions fail??
Not enough support from the working classes.
The middle classes were not radical so they held back.
Nationalism divided more than united. The Old Guard was left in place and they
turned brutally against the revolutionaries.
The Bottom Line The Bottom Line It looked like the Conservative forces
had triumphed. BUT…
Things had changed forever. Economic/social problems continued to be
constant challenges to the ruling order. Conservatives would have to make
concessions in order to stay in power. Many of the limited Liberal achievements
remained permanent.
So, how can So, how can conservatives distract conservatives distract
the people? the people? Nationalism The belief that people should be primarily
loyal to their own country.
Militarism Policy of glorifying military power.
Germania Germania - - 18481848
Like France, Liberals Win Like France, Liberals Win Early In GermanyEarly In Germany
Frankfurt Assembly Frankfurt Assembly MeetsMeets
CHAOS!
Liberalism Discredited Liberalism Discredited in Germanyin Germany
Little popular support. The union of liberals and democrats
didn’t last. Rule of force was the only winner! There was a massive exodus of liberal
intellectuals. Militarism, hierarchy, and statism were
triumphant! Capitalists followed suit.
The The ““Three GermaniesThree Germanies””
Enter Bismarck, in Prussia Enter Bismarck, in Prussia (1862)(1862)
Bismarck Rejects Bismarck Rejects LiberalismLiberalism
The master of “Realpolitik”
Politics based on reality, not idealism
Defies Parliament over taxes
Blood & Iron!
Bismarck, Keeping It Bismarck, Keeping It RealRealIt is true that we can hardly escape complications in
Germany, although we do not seek them. Germany does not look to Prussia's liberalism, but to her power. The south German States - Bavaria, Wurtenberg, and Baden - would like to indulge in liberalism, and because of that no one will assign Prussia's role to them! Prussia must collect her forces and hold them in reserve for an opportune moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the Treaty of Vienna, our frontiers have not been favorably designed for a healthy body politic. Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood.
First, Prussia Attacks First, Prussia Attacks Denmark - 1864Denmark - 1864
Prussia & Austria vs. Denmark
Second, Prussia Attacks Second, Prussia Attacks Austria - 1866Austria - 1866
Prussia & Italy vs. Austria
Prussian Wins BigPrussian Wins BigPrussia wins the light blue area.
Next, Bismarck Next, Bismarck Provokes A War With Provokes A War With
France - 1870France - 1870Franco-Prussian War: Prussia vs. France
Prussia Kicks FrancePrussia Kicks France’’s s ButtButt
Area Temporarily Occupied By Prussia
The United German Empire - The United German Empire - 1871 1871
The United German Empire - The United German Empire - 1871 1871
Formation Of The German Formation Of The German Reich - 1870Reich - 1870
The Triple AllianceThe Triple Alliance