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BiTE in ALL and AML
Ibrahim Aldoss, MD
Assistant Professor, City of Hope
Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
• NO CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Immune system as an anticancer therapy
• Immune surveillance plays a critical role in controlling
cancer development
• Cancer risk increased in congenital or acquired T cell defects
• Cytotoxic T cell has a remarkable capacity to target cancer
• Direct correlation between tumor T-cell infiltration and prognosis
• Xenograft models, T cells were able to eradicate tumors
• The activity of anti-CTLA-4 and PDL-1 inhibitors
• Reduced relapse after allogeneic HCT
• Successful T cell therapy is hampered by large number of
immune escape mechanisms
Stieglmaier J. 2015. Zhang. 2003. Whalin
2007. Galon 2006.
Bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE)
• BiTE is an antibody construct, linking scFvs of mAbs
for CD3 and surface molecules on targeted cells
• The construct is designed to approximate targeted tumor
cells in close range to T cells “immunological synapse”
• Leads to activation & polyclonal expansion of cytotoxic T
cells
• Activation of T-cells occurs independent of TCR specificity,
co-stimulation, or peptide antigen presentation
• Following synapse formation, T-cells release cytokines,
followed by activation of targeted cell caspase and apoptosis
Stieglmaier J et al. 2015.
Baeuerle PA et al. 2009.
Blinatumomab
Nagorsen et al. 2012.
Blinatumomab
• Blinatumomab is the first FDA approved BiTE
• The target is CD19
• Present on all mature B cells in blood and secondary
lymphoid tissue
• Presents on the vast majority of B-cell malignancies,
including ALL
• The FDA approval for R/R Ph- ALL
• CIVI x 28 days every 6 weeks
• Step-wise escalation in cycle 1
• 9 mcg/day on Days 1-7 and 28 mcg/day on Days 8-28
• For subsequent cycles, blinatumomab is administered
at 28 mcg/day on Days 1-28
• Hospitalization is recommended in the first 9 days
of cycle1
• Also in the first 2 days of cycle 2
• Not beyond cycle 2 for responders
• Pre-med with dexamethasone 20 mg IV 1 hour
before starting each cycle
• Recommended before escalating the dose,
• or when restarting after an interruption of ≥ 4 hours
• Pre-treatment with dexamethasone & step-wise
escalation reduced risk of significant CRS
• This is did not compromise blinatumomab activity
Lymphocyte kinetics during blinatumomab
• Very unique and predictable
• Both, B and T cells drop quickly
• T cells recovered & reached above baseline within
days
• Expansion of CD4 & CD8 effector memory cells
• No significant change in naïve T cells
Topp et al. 2011, Zhu. ASCO 2015, Klinger. 2012
Lymphocyte kinetics during blinatumomab
• Simultaneously, blinatumomab mediates normal B
cell depletion
• Significant hypogammaglobinemia
• IgM levels recover early upon completion, but IgG
and IgA recovery lag behind
• Naïve B cells recovered soon afterward but
memory/plasma cells do not
• Serum cytokines increase upon initiating
blinatumomab cycle 1
• IL-6, IL-10 and TNF
• No rise is observed in subsequent cycles among
responders Topp et al. 2011, Zhu. ASCO 2015, Klinger. 2012.
Zugmaier. 2014
Topp et al. 2011
Blinatumomab in MRD+ALL
MRD+ predicts poor outcomes in ALL
• N = 580
• MRD based on PCR of TCR and Ig gene rearrangement
• Done after induction/consolidation
• Worse outcomes were seen among non-transplanted pts
Probability of CCR Probability of survival
Gokbuget et al. Blood. . 2012;120:1868-76
Phase II MRD+ ALL Pilot Study
CMR = 80%
RFS = 61% on long f/u
4 remained in CR w/o further therapy Topp m et al. 2012. Topp et al. 2011.
• HCT did not improve OS
Topp m et al. 2012. Topp et al. 2011.
MRD+ ALL (BLAST Trial)
Goekbuget et al. ASH 2014. Goekbuget et
al. ASH 2015.
MRD+ ALL (BLAST Trial)
• CMR = 78%
• No significant difference in MRD response across
age, sex, line of treatment or burden of MRD
• 90% of patiens subsequently underwent
allogeneic HCT
• HCT did not improve OS or RFS
• Median OS = 36.5 months
Goekbuget et al. ASH 2014. Goekbuget et
al. ASH 2015.
MRD+ ALL (BLAST Trial)
Goekbuget et al. ASH 2014. Goekbuget et
al. ASH 2015.
Blinatumomab in
Relapsed/Refractory ALL
Phase II Pilot Study in R/R Ph- ALL
Topp MS et al. 2014.
• 52% of responders underwent allogeneic HCT
• Median OS = 9.8 months
• Median RFS = 7.6 months
• Plateau after 1.5 years Topp MS et al. 2014.
Zugmaier G et al. 2015.
Phase II Confirmatory study in R/R Ph- ALL
Topp MS et al. 2015.
Phase II Confirmatory study in R/R Ph- ALL
Topp MS et al. 2015.
• Median RFS = 6.9 months for responders
• Median OS = 6.1 months for all patients
Topp MS et al. 2015.
Topp MS et al. 2015.
ALCANTRARA Study: R/R Ph+ ALL
• Median RFS = 6.7 months
• Median OS = 7.1 months
Martinelli et al. ASH 2015.
Predictors of Response for Blinatumomab
• Response was irrespective of prior chemo-
sensitivity or prior reception of allogeneic HCT
• Similar response in patients who did and did not
receive prior allogeneic HCT
• CR = 45% [N= 64] vs. 42% [n=125]
• Elderly had comparable outcomes when treated
with blinatumomab
Stein et al. ASH 2015. Kantarjian et al. ASCO 2015
Response to Blinatumomab Appears Higher
• Lower pre-treatment marrow blasts
• Lower pre-treatment marrow T regulatory cells
• Higher platelets count
• Higher peak of serum IL-10 after initiating therapy
Kantarjian et al. ASCO 2015. Duell J et al. ASH
2014. Zhu et. ASCO 2015
Outcomes of blinatumomab responders undergoing allogeneic HSCT
N = 34
Median RFS, months NE
95% CI 5.3–NE
RFS events, n
Relapse
Death
Patients censored, n
15
9
6
19
Stein AS. ASBMT 2016
N = 34
Median OS, months NE
95% CI 7.1–NE
OS events, n
Patients censored, n
12
22
Median follow-up: 13.9 (8.5−17.1) months
Median follow-up: 13.4 (9.4–14.6) months
100
80
60
40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time Since alloHSCT, months Patients at Risk:
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
34 33 31 27 26 24 20 19 18 14 12 12 12 11 8 6 6 6 3 3 2 2 1 0
| Censored
100
80
60
40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time Since alloHSCT, months Patients at Risk:
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
34 33 31 30 28 26 24 22 21 17 14 13 13 12 8 6 6 6 4 4 3 3 1 0
| Censored
Rela
pse-F
ree S
urv
ival, %
O
vera
ll S
urv
ival, %
12-month estimate: 54.0%
12-month estimate: 62.1%
Relapse ALL After Blinatumomab
• CD19- ALL relapse occurs
• Extra-medullary relapse/resistance is
observed
• This needs further evaluation to confirm
• Retreatment with blinatumomab is feasible
among relapsed CD19+ ALL
• 36% (4/11) of patients who achieved CR
• 1 patient retreated for the second time and
achieved a 3rd remission
Topp et a;. 2011. Topp et al. 2014. Topp et al. EHA 2015
Blinatumomab Toxicities
• Cytokine Release Syndrome
• Severe CRS usually occurs in R/R setting, especially
with higher disease burden
• Severe form is uncommon in patients treated for MRD
• 2% had grade III in R/R ALL
• With employing pre-dexa & step-wise escalation
• CNS toxicities
• Dose-limiting toxicity, and grade III/IV occurred in 22%
• Presented with symptoms of encephalopathy
• Usually reversible
Blinatumomab Toxicities
• Flu-like symptoms is common and usually
reversible
• Hypogammaglobinemia
• Elevated LFTs
• Infections
Toxicities management
Toxicity Grade Action
CRS
3 Withhold until resolved, then restart at 9mcg/day.
Escalate to 28 mcg/day after 7 days if toxicity doesn’t
recur
4 Discontinue permanently
Neurologic
al toxicity
3
Withhold until resolved to less than Grade 1 for 3 days,
then restart at 9mcg/day. Escalate to 28 mcg/day after 7
days if toxicity doesn’t recur If longer than 7 days to resolve, discontinue permanently
4 Discontinue permanently
Seizure If more than one seizure, discontinue permanently.
Others 3
Withhold until resolved to less than Grade 1 for 3 days,
then restart at 9mcg/day. Escalate to 28 mcg/day after 7
days if toxicity doesn’t recur If longer than 14 days to resolve, discontinue
permanently 4 Consider discontinuing permanently
Conclusion
• Blinatumomab is active in MRD+ and r/r ALL
• Both, Ph+ & Ph- ALL
• Activity is irrespective of chemo-sensitivity and prior
allogeneic HCT reception
• Potentially curative for MRD+ ALL
• Serves as a bridging therapy for allogeneic HCT in
advanced ALL
• Toxicity is manageable and usually reversible
Future Directions: Blinatumomab in ALL
• Optimizing drug delivery
• Incorporating blinatumomab in upfront therapy
• Blinatumomab is an ideal drug to combine with
other novel agents
• Better understand ALL genetics that predict better
response to therapy
BiTE in AML
• CD33 is universally expressed on AML cells
• AMG330 is CD3/CD33 bi-specific antibody
• Preclinical studies show high potency & efficacy in
destroying CD33+ human AML cells
Laszalo GS et al. 2014. Harrington et al. 2015
BiTE in AML