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1
BLISS
Better Lighting in Sustainable Streets
Technical Case Study
Sankey Valley car park St.Helens, UK
TCS 5.1
2
Contents
1.0 Background ……………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
1.1 Site description
1.2 Crime considerations
1.3 Accident considerations
1.4 Social demographic considerations
2.0 Existing installation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
3.0 Design development …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
4.0 Total Cost of Ownership ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
4.1 Initial capital expenditure
4.2 Energy provision
4.3 Maintenance strategy
4.4 Total Cost of Ownership 25-year expenditure
4.5 Payback Period
5.0 Design specification ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 7
6.0 Sustainability ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
6.1 Energy
6.2 Materials
6.3 Obtrusive light considerations
7.0 Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
8.0 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 10
Abbreviations and definitions .………………………………………………………………………………………………………...… 11
Key information Year 2011
Theme Sustainability
Scheme type Car park
Scheme location St.Helens, UK
Property type Visitor Centre
Size of car park Small (18 spaces)
Speed limit NA
Crime rate Low
Existing installation 70W High Pressure Sodium (at building only)
Main consideration New installation in wildlife sensitive area
New installation LED motion detection trial
3
1.0 Background
The principal aim of the 2011 Sankey Valley car park
scheme was to provide lighting to encourage people to
use the site all year round, with careful consideration
to the local ecology. The scheme includes the
installation of 2 different LED luminaires which utilise
motion detection via passive infrared sensors, limiting
the amount of energy used.
1.1 Site description
Sankey Valley is a 7-mile linear park and trail
and the visitor centre is located in the
Blackbrook ward, 1.9 miles (3 km) from the
centre of St.Helens. The car park has an average width
of 20 metres and length of 47 metres. The visitor
centre is a small building of 9 metres by 11 metres in
size.
According to the Office for National Statistics (2011),
St.Helens has a population of 175,400, with Blackbrook
housing 10,700 people. Within a 1 mile (1.6 km) radius
of the estate there are a number of key services
including; a petrol station, schools, medical centres,
leisure centres, a supermarket and places of worship.
The visitor centre is situated behind a public house and
bound by a church, residential estates and one local
distributor road, leading onto the A580 connecting
St.Helens to Liverpool and Manchester.
The visitor centre has facilities for the public, including
toilets and is home to the rangers of the park who are
there to provide information regarding conservation
projects and walks starting from the car park. School
events including pond dipping and bug hunting can be
organised, as well as public events including guided
walks, bird watching and art days.
According to the 2001 Census 67% of households in the
area own one or more vehicles, and only 12% of people
use public transport to travel to work.
1.2 Crime considerations
There are no reported crimes at the car park
or the visitor centre in the 3 years prior to
the scheme installation, or 3 year after the
installation after consideration of the 5 crime types;
rowdy and inappropriate behaviour, criminal damage,
theft from a vehicle, theft of a vehicle and burglary
dwelling.1
1 Information obtained from Merseyside Police crime report data.
1.3 Accident considerations
Before (3 years): 0 accidents
After (3 years): 0 accidents
The accident statistics are based on reported accidents
during the hours of darkness on the car park. There are
no reported accidents before or after the scheme
installation.2
1.4 Social demographic considerations
The information below shows key social
economic data for the Lower Super Output
Area (LSOA) covering the area which helps to
develop a representation of the potential activity in the
hours of darkness.
Gender and age – Information obtained from the Office
for National Statistics (2011) shows that the gender
and age profiles are fairly evenly divided, with a slight
majority of people in the age range of 45-64 years.
Deprivation – The LSOA covering the area has an Index
of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) score of 9/10 (2010). A
score of 10 would indicate the LSOA is ranked among
the most deprived 10% in the country.3
2 Information obtained from Merseyside Police accident report data.
3 IMD 2010 score combines 7 domains of deprivation: Income,
employment, health and disability, education and training, barriers
to housing and services, living environment and crime.
Chart 1: Age
Chart 2: Gender
Age
65+ 17%
20%
26%
20%
17%45-64
30-44
16-29
0-15
54%46%
Gender
Female Male
4
2.0 Existing installation
Table 1: Existing installation information
The existing luminaires were situated around the side
of the visitor centre and provided poor optical control.
There were no previous lighting units on the car park.
The existing lighting was maintained by the ranger
service and was provided to illuminate the front
entrance and pathway to the rear of the building
where the car park included 7 public car parking
spaces.
Plan 1: Sankey Valley car park existing scheme
The existing installation was identified as being
inefficient with respect to:
� Poor colour rendering properties of the HPS lamps
� Deteriorating lumen output
� Increased number of reactive maintenance visits
� High energy consumption
� UV content of the lamps
The installed luminaires were equipped with low loss
electro-magnetic control gear, and switched via
electronic standard photo-cells with a 70/35 lux
switching regime (4,147 annual burning hours).
Image 1: Sankey Valley car park existing scheme
Image 2: Sankey Valley car park existing scheme detail
Image 3: Sankey Valley car park trail entrance
No. Age Column type Luminaire Arrangement Light source &
wattage
Colour
temperature
(K)
CRI
(Ra)
Efficacy
(lm/w)
Energy
consumption
4 11
years
4m steel,
post top
mounted
Square deep
bowl
Around side
of visitor
centre only
70W HPS 2000K
Warm white 20 100 lm/w
1,443 kWh,
750 Kgs
5
3.0 Design development
Selection of the appropriate lighting classification;
Criteria Factor Description
Road type Outdoor car
park
Surface car parks. One entrance/ exit. Entrance to Sankey Valley linear park
and trail situated in car park.
Traffic flow Light traffic Parking areas of shops, terraced and apartment houses: cycle parks.
Located adjacent to distributor road and behind a public house.
Crime rate NA No crime recorded for the area prior to scheme installation. No monitoring by
any local authority CCTV surveillance equipment present.
Colour rendition Ra ≥ 60
Ra ≥ 60 chosen as appropriate for the use of LED luminaries in the new
scheme.
Environmental
zone E2/ E3
Location lies on the edge of 2 zones. Rural; Low district brightness. Village or
relatively dark outer suburban locations.
Medium district brightness; Small town centres or suburban locations.
Safe ease of
passage Moderate
Pedestrian ease of passage moderate; Small car park, pedestrian footfall
medium, footpaths to country park, vegetation surrounding majority of car
park, general visibility good.
Design
uniformity
Uo high as
possible
Overall uniformity of illuminance (Uo) should be as high as possible with
consideration to financial and environmental implications.
Control method PIR motion
detection
Passive Infrared control on 9 of 11 new LED luminaires; Low traffic flow,
especially during the hours of darkness, low crime rate, colour rendering
index ≥ 60.
Electricity
supply
Private
Network
Cable
DNO low voltage system supply located within feeder pillar near visitor centre,
private cable supplied existing 4 columns, but not continuous throughout the
site. New cabling required to ensure an optimum design solution.
Table 2: Primary and secondary design factors
The following design standards were utilised within the
design process in 2011;
� BS EN 13201: 2003 Road Lighting
� BS 5489: 2003 Code of Practice for the design of
road lighting
With consideration to the criteria above, an S4 lighting
classification of 5 lux average was chosen to provide an
appropriate level of illumination as identified in table 3.
As an energy consideration, 9 of the 11 luminaires are
operated by a PIR system which operates when motion
is detected and stays on for as long as motion is
present. If no motion is detected after 5 minutes, the
lighting reduces to 10% of full light output, then
switches off completely shortly afterwards.
Table 3: Selected lighting classifications
According to BS 5489: 2003 Code of Practice for the
design of road lighting;
For subsidiary roads…the lighting class can be varied
when a light source with a higher Ra value is used.
This suggests that an S5 lighting classification could be
utilised at full brightness. However, as part of the
design development, a risk assessment was undertaken
and the decision was made to control the majority of
the luminaires via PIR, with two controlled via
photocells operating on a normal street lighting regime
to provide a suitable lighting level at times of lower
activity in the area.
Each luminaire fitted with PIR motion detection is
programmed individually and is adjusted via the
manufacturers’ commissioning engineer.
Class
Horizontal Illuminance
E in lx
[minimum maintained]
Emin in lx
[maintained]
S4 5.00 1.00
6
4.0 Total Cost of Ownership
To support the lighting design process, a 25-year Total
Cost of Ownership evaluation was undertaken to
determine the cost effectiveness of each design option.
The evaluation is based on the installation of
luminaires only, on the opinion that the replacement of
inefficient lighting columns would be included during
routine maintenance operations.
4.1 Initial capital expenditure
One element was considered:
• Supply and installation of the equipment
(luminaire, lamp and control)
Table 4: Initial capital expenditure
4.2 Energy provision
The energy provision was calculated using a cost per
kWh based on Estimated Annual Consumption at
commission year, excluding inflation and taxation:
• Energy cost per kWh: £0.105p
• Regime: Switch on 70 lux / switch off 35 lux
• Burning hours: 4,147 per year (11.3 per day)
• 50% occupancy on all options4
• Carbon: 0.52 Kgs per kWh
• Previous energy consumption and annual cost:
1,443 kWh £152
Table 5: Energy provision
4.3 Maintenance strategy
Planned maintenance regimes were considered; cyclic
activities of lamp replacements, luminaire cleaning,
structural inspections and electrical testing.
4 Based on the LED manufacturers’ assumptions of a PIR burning
hours of 50% compared to a traditional scheme when conducting a
TCO of Folio LED.
A four year cyclic maintenance programme was applied
to the HPS and CPO options. The LED luminaires have a
predicted longer life, therefore no additional LED
module replacement cost was included in the
evaluation.
• Previous annual maintenance cost:
4no. £15 (£3.75 per column)
Table 6: Maintenance operations
4.4 Total Cost of Ownership 25-year expenditure
Table 7 outlines the total predicted expenditure over a
25-year life cycle.
Table 7: TCO 25-year expenditure
4.5 Payback Period
Table 8 outlines the estimated period of time to
recover the initial capital expenditure through annual
energy and maintenance savings.
Table 8: Payback Period
The results indicate that an LED scheme is the most
cost effective solution over a 25-year period and has
the shortest payback period.
The LED scheme has high initial capital costs; however
the energy and maintenance costs are significantly
reduced compared to a conventional scheme. An LED
scheme has the potential to reduce maintenance visits,
resulting in environmental gains for a more sustainable
solution.
5 Based on energy savings only. Increase in maintenance costs added
to capital costs.
Option No. Capital cost
HPS: 50W 11 £2,694
CPO: 45W 11 £3,015
Final design LED
50% occupancy 11 £5,838
Option No. Energy %
saving
Annual
cost
HPS: 50W 11 1,483 kWh
771 Kgs -3% £156
CPO: 45W 11 1,348 kWh
701 Kgs 7% £142
Final design LED
50% occupancy 11
952 kWh
495 Kgs 34% £100
Option No. Annual cost
per luminaire
Annual cost
per scheme
HPS: 50W 11 £2.80 £31
CPO: 45W 11 £9.76 £107
Final design LED
50% occupancy 11 £1.12 £12
Option
Initial
capital
cost
Energy &
maintenance cost
Whole
life cost
HPS: 50W £2,694 £4,670 £7,364
CPO: 45W £3,015 £6,234 £9,249
Final design LED
50% occupancy £5,838 £2,808 £8,646
Option
Initial
capital
cost
Annual energy &
maintenance
savings
Payback
Period
HPS: 50W £2,694 -£20 NA
CPO: 45W £3,107 £105 311 years
Final design LED
50% occupancy £5,838 £55 106 years
7
5.0 Design specification
Plan 2: Detailed design specification
The Sankey Valley car park scheme utilised one
manufacturers’ LED luminaires, approved following an
initial product evaluation exercise. The luminaires have
different aesthetic qualities from traditional, to the
specific Folio leaf shape design.
9 of the 11 luminaires include PIR motion sensors
which operate when motion is detected. If no motion is
detected after a five minute period, the lighting
reduces to 10% of full light output, then switch off
shortly afterwards. Two of the lanterns operate on a
regular street lighting switching regime of 70/35 lux
switching regime (4,147 annual burning hours).
Image 4: Sankey Valley car park new scheme day
Image 5: Sankey Valley car park new scheme Folio
Image 6: Sankey Valley car park new scheme Realta
Thorlux Folio 18 LED 38W lanterns with motion detection
Lanterns 5 - 9
6000K Cool white
Thorlux Folio 18 LED 38W lanterns with
dusk – dawn switching Lanterns 10 & 11
6000K Cool white
Thorlux Realta 18W LED lanterns with motion detection
Lanterns 1 - 4
5000K Cool white
8
6.0 Sustainability
6.1 Energy
Energy profiles were calculated based on
manufacturers’ UMS6 technical data to
ensure that the new installation achieved a
significant energy reduction, in accordance with the
BLISS project aims.
Installed power (Watts)
Before 344W
After 360W
Savings (%) -16W (-4%)
Table 9: Installed power
Calculated annual energy consumption,
C02 emissions and savings (kWh, Kg C02)
Before 1,443 kWh 750 Kgs
After 952 kWh 495 Kgs
Savings (%) 491 kWh (34%) 255 Kgs (34%)
Table 10: Energy consumption
Compared to installed watts identified in table 9,
annual energy savings are achieved with the use of
efficient electronic control gear, including the use of
motion detection as identified in the calculated
consumption figures in table 10.
Image 7: New scheme with no motion detected
6 Information calculated using ELEXON Unmetered Supply charge
code and switch regime information.
6.2 Materials
The luminaire housings are made from
aluminium with glass bowl protectors,
which are both highly recyclable. The
manufacturer selected enforces WEEE (Waste Electrical
and Electronic Equipment) charges to recycle their
products.
LEDs have a predicted longer life than other
lamps and do not produce UV light that can
have adverse effects on the local ecology.
6.3 Obtrusive light considerations
The environmental zones E2 rural/ E3
medium district brightness, were selected for the car
park. Specific criteria from the ILP (2011)
guidance note relating to obtrusive light considerations
for the E3 classification were utilised, and E2 where
appropriate, during the equipment selection process.
The selected luminaires incorporate a flat glass design
and specify an Upward Light Output Ratio (ULOR) of
<3.5% of luminaire flux, limiting the amount of light
spill and glare. LEDs are a very directional light source
and produce minimal upward light, reducing the
contribution to obtrusive light and sky glow. LEDs do
not produce UV light that can have adverse effects on
the local ecology.
Image 8: New scheme with motion detected
34% Energy savings
9
7.0 Results
Table 11: Results
Comments on the new scheme where received from a
local Countryside Development Officer;
The installation of movement sensitive/ energy
efficient lighting at the Stanley Bank Visitor Centre has
had a significantly beneficial effect on the effectiveness
and usability of the building. Prior to the
improvements, at night time and on winter evenings,
the centre car park was poorly lit with inefficient
lighting equipment and attracted anti-social behaviour.
The installation of motion sensitive energy efficient
lighting has made the car park feel safer, allowed
better community use of the centre, vastly reduced
anti-social behaviour including fly tipping, and reduced
the impact of lighting on wildlife at this important Local
Nature Reserve.
The installation achieves an estimated reduction in
energy consumption compared to a traditional scheme,
and utilises LED luminaires which reduce adverse
effects on the local wildlife. The scheme also achieved
an improvement in colour temperature, colour
rendition and provides uniform overall illumination
across the previously unlit car park area.
Before After Outcome
Calculated
energy
1,143 kWh
750 Kgs of CO2
952 kWh
495 Kgs of CO2
34% energy
saving
Number of
luminaires
4no.;
70W HPS
11no.;
4no. 18W LED
7no.38W LED
Increased
units
Calculated
colour
rendition
Ra ≤ 20 Ra 65
Improved
colour
rendition
Calculated
colour
temperature
2000K
Warm white
5000K– 6000K
Cool white
Improved
appearance
Control
regime None
PIR motion detection
(9 of 11 luminaires)
Improved
functionality
Public
consultation
research
None
None NA
Measured
crime 0 0
Unaffected
crime
Measured
accidents 0 0
Unaffected
accidents
10
8.0 Conclusion
The primary objective of the Sankey Valley car park
scheme was to provide new lighting and encourage
more people to use the park, without having any
adverse effects on the local ecology. All performance
aspects of the new luminaires as detailed in section 8.0
performed well, including estimated energy savings of
at least 34%, improved colour rendition and high
lighting levels.
The scheme aimed to create an environment that
encouraged people to visit the area with increased
feelings of safety, and records indicate that no crime
incidents have been recorded following the scheme
installation.
Comments from a local Countryside Development
Officer suggest that the lighting has had ‘a significantly
beneficial effect on the effectiveness and usability of
the building’ also the use of motion detection has
‘made the car park feel safer’.
The choice of modern luminaires and columns where
secondary to the choice of technology, however they
are a sleek and sensitive design for the built up
woodland area.
The use of motion detection is one way to ensure the
lighting is only operational when needed. However
issues were raised during the design process regarding
sensitivity of the PIR sensors, with regard to sensor
triggers, for example trees branches or small animals.
This issue is being monitored and actions can be taken
to reduce false triggering including reducing the
sensitivity of the PIR, or to disable the PIR in a specific
problem luminaire.
The success of this scheme will influence the future
lighting strategy for car parks, and especially for use
within areas where the local ecology is a priority.
In conclusion, the change to white light provides
improved colour rendition for the visitor centre and a
high level of illumination for the car park. Careful
consideration should be made based on a number of
detailed location criteria before installing PIR sensors
and changing to white light, including financial and
environmental considerations.
11
Abbreviations and definitions
BLISS Better Lighting in Sustainable Streets
BS British Standard
CCT Correlated Colour Temperature
CMS Central Management System
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CPO Cosmopolis
CRI/ Ra Colour Rendering Index
DNO Distribution Network Operator
E Illuminance
E1,2,3,4 Environmental zone classification
Eave Average illuminance
Emin Minimum maintained illuminance
EAC Estimated Annual Consumption
EN European Standard
FCO Full cut-off
G Class Luminous intensity classification
HPS High Pressure Sodium
I Light Intensity
ILP Institution of Lighting Professionals
IMD Index of Multiple Deprivation
K Kelvin
kWh Kilowatt Hour
L Luminance
LED Light Emitting Diode
lm/W Lumens per watt
LPS Low Pressure Sodium
LSOA Lower Super Output Area
lx Lux
ONS Office for National Statistics
PNC Private Network Cable
S Class Subsidiary road class
TCS Technical Case Study
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
ULOR Upward Light Output Ratio
UMS Unmetered Supply
Uo Overall uniformity
UV Ultra Violet
W Watts
WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment
For additional information contact Lead Partner St.Helens Council;
+44 1744 676381 [email protected] www.bliss-streetlab.eu