Blood

Composition and Function

Chapter 16

The Blood Outline

• Where are blood cells made?

• What is the composition of blood?

• Function of different types of blood cells

• Disorders of the blood

• Blood types and Rh factor

• Pregnancy and blood types

Where is blood made and what is blood?

Bone marrow

What is blood made of?

• Water (92%)

&• Proteins

– Albumins

– Globulins

– fibrinogen

plasma

Blood cells

Hematocrit

» Females: 38-48%

» Males: 42-52%

Types of blood cells and fragments

• White Blood Cells

• Platelets are cell fragments

• -------------------------------------------------------------------• Red Blood Cells

• Leukocytes

• Thrombocytes

• Erythrocytes

I. Leukocytes

Basophils NeutrophilEosinophil Monocytes Lymphocyte Dendritic

rare 50-70% 1-3% 1-6% 20-35% ??

The histologic appearance of various leukoctyes

WBC’s “lifespan” 6-24 hours.

The phagocytic cells

• Neutrophils

• Monocytes

• Macrophages

More pictures of leukocytes

http://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/blood.html

Pathology of WBC• Leukemia=cancer of white blood cell

75% childhood leukemias

Epstein-Barr Virus

Infectious Virus affects “B-lymphocytes”

II. Platelets

Lifespan of about 10 days

Platelets are not true cells

An “inactive platelet”

“An activated platelet”

Blood Clotting

Blood Clotting

• Thromboplastin• Prothrombin• Thrombin• Fibrinogen• Fibrin• Platelets

• Injured blood vessel• Inactive form• Active form• Inactive• Active• Trapped in fibrin

The clot can also disappear…

• Plasminogen

Plasmin

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Dissolves clot

III. Erythrocytesmost numerous cell of the body!

Inside the red blood cell!

IronCARRIES O2 and CO2

Anemia:

• What is it?– Decreased ability to carry oxygen

Some Causes of Anemia

• Iron deficiency

• Hemorrhage: uncontrolled bleeding– Hemophila

• Reduced hemoglobin

• Low erythropoietin

• Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia

Hemophilia

• Inherited Disease

• Blood Clotting Disorder

• Affects males more than females

Blood Types & Membrane Glycoproteins

First! You need a basic idea of “antibodies and antigens” as it

relates to blood types for this section.

The binding of antibodies to antigens leads to agglutination

or blood clotting.

Mismatched Blood Types:Basis of agglutination

Are there other glycoproteins on the surface of RBC’s?

Yes! The Rh Factor

• Rh stands for Rhesus (monkeys)

Rh factor

• A person can be Rh negative

• Or

• A person can be Rh positive

Importance of Rh factor

• Rh antigen may pose a problem with pregnancy

Why?

Rh factor and Pregnancy

Mother Child 1 Agglutination

Of child’s 1 blood

Child 2

Agglutination

Of child’s 2 blood

Rh+ Rh+ No Rh+ No

Rh- Rh- No Rh- No

Rh+ Rh- No Rh- No

Rh- Rh+ No Rh+ Yes

Ch. 7 The End

Simulated Blood Typing Lab

Anti-A

Anti-B

Anti-D

The mixing step: Blood + Antiserum

+

+

+

Drop of Blood Plastic “Dish”

Anti-A

Anti-B

Anti-D

Mix the single drop of blood with anti-serum (use a toothpick for mixing)

Examples of results:

Anti-A

Anti-B

Anti-D

Type A, Rh negative

Type A

Anti-A

Anti-B

Anti-D

Type B, Rh positive

Anti-A

Anti-B

Anti-D

Type AB, Rh negative

Anti-A

Anti-B

Anti-D

Type O, Rh positive