Blood ST 120 Courtney Shelton CST, BA Day 1 Objectives Identify blood components Identify blood components Distinguish between different types of WBCs Distinguish between different types of WBCs Identify formed elements Identify formed elements Medical terminology Medical terminology Functions Primary transportation fluid Primary transportation fluid Delivery and pick-up services Delivery and pick-up services Provides protection against invaders Provides protection against invaders Blood Composition Plasma Plasma Liquid or extracellular part Liquid or extracellular part Formed elements Formed elements Cell and cell fragments Cell and cell fragments Blood Plasma Consists of water with many substances dissolved in it Consists of water with many substances dissolved in it Food, oxygen, salts Food, oxygen, salts Wastes Wastes Hormones and regulatory chemicals Hormones and regulatory chemicals Plasma proteins (most abundant solute) Plasma proteins (most abundant solute) Albumins Albumins Globulins Globulins fibrinogen fibrinogen Serum Plasma minus its clotting factors Plasma minus its clotting factors Ex: fibrinogen Ex: fibrinogen Contains antibodies Contains antibodies Formed Elements 3 main types and several subtypes 3 main types and several subtypes Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes Platelets or thrombocytes Platelets or thrombocytes Connective Tissue 2 types make blood cells in the body 2 types make blood cells in the body Myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) Myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic tissue RBCs caved in on both sides caved in on both sides No nucleus No nucleus Huge surface area due to shape Huge surface area due to shape Few million produced each SECOND! Few million produced each SECOND! RBCs Functions Functions Transport carbon dioxide Transport carbon dioxide Transport oxygen from lungs to other body cells Transport oxygen from lungs to other body cells RBC Terms Anemia: a number of different disease conditions caused by an inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells. Anemia: a number of different disease conditions caused by an inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells. Hemoglobin: red pigment of RBCs Hemoglobin: red pigment of RBCs Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin binds with oxygen Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin binds with oxygen RBC Terms hemoglobin carries a small proportion of the carbon dioxide carried by the blood. Carbaminohemoglobin: hemoglobin carries a small proportion of the carbon dioxide carried by the blood. Polycythemia: bone marrow produces an excess of RBCs. Polycythemia: bone marrow produces an excess of RBCs. Iron deficiency anemia: a result of the bodys inability to manufacture enough hemoglobin due to an inadequate supply of iron in the diet. Iron deficiency anemia: a result of the bodys inability to manufacture enough hemoglobin due to an inadequate supply of iron in the diet. Anemia Hemorrhagic anemia: decrease in RBCs due to hemorrhage Hemorrhagic anemia: decrease in RBCs due to hemorrhage Aplastic anemia: decrease in RBCs due to destruction of blood-forming elements in the marrow. Sometimes caused by radiation, chemotherapy, high-dose x-rays Aplastic anemia: decrease in RBCs due to destruction of blood-forming elements in the marrow. Sometimes caused by radiation, chemotherapy, high-dose x-rays Pernicious anemia: decrease in RBCs because the stomach doesnt produce enough intrinsic factor that allows the absorption of vit B 12 Pernicious anemia: decrease in RBCs because the stomach doesnt produce enough intrinsic factor that allows the absorption of vit B 12 Sickle Cell Anemia Severe and sometimes fatal hereditary disease Severe and sometimes fatal hereditary disease If a person inherits only one defective gene from a parent, they are considered to carry the sickle cell trait. A small amt of RBCs are damaged. If a person inherits only one defective gene from a parent, they are considered to carry the sickle cell trait. A small amt of RBCs are damaged. If two defective genes are inherited, the person will have a more severe form of sickle cell anemia because more of the RBCs are damaged If two defective genes are inherited, the person will have a more severe form of sickle cell anemia because more of the RBCs are damaged Hematocrit The measure of the total blood volume made up by RBCs The measure of the total blood volume made up by RBCs When spun down, the formed elements settle at the bottom When spun down, the formed elements settle at the bottom The buffy coat is the layer seen between the RBCs and the plasma above The buffy coat is the layer seen between the RBCs and the plasma above WBCs 2 subtypes 2 subtypes Granular leukocytes Granular leukocytes Neutrophils Neutrophils Eosinophils Eosinophils Basophils Basophils Nongranular leukocytes Nongranular leukocytes Lymphocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Monocytes WBCs Function to defend the body from microorganisms that have succeeded in invading our body. Function to defend the body from microorganisms that have succeeded in invading our body. Attack cancer cells that form inside our tissues. Attack cancer cells that form inside our tissues. WBCs Neutrophils and Monocytes Neutrophils and Monocytes Engulf microbes through phagocytosis Engulf microbes through phagocytosis Lymphocytes Lymphocytes Function in the immune mechanism Function in the immune mechanism Eosinophils Eosinophils Protect against parasites and irritants Protect against parasites and irritants Basophils Basophils Secrete heparin Secrete heparin Also function in allergic reactions Also function in allergic reactions WBC Terms Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count AIDS: a disease characterized by significant leukopenia AIDS: a disease characterized by significant leukopenia Leukocytosis: abnormally high WBC count Leukocytosis: abnormally high WBC count Leukemia: malignant disease where the number of WBCs increases tremendously Leukemia: malignant disease where the number of WBCs increases tremendously Questions What are the two components of blood? What are the two components of blood? Name some of the blood proteins. Name some of the blood proteins. What are the three types of formed elements? What are the three types of formed elements? Questions What is the main function of RBCs? What is the main function of RBCs? What is the main function of WBCs? What is the main function of WBCs? Day 2 Objectives Explain clotting Explain clotting Describe blood types Describe blood types Describe Rh systems Describe Rh systems Medical Terminology Medical Terminology Platelets and Clotting Clots plug torn or cut vessels to stop bleeding Clots plug torn or cut vessels to stop bleeding Rapid-fire reactions Rapid-fire reactions Clotting Steps First, an injury to a blood vessels makes a rough spot in its lining. First, an injury to a blood vessels makes a rough spot in its lining. Almost immediately, damaged tissue cells in the injured vessel wall release certain clotting factors into plasma. Almost immediately, damaged tissue cells in the injured vessel wall release certain clotting factors into plasma. These factors react with other factors in the plasma to form prothrombin activator. These factors react with other factors in the plasma to form prothrombin activator. Clotting, contd At the same time, platelets become sticky at the point of injury and begin to accumulate forming a platelet plug. At the same time, platelets become sticky at the point of injury and begin to accumulate forming a platelet plug. As they accumulate, they release even more clotting factors forming even more prothrombin activator. As they accumulate, they release even more clotting factors forming even more prothrombin activator. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin. Clotting, contd Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to change it to a fibrous gel called fibrin. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to change it to a fibrous gel called fibrin. Fibrin looks like a tangle of fine threads with RBCs caught in the tangle. Fibrin looks like a tangle of fine threads with RBCs caught in the tangle. This mesh forms a more long-term seal. This mesh forms a more long-term seal. Clotting Terms Thrombus: a clot stays in the place where it was formed. Thrombus: a clot stays in the place where it was formed. Embolus: occurs when part of the clot dislodges and circulates through the bloodstream. Embolus: occurs when part of the clot dislodges and circulates through the bloodstream. The clot is an embolus. The condition is known as an embolism. The clot is an embolus. The condition is known as an embolism. Blood Types ABO system ABO system Antigen: a substance that can activate the immune system to make certain responses. Antigen: a substance that can activate the immune system to make certain responses. Antibody: a substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. Antibody: a substance made by the body in response to stimulation by an antigen. Agglutinate: clump Agglutinate: clump Blood Types Type A Type A Type B Type B Type AB Type AB universal recipient universal recipient Type O Type O universal donor universal donor Rh System Rh-positive Rh-positive RBCs contain an antigen called the Rh factor RBCs contain an antigen called the Rh factor Includes most Americans Includes most Americans Rh-negative Rh-negative RBCs do not contain the Rh factor RBCs do not contain the Rh factor Erythroblastosis fetalis Rh-negative mothers carries a baby with Rh- positive blood. Rh-negative mothers carries a baby with Rh- positive blood. She will produce anti-Rh antibodies and later if she carries another Rh-positive fetus, the baby may develop erythroblastosis fetalis. She will produce anti-Rh antibodies and later if she carries another Rh-positive fetus, the baby may develop erythroblastosis fetalis. ALL Rh-negative mothers who carry Rh-positive babies should be treated with RhoGAM to prevent harm to the next child. ALL Rh-negative mothers who carry Rh-positive babies should be treated with RhoGAM to prevent harm to the next child. Questions What formed element is essential for clotting? What formed element is essential for clotting? Describe the steps of clotting. Describe the steps of clotting. What are the four blood types? What are the four blood types?