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BNWL-1183 8Special Distribution
QUARTERLY RESEARCH REPORT TO THE NASA MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
THE MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION EXPOSURE OF
ASTRONAUTS BY RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
January 4, 1971 Through April 4, 1971
(Loie fc^ 04is 45"
R. L. Brodzinski
April 15, 1971This report was prepared as an account of workfponsoted by the United SUtes Government. Neitherthe United States nor the United States Atomic EnergyCommission, nor any of their employee*, nor any oftheir contractors, subcontractors, at their employees,makes any warranty, express or lrnt?lied,or assumes anylegal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com-plcteness or usefulness cf any information, apparatus,product or process thclvsed, or represents that its usewould not infringe pj!vai^ly owned righta.
Battelle Memorial InstitutePacific Northwest Laboratories
Rich!and, Washington 99352
! tlilt in!
-5-
OP THI3 DOCT3mT !S
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Hi BNWL-1183 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables
Abstract 1-2
Task - Determination of the Radionuclide Content of Fecesand Urine From Astronauts Engaged 1n Space Flight 3-4
Task - Neutron Activation Analysis of Feces and UrineFrom Astronauts Engaged in Space Flight 5-10
Task - Induced Radionuclides in Spacecraft 11-12
Task - Search For Lunar Atmosphere 13
Expenditures 14
References 15
Figure 1. Exploded View of New Design Passive DosimetryCannister 22
Appendix A - The Measurement of Radiation Exposure ofAstronauts by Radiochemical Techniques 23-41
iv BNWL-1183 8
LIST OF TABLES
I Radioactivity in '-"eces From Apollo 12 Astronauts
II Radioactivity in Feces From Apollo 13 Astronauts
III Ca, Na, K, Rb, e.nd Cs Concentrations in AstronautFecal Samples
IV Cr, Fe, Co, Ag, Au, Zn, and Hg Concentrations inAstronaut Fecal Samples
V Sn, As, Sb, Se, and Br Concentrations in AstronautFecal Samples
VI Eu, Tb, Th, Sc, Hf, and Ta Concentrations inAstronaut Fecal Samples
Page No.
16
17
18
19
20
21
QUARTERLY RESEARCH REPORT TO THE NASA MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
THE MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION EXPOSURE OFASTRONAUTS BY RADIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
January 4, 1971 Through April 4, 1971
R. L. Brodzinski
ABSTRACT
The concentrations of the radioisotopes observed in the feces from the
Apollo 12 and 13 missions were normalized to the weight of the respective
stable element in the specimens. These newly normalized concentrations
confirmed all prior conclusions regarding assignment and identification of
samples, anomalously high and low concentrations of radionuclides, and cosmic
radiation dose.
The concentrations of 23 major, minor, and trace elements in the fecil
samples from the Apollo 12 and 13 astronauts are reported. Most elemental
excretion rates are comparable to rates reported for earlier missions.
Exceptions are noted for calcium, iron, and tin. Body calcium and iron
losses appear to be reduced during the Apollo 12 and 13 missions such that
losses now seem to be insignificant. Refined measurements of tin excretion
rates agree with normal dietary intakes. Earlier reported tin values are in
error.
A new passive dosimetry canister has been designed which contains foils of
tantalum, cop;3or, t'tsnlua, iron, cobalt, a*fjm1num, and scandium. This unit
weighs only * T1 r r^r'. than the orlginr! d".s1gn. By meesurtrg the r~ '"ntra-
tions of the vr.rrrus Products of nuclear reactions *n these metals after space
exposure, the characterises of th1? incident cosmic particles can be
determined.
-2- BNWL-1183 8
A 210Po concentration of (2.58 +_ 0.41).10 d/m/cm has been measured
in a blank foil of the Solar Wind Composition experiment material exposed to
the lunar atmosphere during the Apollo 12 landing. Analysis of the actual
exposed foil is proceeding. A net increase in 210Po activity, attributable
to lunar exposure, can be correlated with the radon concentration of the
lunar atmosphere. (At time of writing a real net activity attributable to
lunar radon has been observed - the first such measurement of lunar atmosphere.)
The text of a paper entitled, "The Measurement of Radiation Exposure of
Astronauts by Radiochemical Techniques" is included as an appendix.
-3- BNWL-1183 8
TASK - DETERMINATION OF THE RADIONUCLIDE CONTENT OF FECES AND URINE_ FROM ASTRONAUTS ENGAGED IN SPACE FLIGHT
Astronauts engaged in space flight are subjected to cosmic radiation
which induces radioactive isotopes in their bodies. The radiation dose
received from cosmic particles can be determined from the quantities of
these induced radionuclides." ' The concentrations of the induced radio-
activities can be determined by direct whole body counting of the astronaut
or by indirect measurement, such as counting that fraction of the radio-
nuclides excreted in the feces and urine. This latter approach was used
for evaluation of radiation activation during the course of the Apollo 12
and 13 missions. In addition, some fallout and naturally occurring radio-
isotopes have been measured, and variations in their concentrations may serve
as tracers of changas in the biological life processes occasioned by the
space environment.
The concentrations of the radioisotopes listed in Tables I and II have
been normalized by dividing the decay corrected disintegration rate by the
weight of the respective stable element in the sample determined by a tech-IO.A\
nique of instrumental neutron activation analysis. v ' The specific
activities for urine specimens should be very nearly the same as those
present in the astronaut's body at tie :.ire of sampling since all elements
excreted in the urine must have been previously metabolized. The data for
•^eces is not quite so clear cut, however, since the quantities of inert
elements excreted can te perturbed by unmetabolized elements passing
•jiirough •; r gastrointestinal tvecf, or by external addition, as is the case
'•.v'*h the sodiuir sa't bactar-cide. This more precise method of normalizing
1/,a data does not change any o* the original conclusions * ' ' regarding
and identification of samples, anomalously high and low
BNWL-1183 8
concentrations of radionuclides, and cosmic radiation dose.
A paper entitled, "The Measurement of Radiation Exposure of Astronauts
by Radiochemical Techniques," which is based on the measurements of the
quantities of the cosmogenic radionuclides found in the feces and urine of
the Apollo 7 through 13 astronauts, was presented on March 1, 1971 at the
National Symposium on Natural and Manmade Radiations in Space. The text
of this paper, which wHl be published in the proceedings of this symposium,
is reproduced in Appendix A of this report.
-5- BNWL-1183 8
TASK - NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF FECES AND URINE FROMASTRONAUTS ENGAGED IN SPACE FLIGHT f
This program has been instituted in an attempt to foresee any possible *
metabolic changes in astronauts caused by conditions of weightlessness and ;.
prolonged physical inactivity which are manifested by an uptake or loss of p»r
an element or elements by their bodies. The primary concern is the
terrestrially observed phenomenon of osteoporosis (loss of skeletal calcium),
although changes in the uptake and excretion rates of other essential
microconstituents of the body, such as cobalt, iron, selenium, and the
alkali metals, are also important.
. A previously described technique of instrumental neutron activation
analysis v • ' ' was used to determine the concentrations of Ca, Na, K,
Rb, Cs, Fe, Co, Zn, Cr, Sc, Br, Se, Hg, Ag, Sb, Au, Sn, As, Eu, Tb, Th, Hf,
and Ta in the returned Apollo 12 and 13 fecal samples. These concentrations
are reported in Tables III through VI.
Calcium and the Alkali MetalsThe functional responsibility and biological importance of calcium and
the alkali metaTs in the 'x>dy is well known and has been discussed previously^.
The fecal excretion rates of these elements are calculated from the data in
Table III by dividing the tctal weight cf each element by the number of man
days of the missfon.
Calcium fece! excref'cr rates of 0.3Q2 anc C.39 g/raan day for the
Apollo 12 and 13 missions respectively a>-e significantly lower than the
rates observed for previous missions^ '. These ""ow excretion rates indicate
a negligible body calcium Toss for these astronauts ~f they are ingesting a
reasonable amount of calcium in their food (such as that ingested on the
errlT'er manned Ao-a'i'o IT'SR-'C S).
-6- BNWL-1183 8
Sodium fecal excretion rates of 58 and 78 mg/man day for the Apollo 12
and 13 missions seem to indicate that the specimens were not contaminated with
a sodium salt bactericide. Assuming 2.76% of the excreted sodium is in the
feces/ ' total loss rates of 2.1 and 2.8 g/man day are calculated which are
similar to other determinations obtained for astronauts'4' and to normal
dietary intakes^.
The respective potassium fecal excretion rates are 250 and 304 mg/man
day for the Apollo 12 and 13 astronauts. A potassium fecal excretion of
16.5V ' leads to a total loss of 1.5 and 1.84 g/man day which is similar to
intake and excretion values obtained for earlier missions^ .
Rubidium fecal excretion rates of 379 and 667 ug/man day become total body
excretion rates of 1.65 and 2.90 mg/man day when divided by a 23 ' ' fecal
excretion. These values compare favorably with a normal daily intake of
2.53 mg<6'9>.
The cesium fecal excretion rates are 0.945 and 1.16 pg/man day for the
Apollo 12 and 13 missions respectively. These are the lowest values yet
observed for manned Apollo missions' ' '.
Elemental Groups IB. IIB. VIA, and VIII
The physiological functions of the metals located in the center of the
periodic table have been discussed in an earlier report^ '. While not all of
these elements have known uses In the body, some have suspected essential
properties and others are known to be toxic. The concentrations of the
elements of this group which were measured ere given in Table IV.
The chromium fecal excretion rates observed for Apollo 12 and 13 are
28.9 and 48.8 yg/roar. day respectively. These values are also the lowest yet
observed^
This may h° a reflection of r-atary intake.
^3' ' and arc considerably less than a normal intake of 150
-7- BNWL-1183 8
Iron fecal excretion rates for these latter two missions are 5.26 and
7.90 mg/rnan day. These values are in accord with the intake values for
previous missions and indicate that the large loss of body iron observed for
the Apollo 7 through 11 missions^ ' has apparently been curtailed.
The measured cobalt fecal excretion rates are 4.79 and 6.25 yg/man day
for the Apollo 12 and 13 missions. These values are much lower than rates
observed for earlier missions* ' and are more nearly that which would be
expected from normal dietary intake values^ ' '. Intake values and urinary
excretion rates should be checked to adequately evaluate the gain or loss
of this element.
Silver fecal excretion rates of 17.7 and 12.6 yg/man day are calculated
for the Apollo 12 and 13 missions and are the lowest values yet observed.
Respective gold losses are 165 and 21.7 ug/man day. The large difference
between the two missions and the extremely high concentrations of gold in the
three samples listed in Table IV as the Command Module Pilot, indicate the
presence of this element in the astronauts' bodies is largely a very individual
matter.
Zinc fecal excretion rates of 3.70 and 8.33 yg/man day for Apollo 12 and(2-A)13 astronauts respectively are the lowest values yet observed* ' although
8.33 pg/day is still within the expected range based on nomal dietary intakes.
Elimination rates for mercury are calculated to be 13.7 and 21.3 yg/man
day for these two missions which are comparable to normal dietary intakes.
These mercury elimination rates are lower than previously observed rates '• '
by factors of 2-12.
-8- bNWL-1183 8
Elemental Groups IV B. V B. VI B. and VII B
The body chemistry and/or toxic properties of these elements from the right
side of the pr.'riodic chart has also been discussed elsewhere^ '. The concentra-
tions and total weights of the measured elements in this category are given in
Table V.
The tin fecal excretion rates are 1.41 and 16.2 mg/man day respectively for
the Apollo 12 and 13 missions. These values are about three orders of magnitude
higher than those reported for previous missions' ' ' and are more compatible
with normal dietary intakes of 17 to 22 ing/day' ' '. Discovery of a procedural
error indicates that previously reported values of tin concentrations are
incorrect. Corrected values will be given in a later report.
Arsenic has not been previously reported. However, the Apollo 12 and 13
mission fecal excretion rates are calculated to be <27 pg/man day and 2.85-13
Mg/man day respectively. These values are considerably lower than the reported
normal value of 2.3 rag/day '.
Calculated antimony fecal excretion rates of 11.0 and 8.28 ug/man day for
the Apollo 12 and 13 missions respectively are very similar to those observed
on previous missions^ ' '. One specimen (Apollo 12 CMP 225 hrs.) has an
unprecedented high concentration of antimony.
Selenium fecal excretion rates of 14.7 and 20.4 ug/man day for the latter
two missions are the lowest ever observed, but the significance of this fact
is uncertain.
Fecal excretion of bromine, a minor path of elimination for this element,
proceeded at the rate of 3C4 and 66.8 :ig/man day for the Apollo 12 and U
missions respectively. These rates are comparable to those previously ob-
served' . Three samples from the Apollo 12 nission have unusually high
-9- BNWL-1183 8
bromine concentrations, and this circumstance may be sufficient to fingerprint
the unlabeled specimen as coming from the IMP.
The Lanthanides, Actinides. and Groups III A. IV A. and V A
While the metabolic functions of these elements are not yet known, the
data are reported in the hopes that they will prove useful in the future.
Perhaps tre concentrations and ratios of concentrations of these elements
would be useful in the identification of samples. Of the elements reported in
Table VI, only scandium has appeared previously. The fecal excretion rates
calculated for the Apollo 12 and 13 missions for this element are 446 and 409/4)
ng/man day, which are only slightly lower than previously observed values1 '.
Normal daily intakes or excretion rates are not known for any of these reported
elements. The measured fecal excretion rates are 136 and 128 ng europium/man
day, (105-350) and (136-380) ng terbium/man day, 1.94 and (1.05-1.2) pg
thorium/man day, 1.37 and 1.75 yg hafnium/man day, and 1.16 and 1.33 pg
tantalum/man day.
Summary
The concentrations of 23 elements were measured in the fecal samples
collected during the Apollo 12 and 13 missions. Most elemental excretion rates
ure comparab'3 to those reported for earlier missions and with expected
excretion rates based on normal dietary intakes where known. Major differences
are observed in these latter two missions for calciunv iron,and tin. The
excretion rate of caTc-'uK Is lower than -jreviously observed, and any body
calcium loss is expected to be even less significant than it was for the
earlier nissions. ':'.:e excraticT of iro~ is greatly reduced in the Apollo 12
and 13 specimens to the ps''::t vnare loss o'~ body iron by astronauts may no
longer :3c a concern. ':"•:?> frn ezcretion retes reported for the latter missions
-1C- BNWL-1183 8
are about three orders of magnitude higher than reported for the earlier
missions. The higher values are more nearly those expected on the basis of
normal dietary intake, and the lower values reported earlier are felt to be
Incorrect due to a procedural error. There is a possibility that not all
inflight fecal specimens from the Apollo 12 mission were returned since some
could have been jettisoned with the lunar excursion module. If this were
the case, the actual excretion rates for this mission would be higher than
those reported by an amount which would be dependent on the quantity of
specimens jettisoned. Due to the similarity of the reported excretion rates/
for this mission with other Apollo missions, it is likely that all samples
ware indeed returned.
-11- BNWL-1183 8
TASK - INDUCED RADION'JCLIDES IN SPACECRAFT
In order to more accurately determine the cosmic-ray flux and energy
spectrum incident on astronauts during space flight, which is responsible for
and relatable to the radiation dose received by them, an assembly of pure
monitor foils has been developed. When these pure metals are exposed to the
cosmic particle flux, various nuclear reactions will take place which are
representative of the target element and the quantity and energy of incident
particles. By measuring ".he concentrations of the various products and knowing
the probability (cross section) for each observed reaction, the number and
energy of incident particles can be calculated.
The assembly of metal foils was incorporated into the passive dosimetry
cannister. A new cannister was desired with positive sealing screw caps and
a thin (0.0075") side wall to reduce the attenuation of cosmic particles
entering the can. 'he can .«s then lined with concentrv: sleeves of 0.003"
tanta'un, 0.001" copper, 0.00?" titanium, 0.002" iron and 0.003" cobalt side by
side as a slng'.e sleeve, and 0.004" aluminum foils. The standard dosimeter
cluster, with the addition of about a 1/2" length of 0.020" diameter scandium
Kir*3 sealed "n glas.s, completes the cannister assembly. The entire unit only
.vs'ighs ^17 g (7%) more than tr:e original system. An exploded view of the
new design 's shown 1r Figure 1. The tantalum, copper, titanium, iron, and
aluminum fjrls ara 'intended as proton flux monitors, and the excitation
functions for tho protection cf rany of tie spallatior products ant'r-'oated
to be presnnS *.*. itese fails after space exposure are wel! known. The cobalt
foiT and t:;e scar.il* :-T: m?e ?rc intended cs thermal am' eplthermal neutron
,rr;rfto^s s'rce the capture srcss sections and decay characteristics of the
products are Ideal?-;' suit2d fcr oeascrement after extended space missions.
-12- BNWL-1183 8
One of these new dosimeter assemblies should be flown on each of the
remaining Apollo missions to determine if any design changes, such as type
or quantity of metal foil, should be incorporated before use of this system
on project Skylab missions.
-13- BNWl-1183 8
TASK - SEARCH FOR LUNAR ATMOSPHERE
Radon decay product analysis of the Solar Wind Composition (SWC) foils
exposed to the lunar atmosphere by the Apollo 12 astronauts is presently in
progress. The radon atoms present in the lunar atmosphere from the decay of
surface uranium should embed themselves in the SWC foil and, through several
rapid radioactive decays, be transformed into long-lived 210Pb. By measuring
the concentration of zlcPo (granddaughter of 210Pb) in the returned SWC foils,
it should be possible to characterize the radon concentration in the lunar
atmosphere and, therefore, the uranium concentration in the lunar soil.
In order to obtain maximum sensitivity, a new low level Ortec 325s alpha
counting system is being calibrated jr the determination of 210Po. The
system has an absolute efficiency of 31. 3% for this isotope and a background
of 0.0002 counts per irinute. The 210Po in the SWC foils is separated by
dissolution of the foil and autoplating onto a silver disc which is then
counted. The silver disc and the reagents used in the process contribute a
negligible etnount to the reasured PC activity. Blank SWC foil 6 30-11o
(0<.2T!8g, 53.24 cm) has been proces-ed, and an activity of (2.58 i 0.41)
was observed. This can be compered -o a 210Po activity of
(2. 9-6. S). 10 d/m/cm nbservod previously in a siailar blank foil measured
or a 'ass sensitive counting system. The Apollo 12 SWC foil exposed to the
lunar atmosphere, 6 '7"7-6-7B will be analyzed foCT 21opo content ir. near
future.
-14- BNWL-1183 8
EXPENDITURES
The following table documents the expenditures according to task and
total cost incurred from January 4, 1971 through April 4, 1971 for the work
reported herein.
TASK EXPENDITURES
Determination of the Radionuclide Content of?eces and Urine From Attronauts Engaged inSpace Flight $ 4,062
Neutron Activation Analysis of Feces and Urinefrom Astronauts Engaged ir. Space Flight 4,062
Induced Radionuclides in Spacecraft 1,355
Search for Lunar Atrosphere 2.708
TOTAL COSTS $12,187
REFERENCES
". R. L. Brodzlnski, H. E. Palmer, and L. A. Rancitelli, "The Measurement ofRadiation Exposure of Astronauts by Radiochemical Techniques," April 8, 1969,Through June 30, 1969, BNWL-1183 1 (1969).
2. R. L. Brodzinski and L. A. Rancitelli, "The Measurement of Radiation Exposureof Astronauts by Radiochemical Techniques," July 1, 1969, Through October 5,"969, BNWL-1183 2 (1969).
3. R. L.' Brodzinski, L. A. Rancitelli, and W. A. Haller, "The Measurement ofRadiation Exposure of Astronauts by Radiochenical Techniques," October 6, 1969,Tirough January 4, 1970, BNWL-]T83 3 (1970).
?-. 1. L. Broczinski, L. A. Rancite'li, and W. A. Mailer, "The Measurement ofRadiation Exposure of Astronauts by Radiochemical Techniques," January 5, 1970,'••srourh Apri" 5, 1970, BNWL-1183 4 (1970).
~i. '1. L. Irotz'Jnski and W. A. Haller, "The Measurement of Radiation Exposure of.".stroriauts by Radiochemical Techniques," April 6, 1970, "hrough July 5, 1970,V1ML-*183 5 C:370).
5. :•>, L. Altman and D. S. Dittme-, eds., "Biology Data Book," W. B. Saunders,(1964).
7. R. L. Broczinski, L. A. RanciieHi, W. A. H'ller, and L. S. Dewey, "Calcium,Potassium, and Iron Loss by Aoo'lo VII, VIT t IX, X, and XI Astronauts," to bepublished in Aerospace Medicine,, (1971).
3. 0. L. Wooc, HseUh Physics 17, 513 (1969).
9. :l commentations of the Internaftonal Commirsion o* Radiological Protection,".xoport of ConEvttee 1* on Perrrirsib'e Dose '.'or Internal Radiation, IC3P Pub. 2,;'ergairan P^ss0 London (19f-0),
-16- BNWL-1183 8
TABLE I
RADIOACTIVITY IN FECES FROM APOLLO 12 ASTRONAUTS*
dis/min 22Na dis/min 59FeSample per g Na per g Fe
Unlabeled
LMP #2
LMP 23N
CDR 56 + 31
CMP GET 79 2100+1000
CMP 225 Hrs
dis/minper g
(6.1 +2
(3.8 + 2
(2.5 + 1
60CoCo
.4).104
.3).104
.5).104
dis/min 137Csper g Cs
(2.8 + 1.9J.106
(1.7 + 0.5).106
* The radioactivities have been normalized by dividing the disintegration rateby the weight of the stable element and decay correcting to the splashdowndate, 11-24-69.
TABLE II
RADIOACTIVITY
dis/min 22NaSample per. g Na
01 5.6 + 4.3
#2 39 +17
#3
M 5 . 6 + 1 . 8
#5
#6 0 .99+0.73
dis/minper g
(2.58 + 0
(3.00 + 0
(2.78 ±0
(5.46 +_0
IN FECES FROM APOLLO
59FeFe
.05). 104
.07). 104
.05). 104
.83). 103
13 ASTRONAUTS*
dis/minper g
(7
(8
(2
(8
(5
(3
.4 +
.3 +
.2 +_
.2 +
+
+
3.
3.
0.
2.
3)
2)
60
Co
0)
1)
9)
5)
Co
.104
.104
.105
.104
.104
dis/minper g
(1.12 +
(•".75 +
(6.63 +
(8.8 +
0
0
0
1
137
Cs
.01)
.02)
.13)
.8).
Cs
.1C8
.106
.107
106
.104
* The radioactivities have been normalized by dividing the disintegration rate by theweight of the stable element and decay correcting t,o the splashdown date, 4-17-70.
-18- BNWL-1183 8
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-20- BNWL-1183 8
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-22- BNWL-1183 8
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-23- BNWL-1183 8
APPENDIX A
-24- BNWL-1183 8
THE MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION EXPOSURE OFASTFONAUTS BY RfBIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
R. L. BrodzinskiBattelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Laboratories
P. 0. 3cx 999".ichland, 'Jasiv'ngton S9352
ABSTRACT
The principal gamma-ray-emitt1:-g radioisotopes produced in the body of
astronauts by cosmic-ray bombardment which have naif-lives long enough to be
useful for radiation dose evaluatior are 7Be, 22Na, and 21*Na. The sodium
isotopes were measured *n the prefl'ght and post-flight urine and feces, and
those feces specimen- collected aur'rg the manned Apollo missions, by analysis
of the urine salts and the :*aw feces -"n 'arge crysta1 multidinensional gamma-
ray spectrometers, Ths 7Be was cherlcaFy separated, and its concentration
rreasured in an all Nal(Tl), anticoincidence shie^ed, scintillation well
crystal.
The overall sensitivity of the experiment was reduced by almost all
variailes such as low concentrations of exc-eted cosirogenic radionuclides,
h-ph concentrations of injected radi-TL^Vdas, lo-.y senple sizes, long delay
periof's before analysis, and uncerta'p excra':"on ^ates. The astronaut
rrni'j-'m dose in mri'rc^s, as dete:r*nei' iy this technique, for the Apollo
7, 8, 9, !CD 11, 12, arc" ''3 missions res ?2'K 160, <3n5, 870 + EaU, 31, 110,
and «?..; rss ,'cetivsly. "r v'ew cf ft :;su -r^"tati;;ns -;ns technique would be
bo'iS ti'D'ier tc Cc-?i.s c'7 • 'j.-i'Elly h' h eiycfures- sjr!: as that encountered
fro : sn"rr f'arrs.
-25- BNWL-1183 8
INTRODUCTKW
With the advent of space flight, it has become necassary to determine the
radiation dose to ms;: from exposure to the galactic, Van Allen, and solar flare
particles. The high-energy galactic portion of the spectrum is fairly constant
and has a relatively low intensity. Th» high intensity Van Allen radiation Is
of medium energy and localized in space. However, the solar radiation is not
so predictable, and the flux and energy of particles from the sun can vary
trenendously depending on sclar activity. Since high levels of radiation
exposure are possible^ radirtion dosiietry which will properly define radiation
exposures is essential in Sf:ace research programs. Dosimetry methods employed
tius *ar, such as nuc?eer enulsion fHns, thermoluminescent dosimeters, and
ioT'zr'.t'on gauges provic'R vi y usafi" 'ndirest irethoc's for estimating radiation
dose >ut are subject '",0 'imitations. T'iev treasure orly a surface exposure at
a specific point(s) 1r; <;;ie spacecraft 0" on -ihe estrcnaut's body rather than
en ''niegral whole body exposure, art" tiny rave a 1 in''ted sensitivity to large
var'e'V'ons in particle c.nerjy. Sonir ->f fthr -'rherent limitations of these
externa' dosimeters era ; vo ded by IT/:'-.] t'e '!nd:ced radioactivity in the body
::•* rn asitronai'i as a r:sEsu»r of h'"s r -'>.t,T'on ex;.:sure. During a spece flight,
Ttfi'c!!;:cl-i<ft;s arc crot W3<f '"iroughoi; !te entire bodj; of an astronaut, and the
!-^)£iTf on ati.'s arc i.itc.tef' direct!." ,r> t'e cosmic particle f lux within the
or';/, "ha resolute arH v<:lrtive ant X.n of *he vav1r<ia -edior.uciidec, Hear a
":TC ve^a-^orsh^c tc t.'R • nters t.j • ' ar's^y ":nc'"UT;i o* *'' particles which
• • «';.•:re t'n :^c"cg'cv c'arage.
"hr r;-.;"c'-fcr :'o:-i rcfive:' frt - ':P crnr'c rar';':c':es car x determined"i,,/ *
••',,r "ir q::r. it'ties eV •' t'uud ratlfr " '^s- ' "*'. " 'TJ amounts cf these
• ; : rV.n-; ' i;c;?' .."!• "rs ;••-'• ':• '"rrinct ; / :* n"-"£ii " :=nt, • ,e., who'e body
; • nA,- it ;j ' • ••• r!;'J: ,:v :^L r ( " -" ' : ;~'::::v '-'r - '-uth as crunf >ig tiie
-26-
•adionuclides excreted in the *eces and urine. The latter auproach was used
~r evaluation of radiation aciivation during the course of the manned Apollo
The principal ganroa-ray-emitting radioisotopes produced in the body by
:r>smic-ray bombardment are 7Be (t ^-2 = 53 day), UC (t 1/2 = 20.5 min),
3!J (t 1/2 = 9.96 min), 22Na (t 1/2 = 2.60 yr), anc1 2"Na (t ]/2 = 15.0 hr).
~'ie primary Tiode of production of 7Be and UC is the spal^ation of carbon,
litrogen, and oxygen in the body. The i3N comes principally from the spallation
T? nitrogen and oxygen, the 22.".'a from the spallaticn cf sodium, phosphorus,
ind calcium, and the 2"*Na from the neutron activation of natural sodium. Ofv,hese, UC and 13N ere too s'lort-l-'ved to i>£ measured by any method other than
". ri''"ect determination, and ';h*3 d'^ct courtine; wcia'd "iave to be done as soon
:<; wsslble after recovery. T'r:s 's unfortirato, since these radioisotopes
..'••*= 'jrodaced 1n the 'argest abundance. Thn -wTom-cHdes 7!3e, 22Na, and 21(Nav'o, however, sufficiently lone-lived to fr.clli'iate their use in making dose
"i^lniates ^ram measuremen': O'7 '•-heir quanti^ips -1n urine and "ecal samples.
Oti'sr radioisctopes wen1 'so expected ".o fje present in the bioassay
• .CT'ies. !n addition to the a oi*eHant''onr! cesr-crfii'c ••i'.diiruclides, ncasure-
r-ntf j c^ natura'ly prssen" ^''K* rtoinaVy o"c!. -r'r 73ec ;i2\''.t and 137Cs^ and
''•Cr arc 3'l*"3 viiicr .'TiJ • njfr udl "'or ned1-:r'! s'cud'es v;°re --."so made. Another
I ""sctoif, "'0Co5 uas dwtxr.tr'4 a^d quant'tr.tv.'e'y ner.snra"1 •: some of the
^•(y z • • r r ' S o «2"r£r.t:ms tr t': :os oger-ic :'~ a^c! '2^'a .TIS'; ie made to account
'."IT '?':e ;••,<;•":• t' es o': there ••?' "o"'otojvas rr'nn"1."*.'.' occi; '-'::-; :n the jcdy
• /i.'ss t1'' '-'^V'cu",, '"aoc! 'YifV , a ri o'.'tar • -^"^'"'c" r->-ir.es-s?. The quantities
• • ' • ••• ' . '^rtu;.. .y t:cc: -irg 4C i-1 he ''n;e"',-'' ";'Cv r~r i9^; -n the Jior.ssay
i ••> c-s could servs rs '.v'i-"c'i< :i" ''--nrrs »' :?."*' "'.'• £''-.:$•*" of
. --^'v^5gc f?j. "i'^r ' }B ^oi<vt:"^ i ^ r " ss'^rrt.
-27- BNWL-1183 8
In previous studies, induced radioactivity to radiation dose relation-
ships have been established for the radionuclides 7Be, 22Na, and 2<(Na as a
function of energy for proton jombardnrsnt of muscle tissue^ '. From these
relationships and from tie ratios in wren these radionuclides are produced,
the "effective proton energy" of cosmic rad'airon incident on an astronaut can
be detsrmined. This allows the direct estimation o* the whole body radiation
exposure received by astronauts from msesurements of the radionuclides produced
in their bodies.
EXPERI"E\'TAL
Preflight and postflight urine an' faces and those feces specimens
collected in flight were analyzed. Dir to the quarantine period following
lunar landing missions, aT" samples w- - not imned'ately available for analyses,
thus avowing the short-'1 ived radionuc ic'?s to :'ecay. "he urine specimens
which were of snail voTur« -nera so?idi '4c: >>r!or to ana'ysis by the addition
of CaSO^ to 25 nv or les." ?>f t!ie rew if ••'•••- 'r. order to ^orra a standard counting
. Any samples o'~ ' lit 'al velui r T-atf then 2:5 ml were treated by
t^<l".y bo':V'ng to <?r."r"»s 'rth ni1'; c y,*< •> c'?.r>troy the organ-'c metter
n'i. The renaining ' a is -.-ere C O L : ' ? : n 'r-ge cry:->':el roultldinensfonal
f.rtr; >v.y spectrometersv " for detsr,
"''Cr,, «r:d '• r/Cs. The HP. 1 we're ^.rei •
d-Iil uteri -o !:nm\T 'fo'iun". .n a 'quot o-
rnt-:v-:i'"ion rne.1,y?/s tc dt t< Trii.e the ci
-TL )":•)„ T.'rs S'CJT' rclsr' c' • ia rclrtior
;; ••' ( PL *rcP3f'p"r"?:' 'ic = ' "?0 ':! 'Dly.'
-,-for "^ i?-fla, 2S<a, 1"JK, 51Cr, 59Fe,
•-:,c'V'd '•• c. :ir*\ HC1 solition and
• • - ! : • Fc'rtirr w:s iaken "or neutron
• • > •.r>rt''cnr cf '-^eole slensr*.'- • ':he
••: -e-iTKi r v •' I.TS to iip^ osimately
• " :• r:"t''f;i : ;ube. A;:roxiraately
. - •• ' • r v;aiv fd :, and •;;:? so'ut'nn
. i :.2; • • s ;ion the rjie'^s-ent
"•"- vr< -rlded to t, e ran a'"ring
- ' " • - : . ' r- cer:*.:'-:f;q3f"cn the
-28- BNWL-1183 8
supernatar.t liquid was transferred to a clear centrifuge tube, saturated «ith
N'H^Cl, anc heated in a water bath. If necessary, additional NH.C1 was added
iT.til a Be(OH)2 precipitate settled from the solution. The solution was
\:h3n centr'fuged, and the supernatant fraction was discarded. The resulting
:;i>anti*.et've precipitate containing the 73e activity was counted in an all
::;..'(T?) anticoincidence shielded, 7-inch diameter scintillation well crystal
•"n tha absence of all interfering activities. This was necessary in order
''•(• nieasure the relatively sr-:ll quantities of 7Bs present.r^ca" samples were thoroughly mixec in their co^ection bags to ensure
:->niogr3-iei';y of •ihe specimens, /> small corner was cut, of* each bag and
r" iqito'is were extruded into standard counting geometry containers for measure-
r:nts 3P nult'idimensional goma-ray spix -fnet -rs of the radioisotopes:\'a,, »°K, 51Cr, 59Fe, 60Coc anc1 137Cs. S?>irata aliquots were wet ashed with
: '':,r'-z rc'"d and hydrogen parDxic'e to des:""1;' tl'e orgr.nic matter preseit.
"Ii2 •"asv'i'v'nc salts were t'.ffolved in di";^.-2 n'tric ecid0 and the same pro-
:M?.u^3 £S abcvre was foT'or^s for separet ." ; o* tie 7"s activity.
\ "urr'ncus na'ceria'' C3. ?osrd of llt''">. r:Jcrosphe:-es n'Jxed with a scintillator
i? ui;':i c.rifirs' V2".1' -:n 'ihe ; jr.cccraft ir '-•y'' fc switch -'ps and sighting
: g^.,^- •^•,-f ir dCi:k-nr mi r, !va"s. Beet ' 2 oc t'*e h-gh Dejection rate of
v.irv ?• ' • • - . ca^ss: by 5; *jr "j ' 11 leaks, : • • • : • <!s EO.T- corcern about the
i ss" r'!:-> -'^EKr:c; nf i:->~">- • t tirs weigh* ss s'spce crpsu';e environment. For
> ' r;er T ssvo" sc approi •'• r.te'.y 10 r.g • ' 'r'xsc ran ea-tis were a«t' :>
- , , ,_ ,...' )f ^, K,» RS| .- .... These v;s • > :•- serve s curlers for ":)7Pm,
. •'(; :ri.'fi car?;!;''y :rr'2 3. i! ^gsstat" • :, •" :-?.-! :~s*\-3 •"•>, "his rrre earth
prc .f~5 :~ly 8 ml of 3?1 HC1
se TTV:".';:. the vare sart"
-2S- BNWL-1183 8
precipitate from the beryllium in ';he supernatant solution. The rare
eart'i fraction was thei dissolved in 4;wo parts concentrated HNO, and three
oarts saturated boric zc*d solution and rep^ecipitated with NK.OH. After
csntrifugation and decan'iation, the precipitate was dissolved in dilute HC1;
anc saturated oxalic acid solution was added to precipitate the rare earth
oxelates. The solution -\'as centrifujed; the supernatant solution was
c!ecantec; and the quantitative precir'tete was washed with alcohol, trans-
^•'rec'. to a 1-inch cliameier stainless steel dish and counted in an end
vrndow, gas flow beta cojn*er for th?> reasu^ement of 1/f7Pm.
The results of tha individual eli
•iirouah IV. All data 'teve bef?' norrrY
0« ur''?>o, or a gram of t.'-e "espectiv; .
•iac-n'que of instrunsrtf" neutron ac '^•
J33T dscay corrected to <;he time of •:*
"12 results of all ';hf v diciuclide :~
t:? t- ' j 'es although or'v ?..r concent --
'??. '""If, anc" 2tlNe art; ^ Tpportanc:
;")i.,, "ha i/arfoi's sar )'?;!; • " the t< 5'
. ?r ."/l>,, C" -:.-;' ^"3! -•: i^'=ntify <- •
is^e' v r..:r.':3rs ?*3 u r 1 . 2; tiffed i •id
•;;fnr ~3 • ir.;> spsc" :"i •• g ver es ' *i-
minations are given in Tables I:,-.ed to a gram of feces, a milliliter
.fir'jla ele~ent as determined by a/g\
•.vrv'oi ana'ys-s* . All data have
"•,= 103 w o" each respective mission.
- :'"*ei:?rts in ':>a excreta are given in
":riz if t!~e cosTOgenic radionuclldes
'TT- th~ su'^ec'; TDtter of this comrounica-
>. a -e 1is:ct >.v ':he letters A, 3, and
• ^v!iual rsfonaut. ^'hose samples
•••'3''trT.'rji' > c !:'3;i. Th« conec*iion
--., Jri-r or Fes . ••flight, iml^ss more
•' vrV-s *; 3! csad tiraw ir.to *-3
." V r nu—nr "'ic-itas *:i; t nu'';ser
t:- ".':?. *i •-;'-. ••-•' '"rq aft3- sp'esndown,
-*t.- siV '.hir.-.T e-d Ja/ ?! is tha
-30- BNWL-1183 8
The average values of the cosmogerric radionuclide concentrations in each
basic flight period are summarized in Table V according to the various methods
of normalization. The increase in the activities from preflight to inflight
and pos-flight periods should be indicative of the exposure to cosmic radiation.
The concentrations of each radionuclida increase rather regularly for the
ApoVo >' mission regardless of the method of normalization. However, the
feca' deta for the Apollo 3 mission ara culte irregular, with only the urine
ti'ata denonstraiing 1ncreas3s *'n the cosncgenic rad'onuclides. The Apollo 9
awl "3 "-'ssions show increases in the 73e concentration in the urine but demon-
strate tecraases in the ~-2"a concentre': 'ens w*iile the reverse is true for
iW"o "1. Regular incr3E?es are shov. i fo*1 Aool!o 10 end 12.
"•'he 'increases in cosrrgenic radi' -ct'vi'-.y fror preflight levels to those
after »"pcsura to the sp?.c~ ervironmer': s-e alnost certainly due to cosmic
•ifir;'"cl: activation. Equating the nar r!?'.ttfe of the Increase with the
a3<'v.';i:n dase delivered by the parti c ?c is sti'1 fairly difficult, particul-
>•:./ Kh: T. t'ne dor.e is qviV? -a 'all as '<• •, 'snan "ihe case on all manned Apollo
7i?s1cns t!"JS ^ar. Cfnr(2r"'.ra'".ions no: : ' " :n: ';o the LT't mass or volume of
-'•."ta arr = ! :> • ' ret *o \ : a-' on in t' .r»?'rgi'ca'1 s'i'vtion of the specimen.
• •; ••;:tra-;'ico;: nnnra"'"?? t ,c ':ie un'lt •. '• **,£ 't:?,':' > e!ei<ent in the feces are
' -H"*, net •"' ) var."ir"': i ''T the quar , <: -3= c1" TiiTta'wlized e'enents passing
:': i • ' :c ?: '^•'O'jiriest'-- " "ract. t ' V~^ vuar':;ties of rad'itT.-clides in
., . ,i,.,, .-., . - • ) ' • • jr(--j -;o ; > it jun'i of :. • :: e'>ii-f-. Tasent can be exr^cted
.: •;- ., •<• ; : . - -r rcpr;:-i i,:r:ti' 3 o*7 •:!"{ :-.--;•-/•••• c ac^u'i ;;f in ths K'-.rle Jody
• ; • > • ;. y "r r:-ks ?• - •v.'it -p-v.-Tis "gardirg the percen-
": ' 3; eIcT»=r ..... V.T'' "n ':ha ''eces or ur:ne, the
. -: • .:" rce~ ?r -• -d :':e ';f /iV^'natirn" of *
: > ' ftfsr :c . • • •= ;i.':a •.•'•I'ti the ixierimental
-31- BNUL-1183 8
resets for proton irradiated muscle tissuer, *)therapy patients* , and neutron irradiated radiotherapy patients* '.
, proton irradiated radio-
In this
manner, the average effective proton energy '"ncident on the astronauts and
the radiation dose received by them cei be estimated. The details of these
celculations will be omitted here since they are given elsewhere* " '. The
results indicate an average effective proton energy of 38-40 MeV Incident on
the Apollo 7 mission astronauts and <38 "teV on the Apollo 8 mission astro-
neuts. Radiation doses of 480 + 310, <375, 870 + 550, <480, and <250 millirads
for the Apollo 7, 9, 10, "2, and 13 niss-'ons respectively are calculated.
Since the specific activity of '±s cosmcgenic radionuclides in the urine
s^ouV be a more accurrtr -eoresentaT'cn of t'"e vi'xjle body burden of induced
radioactivity, the specr'''c rctivity o* fie 2xria "n t'?e postflight urine of
astronauts -Is compared ti the specif-'c nc'V'vity of 22".'a in the urine of
rec'iotnarepy patients whci iia"e receive! f" kncvn rrd'at'on dose. This com-
parison leads to estimated crsmic rac'Tf/^nr, c'cses rec^'ved by the astronauts
on the Aporo 7, 8, 115 rnd "2 nissic-- r-- J'1?,, ''Cc r, and TO rcillirads
respectivply. ,"t shou' d he roi^ted ci1'; '••T? A^at the uncertainty of the
s!:*a r'\mr 'n Table V, a"" h'rce of r~r.~ r"f'tsa is cu-'te large in some
!/• tjrfrcip'e t'fs ra'r.tlcnships J~"-rr:r, frtfucec activity and radiation
C'T?. strait'itforward T.'s probat-"•'•;•' for pn-f uc'ron of a certain
T" 'r t'~? 'io(*y c^ ?. P.S' rorr.t"; *" " "cally c *r Tt'on o' energy
"r: pret-jr:. Sira'ilar'. - t! 3 red''e* •' : 3se fnj: ? -Tsm'c proton *s also
•(" ->r :-? -'"5 er-r-c • r-i therafc • • "••rru:.€r' , r
• r^j-'ns cn'y ':o
-32- BNWL-1183 8
In practice, however, the procedure is not quite as simple as that just
described. A calib"a:ed whole-bo4y counter is required to determine the
quantities of induced radionuclidns, and a high sensitivity-low background
'istrunent would be nqui^d to nnr.sura fie small quantities of radionuclides
•'ic'i.'ced by the low ~e?3 l s of cosm c radiation encountered on a normal space
Tight, ."n lieu of £12 availabil ty of a suitable whole-body counter, an
""-if'irect approach S -JCT as that us'it 1? t'r's wo^k can be applied. The prin-
ciysl 'inrtstions to :V.s method icvs already 'jeer touched upon above. Only
r. sral"1 and uncertain fraction of ':hp '"nd'iced activity is eliminated in the
nxcrat-i. T'nus oily ti3 specific • t:':°v'\>t of a:i irduceJ radicisotope in *he
-'•'TIS can ,'je ext^epo" '.tec' to the \ 'n' f>. ";Vy byder with a reasonable degree
z* vccjracy.
Mii^e the eff"r sncy of low-'fre'1 s-inple cturters is routinely several
s^srs o" nr.gnitiKfe Si 7he:- than w::'"-bcf counters, the small fraction of
",ie to-ie. bi:tf.y act'w* :./ in any bi u-r.rgy s;,-o7le --e<f-jces the sensitivity of a
r-ciTT nn,-sure' rn'•, :; t'je point '•'•.--3 , -'s "itt'e better than that of a
:<y 'tiiTt, f •crrj'!1cntfi ; ^ --•'*(. V'IT !" IVs work even further,r i r/'re e'e'T if fir a'iqu •
ffji'ivt:; -."': ' '.cr ?y on'y
f
* "so:op'/
K • -e not
- ' '
"' ti •3t-'T' !; '; urine specimens from
•I--- on? -)" e #">-hour collection has
• r -v / jn B.iFJTrments. An additional
•ri"ir :'ss*' •; :> (Apollo 13 accepted)
•• ; •} as';"-'*,: '.'/."•.s "cr rc^lca'". studies.
rc~uracy of ';he
' • • • 3^:cirer-? KB: eh
' • • - . £ ";ctc"£ e!" co^
-33- BNWL-1183 8
to the reduced accuracy and sensitivity of the measurements reported herein.
In en effort to improve tie situation, a high sensitivity combination whole-
icdy counter and sample counter has b.?en proposed which could be rapidly
jlr'lzed after 2 mission 'evei onboard the ^covery vessel) to make accurate
•BRP.sursrants of tha whole body burden o* -acionuclides in the astronauts.
TIE conb'iation of direct Deesuronent o" ^cl* body birdens of radionuclides
a?!f* V\~ ear'y measurenerit o^ relatively 1=rce quantities of excreta should
T'cr ^:ch more sccur-'.'ie c7se estimate; ";o.*s'"jl8.
"' 's tec'in'qsiB "or rTfisu^ema^t c - T-'''rt'on c'ose should be perfected
•'•*""•'r.r rcut'lTi^ spj.ce nisni3nE so that •'- '''v r/ent of an unusually high
smiisiiffi, suc'i as Ttr'it V; oxpsct3d fir - ro ar flare, an accurate deter-
,',^,-,,p Of ,.1S j.atc?£.';1')- dof3 cars bs (•':*.-•!;••;!. This situation would be,*"3_ic>
...., f-{--.,.<. *o -;y,ss p.r-,l'> ' cr.ticsli' : • • . • ' - -rts' '"* where corvjnticnal
»•-•: '-n'-.-y teciT'ques 1:2 ' ertt^nd?^ ar '••• ;' ra-.'loec'i^vlty was measured
•"•; "'•/''~pr~r'. :'".">. rp.dfat'f dcse raco* •>• ,' !: '2 e''iDEff" •Individuals.
-y- BNWL-1183 8
':. 1. '-. Brodzinski, N. A. Wogman, ari '.. '•'. 'erkins, "Induced Radionuclides/n Astronauts," MASA-CV73253 (19H).
2. ".. — Bn^zinsk:, M. f. Stogran, art r.. '•!. 'erkins, "Cosmic-Ray-Induced'.ad'oac'j-ir'-cy in Ar,trc"a\!t3 as a • =>-ur3 o* Radiation Dose," Space Lifecv TC33 ?„ 59 0?<:9),
•!. :„ . Iroj'.iisk:, ". /. 'tegman, J. J. Lang'ord, and R. W. Perkins,~£:''oaj:i:;''';r':y 'n '';'i3 'Jr'ra of Prc':1'" T.oy>s'iated Pftients," Unpublished•t , l?.y.; e Me:?r': ' TSt'tuts, 'C1'"": Vo"t,hwe?t Laboratoriss," '
i i '••••R El 3«d and Urine of ^eutron-r r'-'-jn- lc'-'o';:: • '-.-• Jr;iepts,' "' V'iV-ed fate, Sattelle Msmorlal•s • • : . • ( : , ' ?•'•'•-. * >- 'J r«- , t L.b:? : • '-. , ~-c:*ilanc, Mashinfton.
...,-:, •!/;- : .. 'c,r 1CvC-3r;CF ..-, , ' »ii/'!*i(j-riersional Gaima-Ray-s "r •-: »• " • ': _"V _;_. _ r :r. arr' '•' . _:] T ' " P f - ) «
rk-1Tis, ;A Large Ce-iectore-'-.e-'." Kucl.
i ;, ft' J V>v, ".^ A"! Sodium Iodide Anti-•;• !1rr"\ci i f ' ' ' r "for: Srfct"x>neter i7or Low-
"T':e Mu'tiolament'"cn ;".r3"»'s1" indr "~ r" :::to ritloral
•', r'T:ie !"« r jrement
/.-',, t, • ,r• .11 I^. . . r
" 71',
.r.", :r . '' "(- vv c: :r,
)' ~s.'i"c". 'CT Exposure^ : " • ' • i: ih J;;ly 5,
r -35- BNHL-1183 8
"Doslmetry Investigationfi;{s1cs. 8., 757 ('963).
'he Recuplex f.1 "ty Accident," Health
r.0 I-.1, Park-ins and L. J. Kirb' , "ladioloq-'cal Chmr'stry Associated with'•:•* Hs-'nrd Crif'ce'ity of A" HI 7, 19SJ: 1: JS;r: Repo-t ^-76823 (196?).
Exc'j-s'on ct the V-!2 "rrt,'1 Y-*231 (1958).
BNWL-1183 8
S*MPCi ?l' -" ,MISftON HKKTVICfTIOH ^ •> _^
T '. V.:''"XH
" : cv 'ti^n
IS"','. I
H rr*r ^fw .wous ASTRONAUTS11 : • " • K •
-.'-• . Jk. V V
'./• i >AJ riii-tri"p.
i • iu T * MS r.2n».c.m, TJ • ; i^s
•\t '.1.1 aoowi 11 : M6 r.temon'; . • aonijp. . : r. * \~ 'v v-irre '.'-"5
oimarao"UT3QP3
atr c.c~2on' ;r«
aonian
01 I )
a: .1 )
&i i
o. .' i
i '
-3"- BNUL-1183 8
TAB E •;
*A010NUCL!»KS !M FECES """ APOLLO ASTRPHAUTS_A'nVITY!KSO!S!lffrC ' •rtTP.T.VN'flHaiA.'.t INERTELEMENTON DAY OF SPLASHDOWN
i-uaaici-
SAMPLE FL'GHT -, t,C IDEKTIFICATiCN PHUT) ^ ijte ' Cf/i C IMS.
7 B PS-
C P":
'.' ??) 2276 \K
>." OCt! 147
1?' ' 7
137,
d3±L1)-
(7.&tL3)-
(6i4tLK-
3.5«ta°0)- I06
•107
•107
• TT - l l ' A ' T.6TT T . iij4 (L«faa068l-106 LWfrC »)• 107
K-.sn.ro - it?
.j?jr.i!)- lo6
?..c!t'.Tn- if*
l'.>2.2>- 1C?
TJV.-1I83 8
L :i'CC;'O.WOfSPUUHDOWN
"Co125*100?
^7»nc3 i' Tfins;
. -r '
ic
