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8/13/2019 Body Changes in Aging
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter5
Common Aging Changes
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction
Changes of aging are highly individualized
Changes are also different in various bodysystems of the individual
Changes influenced by:
Genetic factors, environment, diet, health,stress, and lifestyle choices
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Body: Cells
Changes start at the basic cellular level
Number of cells is reduced
Reduction in lean body mass
Total body fat increases
Decrease in intracellular fluid
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Body: Physical Appearance
Begins in the fourth decade of life
Hair loss, gray hair, and wrinkles
Atrophy of body fat
Loss of tissue elasticity
Reduction in skin-fold thickness
Decrease in stature
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Body: Respiratory System
Reduction in respiratory activity
Less lung expansion
Increased residual capacity and reduced vitalcapacity
High risk for respiratory infection
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8/37Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question Which of the normal age-related changes in the
respiratory system can increase the risk ofinfection in the older adult population?
a. Decrease in the anterior-posterior diameter ofthe chest
b. Increased strength of the thoracic musculature
c. Increase in residual volume and reduction invital capacity
d.Decreased calcification of costal cartilage
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Answer
c.Increase in residual volume and reduction in
vital capacity
As residual volume increases, the vital
capacity is reduced, and maximum breathingcapacity decreases placing older adults at highrisk for developing respiratory infections
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Changes in the Body:Cardiovascular System
Heart size unchanged in absence of pathology
Valves become thick and rigid
Heart muscle loses efficiency
Reduced cardiac output under physiologic
stress
Reduced elasticity of blood vessels
Increased peripheral resistance
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Changes in the Body:Gastrointestinal System
Tooth loss is not a normal part of aging
Less acute taste sensations
Increased risk of aspiration, indigestion, andconstipation
Effect on esophageal motility
Atrophy of the small and large intestines
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8/13/2019 Body Changes in Aging
14/37Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Is the following statement true or false?
Atrophy of the small and large intestine, with
fewer cells present on the absorbing surface ofthe intestinal wall, causes certain vitamins andminerals to have a decreased rate of absorption.
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Answer
True.
Absorption of vitamin B, vitamin B12, vitamin D,
calcium, and iron is decreased in the intestine ofthe older adult.
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Changes in the Body: Urinary System
Reduction in renal blood flow and filtration
Reduced bladder capacity
Urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia are
common in the older adult population
Incontinence is nota normal part of aging
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Changes in the Body: Reproductive System
Male:
Reduction in sperm count in some men
Prostatic enlargement
Female:
Atrophy
Estrogen depletion
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Body:Musculoskeletal System
Atrophy and reduction in the number of musclefibers
Tendons shrink and harden
Reduction in bone mineral and mass
Increased risk of fractures
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Changes in the Body: Nervous System
Reduction in nerve cells, cerebral blood flow,
and metabolism Slower reflexes, delayed responses, and
changes in balance
Health of the nervous system affected by allother body systems
Changes in sleep patterns
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Which of the following is a normal age-relatedchange of the nervous system?
a.Decline in the weight of the brain
b.Increase in cerebral blood flow
c. Stage I and II sleep are interrupted
d.Higher nerve conduction velocity
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
a. Decline in the weight of the brain
There is a decline in brain weight and areduction in blood flow to the brain. Stages IIIand IV sleep become less prominent. Nerveconduction velocity is lower which causesslower reflexes and delayed response tomultiple stimuli.
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Changes in the Body: Sensory OrgansVision
Presbyopia
Narrowing of the visual field; decreasedperipheral vision
Pupil less responsive to light
Potential for macular degeneration
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Body: Sensory OrgansVision (contd)
Opacification of the lens: potential for cataracts
Distortion in depth perception
Arcus senilis
Decline in visual acuity
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Changes in the Body: Sensory OrgansHearing
Presbycusis
Distortion of high-pitched sounds
Accumulation of cerumen
Alteration in equilibrium
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Changes in the Body: Sensory Organs
Loss of ability to smell
Altered sense of taste
Reduction in tactile sensation
These changes all result in a potential riskrelated to safety issues
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Changes in the Body: Endocrine System
Decreased thyroid gland activity
Altered release of insulin
ACTH secretion decreases with age
Delayed and insufficient release of insulin
Decreased tissue sensitivity to circulating insulin
Reduced ability to metabolize glucose
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Body:Integumentary System
Skin is less elastic, more dry, and more fragile
Thinning and graying of hair
Reduced sweat gland activity
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Body: Immune System
Depressed immune response:
T-cell activity declines
Decline in cell-mediated immunity
Potential for infection
Potential for reactivation of dormantvaricella-zoster and Mycobacteriumtuberculosis
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Body: Thermoregulation
Lower normal body temperatures
Reduced ability to respond to cold temperatures
Differences in response to heat
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Is the following statement true or false?
Mean body temperatures of the older adult
range from 96.9F to 98.3F orally.
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
True.
Normal body temperatures are lower later in life
than in younger years.
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Copyright 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Changes in the Mind
Causes of psychological changes
Personality remains consistent with that ofthe earlier years in the absence of disease
Changes in memory
Intelligence and aging Learning ability and aging
Attention span
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Nursing Implications ofAge-Related Changes
Understanding of aging changes is essential for
competent gerontological nursing practice
Health promotion
Acknowledgment of factors that can alter
function with aging
Emphasis on capabilities and assets possessedby the older adult