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Body Coordination
Chapter 2
What is body coordination? the adjustment of our body’s reaction towards
any stimulus around us and from the inside of our body.
ensures that each part of the body is controlled so that it functions harmoniously with each other when it receives a stimulus.
Types of coordinations
Nervous CoordinationInvolves the nervous
system
Example: walking, looking,
running, writing, talking, listening, and reading
Chemical /hormonal Coordination
Involves the endocrine system
Examplebody growth,
reproduction, controlling blood concentration, and food digestion
Importance of body
coordination
enables our body organs to function as a unit to detect stimuli and
respond toward them.
controls coordination
between stimuli and body
responses.
enables us to adapt to the
changes around us
helping us to avoid injuries or
dangers.
Human Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Brain Spinal Cord Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Central Nervous System the central nervous system is the
control centre of the body. this system consists of :
brain spinal cord
the brain controls all activities of the body like walking and seeing.
the spinal cord controls the reflex actions like pulling the hand away when the fingers touch a hot object.
the central nervous system receives impulses from the sensory from the sensory organs or other parts of the body for interpretation.
after an impulses is interpreted, a new impulse is transmitted to the muscle or gland to respond to the stimuli.
Peripheral Nervous System. consists of all the nerves which connects
the CNS to the receptor and effector located at other parts of the body.
the functions is to transmit impulses from the sensory organs or receptor through the central nervous system to the muscle for it to respond accordingly or to the gland to produce the required secretion.
PNS
Somatic Nervous Systemcontrols all the voluntary actions
consists of the spinal nerve (from the spinal cord) and the cranial nerve
(from the brain)spinal nerve controls voluntary
actions like walking, scratching, and running.
cranial nerve controls involuntary actions like talking, smelling, and
seeing.
Autonomic Nervous System
controls involuntary actionexample ; heartbeat, and
contraction of blood vessels. contains nerves which
connect the spinal cord to internal organs and glands like liver, kidneys, heart, and
lungs.
Neurone
is a basic unit of the nervous system.
the functions is to carry impulses.cell body contains nucleus and
cytoplasm.dendron is a cytoplasm projection
which spreads out from the cell body.
.
neuron
dendrites is the small branches of dendron.
axon is a long projection from the cell body and surrounded by an insulating membrane called myelin sheath.
myelin sheath separated by small gaps called nodes of Ranvier
Parts Of The Neurone And Their Functions
Neurone Part Function Cell body Controls all activities of the neurone. Dendrite Receive impulses from other neurone and
transmits them to cell body. Dendron Dendrite that carries impulses towards cell
body. Axon Dendrite that carries impulses out of cell body.
Myelin sheath Insulator on axon that prevents the leakage of impulses. Increases the speed of impulses transmission.
Types of neurone
sensory neurone (neuron deria) relay neurone (intermediate neurone) {neuron
perantaraan} motor neurone (neuron motor)
Comparison Between Sensory Neuron, Relay Neurone, And Motor Neurone
Characteristics Sensory Neurone Relay Neurone Motor Neurone
Structure
Position of cell body
In the middle of neurone
At the center of neurone
At the end of neurone
Length of axon
Short Changes Long
Movement of impulse
From the sensory organ to the central nervous system
From the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the central nervous system
From the relay neurone going out from the central nervous system to the effectors
Function Carries impulses from sensory organ to central nervous system
Transmits impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone
Transmits impulses from central nervous system to effector
What is synapse? Synapse acts as a valve that control the
transmission of impulses in one direction only. The junction between two adjacent neurones
(nerves cell) Located in grey matter of spinal cord.
Nervous CoordinationReceptors Receptors is a cell in the sensory organs
which detects stimuli resulting from the changes in the surrounding.
Types of sensory organs
Effectors Effectors is an organ which responds to the
stimuli : muscles gland
**All receptors and effectors are connected to the nervous system by neurones.
Reflex Action
Reflex Action are automatic and fast response of the body
towards external stimuli without the involvement of thinking of the cerebrum. (meaning)
takes place in the spinal cord. it protects us from dangerous situations or
injuries. the path of a reflex action is called a reflex arc.
The pathway of impulse in the nervous system
Stimulus
Example of reflex arc: the receptor: sensory cells
situated in the skinthe effector : arm muscles
Knee-jerk
Receptors/ sensory
Sensory neurones
Synapses Relay neurones
Synapses Motor neurones
Effectors / muscles
Examples:Stimulus Receptors Central
nervous system
Effectors Responses
Nice smell from food on a table
Chemoreceptors in the nostrils
Brain Salivary glands
Saliva is produced
Pain from stepping on a nail
Nerve endings in the skin
brain/ spinal cord
Muscles in the legs
The leg is moved away from the nail
Proprioceptors Also known as stretch receptorsProprioceptors are sensory
organs that are connected to sensory neurones and are found in muscles and tendons, ligaments and joints.
Proprioceptors are sensitive to changes in the tension muscles, ligaments, tendons and joint.When there is movement, they
are stretched
Proprioceptors informs us about the orientation and movement of our body parts
Proprioceptors are important to the blind
Kinesthesis is the awareness of the position and movement of the bodyThe numb feeling that e
sometimes get in our legs or hands results from a lack of proprioceptive impulses
The Human Brain
Func
tions Controlling our
response
Coordinating centre for our responses
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