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The Nervous System
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Main Parts: Central Nervous System: Brain-
relays messages, processes and analyzes information,
spinal cord-passes brains messages to the rest of the
cells throughout the body. Peripheral Nervous System:
peripheral cells-sensory-transmit impulses from sense
organs to central nervous system. Motor-transmitimpulses from
the central nervous system to muscles
and glands.
Functional Units: Neurons. Carry the messages
of the nervous system through electric impulses.
Consist of cell body with outward spreading dendrites
carrying impulses to the cell and the fiber called the
axon carrying impulses away. The axon is surrounded
and insulated by a myelin sheath.
Skeletal System
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Main Parts: Bones-protect delicate internal
organs, paired with muscles allow movement, produce
blood cells in marrow. They are living cells and pro
fibers surrounded by calcium carbonate, and conta
blood vessels. Cartilage: connective tissue withou
blood vessels (cells rely on diffusion). Dense and
fibrous, extremely flexible and strong. Ligaments
connective tissue that holds bones together in a joi
Muscular System
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Main Parts: skeletal muscle-they are usual
attached to bones, appear striated with alternating ba
of thin and thick allowing contraction, and is
consciously controlled by the central nervous syste
Smooth muscle-they is not usually under voluntar
control, with spindle shaped cells, are found on wall
hollow structures and can function without nervou
stimulation. Cardiac muscle-exists only in the heart
is striated but is not under direct control of centra
nervous system.
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Circulatory System
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Main Parts: Heart-pumps oxygenated blood to
body for cellular respiration and oxygen poor blood to
ungs to be re-oxygenized. Oxygen poor blood from the
body enters the heart through the Vena Cava, the enters
the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve to
the right ventricle and is then pumped through
pulmonary arteries to the lungs. The pulmonary veins
bring the now oxygen rich blood back to the heart to the
left atrium to the left ventricle and to the aorta, then to
the body. Blood vessels consist of arteries, which carry
blood from the heart to the tissues and have thick walls
to withstand pressure as well as smooth muscle and
connective tissue; capillaries whose walls is one cell
thick and the oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with
the tissues for CO2 and wastes; and veins, which bring
oxygen poor blood to the heart. Their walls have
smooth muscle and connective tissue as well as one-
way valves. Red blood cells carry oxygen through
hemoglobin and dont have nuclei at a mature stag
Integumentary system
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Main Parts: Skin protects inside from infect
or injury, regulate body temperature, get rid of was
and protects from harmful sunrays. Made of epiderm
and dermis. Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin w
dead cells on the exterior and constantly dividing li
cells on the inside. The Dermis is the inner layer of
skin and contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, ne
endings, glands, sensory receptors, smooth muscle
and hair follicles. Hair-covers body and protects it f
UV rays and insulates from the cold, as well as in so
cases preventing dirt and particles from entering th
body. Held by tube like hair follicles, made or kerat
Nails-From rapidly dividing nail root, cells fill wi
keratin to produce the plate-like nail. Sweat gland
found in epidermis, transpire to cool body temperat
and secrete wastes. Oil glands- produce the oily seb
to keep skin flexible and waterproof.
