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Body Systems: Skeletal and Muscular
Levels of Organization ~ Organ Systems
We have a lot in common with Mr. Frog…“Like what?” you say……..
Frogs Humans• Eukaryotes
• Multi-cellular
• Eukaryotes
• Heterotrophic
• Multi-cellular
• Heterotrophic
Taxonomy(Compare to yourself to Mr. Frog)
Frogs Humans
Domain—EukaryaKingdom—AnimaliaPhylum—ChordataClass—AmphibiaOrder—AnuraFamily—RanidaeGenus— Rana or HylaSpecies— (many)
Domain—EukaryaKingdom—AnimaliaPhylum—ChordataClass—MammaliaOrder—PrimateFamily—HominidaeGenus—HomoSpecies—Sapiens
Skeletal System
Skeletal– Functions (jobs)1. Gives shape and support2. Movement3. Protects internal organs4. Makes blood cells5. Stores calcium and other minerals.
Skeletal– Structures (parts)Marrow- the inner
part of the bone that makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Ligaments- tissue that connects one bone to another bone
Cartilage- flexible connective tissue that is found on the ends of bones to reduce friction
Joints—Where 2 bones meetImmoveable (fixed)- does
not move (skull)Pivot- movement around a
point (neck)Ball and Socket- allows
360 degree motion (shoulder and hip)
Hinge- allows for open and close motion (knees and elbows
Sliding- bones glide past one another (hands and feet)
What did one bone say to the other bone? Will you be “jointing”
me tonight for dinner? LOL
How about Mr. Frog? Does he have a skeleton?Frog
HumanYES!!!!
How is Mr. Frog’s skeleton similar to ours?
We both have a skull, ulna, radius, humerus, tibia, fibula and more….
Do all animals have a skeleton like ours?
Scorpion
Sea Urchin
Sting ray
Nautilus
Nope!
Not this guy! His skeleton is an exoskeleton (it is on the outside of his body)
Not this one either. His skeleton is an endoskeleton, but much different than ours.
Not him either! Although he has an endoskeleton, it is still much different than ours.
Nope! At least he has a backbone like us.
Homologous (similar) Structures of other organisms
Homeostasis—Balance in the Body
How does the skeletal system maintain balance in the body?
It maintains the calcium levels in the blood.
It maintains the calcium levels in the blood.
Stimulus / ResponseGive an example of internal and external
stimulus and response.1. Internal Stimulus:
muscles need calcium Response: calcium
leaves the bones and goes to the bloodstream to get to the muscles
1. Internal Stimulus: muscles need calcium
Response: calcium leaves the bones and goes to the bloodstream to get to the muscles
2. External Stimulus: bone is fractured
Response: bones cells and blood begin rebuilding the fractured bone
2. External Stimulus: bone is fractured
Response: bones cells and blood begin rebuilding the fractured bone
Systems working together1. Skeletal and Circulatory
2. Skeletal and Muscular
Bone marrow makes red and white blood cells and platelets.
Muscles contract and relax to make the bones move.
Disorders
Osteoporosis -- weakening of bone due to loss of calcium.Usually in old age.
Disorder: OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disorder that is most common in women as they get older. It is the weakening of bones. People with osteoporosis can easily break their bones.
YEAH!
Men CAN and DO still get it, though, but thehormones that women produce make themmore susceptible to it.
Even if you don’t like milk, you should aimto get calcium-rich foods into your diet…such as yogurt, cheese, calcium pills, anddark green veggies like broccoli or spinach.Besides calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D are nutrients thatare also vital in making your bones strong and healthy.
Our Incredible SkeletonIncredible Skeleton Stories
Muscular System --Functions
1. Stability and Posture
2. Motion3. Heat
Production4. Circulation5. Digestion
3 Types of Muscles
Voluntary (control) or Involuntary (no control)??
Cardiac Muscle- muscle found in the heartSkeletal Muscle- muscle attached to your bones and helps you moveSmooth Muscle- lines organs such as blood vessels, stomach and digestive tract.
How are our muscles attached to our bones? Tendons attach our
muscle to our bones.
The skeletal system and the muscular system work together for movement
Try this out on your own arm.
Bend it. Which muscle is “bulging” or shortening? Which one is lengthening?
Straighten it. Now, which muscle is “bulging” or shortening? And lenghthening?
Muscles help us do WORK.What is work and when is it really done?
Work is done when force is applied over a distance.
In which picture is work being
done?
Force Distance
Force Distance
Structures/Types of Muscle, contd.
Skeletal muscles that move your body around come in two varieties: flexors and extensors. Flexors and extensors usually work in pairs, as seen here:
i. flexor – bends a joint (biceps)
ii. extensor – straightens a joint (triceps)
biceps bendsthe arm
tricepsstraightens it
Involuntary Muscles (not in our control)
Food digestion
Circulation
How about Mr. Frog? Does he have muscles that help him move like us?Frog
Human
YES!!!!
How do other organisms move?
Muscular Contractions
Jet Propulsion and Muscular Contractions
Muscular Contractions
Jet Propulsion
Homeostasis—Internal balance in the BodyGive an example of how the Muscular
system maintains balance.1. The muscles in your body keep your blood flowing and breathing going atwhatever rate your body needs at the moment. 2. they allow you todigest food, eliminate certain wastes, and can even warm your body up.
Stimulus / ResponseGive an example of internal and external
stimulus and response.Internal stimulus-Pituitary Gland releases
hormonesResponse- muscles get
larger or gaining muscle
External stimulus-Someone stepping on your
foot
Response- pull away or flinch
DisordersThere are many reasons why someone would be confined to a wheelchair. Brain or nerve damage (paralysis) could be one, but another genetic birth defect that affects thousands around the country is muscular dystrophy.
Muscular dystrophy is a disease where a person’s muscles weakenafter birth and the sick have little control over them. Over time,people with M.D. will often end up in wheelchairs as their musclesfail them. Their minds are completely healthy, though. No curecurrently exists for this disease. The MDA (Jerry’s Kids) is the most prominent charity searching for a cure.
Muscular System Video