The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems … › wp-content › uploads › 2020 › 03 › Y… · The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

GCSE Physical Education

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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

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BTEC SPORT – Unit 1 Section A : Assignment 1 Resource

The SKELETAL SYSTEM




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UNIT 1 - Information

• WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY THE BODY SYSTEMS?

• the necessity to be physically fit to perform at a competitive level

and

• the need to promote healthy lifestyles

it is important that performers and coaches are able to:

1) design appropriate training programmes,

2) develop correct technique,

3) minimise the risk of injury,

4) optimise performance.

The knowledge of the structure and function of

the Body Systems is vital to this end.




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For BTEC Unit 1 we will study how:

The skeletal and muscular systems work

together to allow movement for physical

activity. Assignments 1 & 2

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems

work together to supply oxygen/ energy for

muscle contraction. Assignments 3, 4 & 5

A

B




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P1

What is the SKELETON made of ?

BONES206 Made of Calcium

JOINTS“Whenever Bone meets Bone”

Ball & Socket, Hinge, etc…..

CARTILAGECoating of all Bones, “Shock Absorber”




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• There are 206 bones in a human skeleton


metatarsals

femur

phalanges

metacarpals

carpals

pelvis

vertebra

rib

scapula

cranium

mandible

sacrum

clavicle

sternum

humerus

radius

ulna

patella

tibia

fibula

tarsals

cocyx

Show / hide bone names

Show / hide arrows

P1




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SECTION B GCSE Physical Education


The FUNCTIONS of the SKELETON

1) Producing RED BLOOD CELLS which help carry O2 (Oxygen) for exercise.

2) Providing points for MUSCULAR ATTACHMENT – ORIGIN/ INSERTION.

3) PROTECTING vital organs against impact and injury.

4) Providing SUPPORT for the movement taking place.

Blood Attachment Protection Support

P1




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BONES

LONG

(Provides effective

levers for

movement)

e.g. femur

IRREGULAR

(Provides support

and protection)

e.g. vertebrae

SHORT

(Well adapted to

resist compression

forces and help in

performing fine

movements)

e.g. carpals

FLAT

(Protective function)

e.g. sternum

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONES (SHAPE)

P1




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SKELETON

APPENDICULAR

Skull, spine, sternum, ribs

Arms, shoulders, hips, legs

AXIAL

P1




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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY and BONES

• Physical activity stimulates the production of bone tissue to

compensate for the stresses of training.

• If the intensity is too high, damage and injury of the bone can

occur e.g. shin splints.

• Reduced stress results in bone weight and strength reduction –

ATROPHY – usually after a lay-off due to injury. It is important

to return to full training slowly, to allow the bones to adapt.




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P2 Part of the SKELETON: JOINTS

“Joints are the place where 2 bones meet.”

“When Bone meets another Bone”




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• Joints can be classified according to

the amount of movement they allow:

1) IMMOVABLE / FIBROUS/FIXED JOINTS

These joints are fixed and no movement is possible. Examples are found

in the skull and pelvic girdle – areas of the body where great strength is

required.

P2




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P2

2) SLIGHTLY MOVABLE / CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

There are small gaps between the bones at these joints, filled with

CARTILAGE to prevent grinding and enable slight movement.

Examples are found between the vertebrae and between the ribs

and sternum.

P2




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3 **Freely Movable/Synovial Joints**

These are the most common – and most use

for Sport as they allow movement

P2




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The majority of joints in the body are synovial – they allow the

greatest range of movement.

The bones are linked by LIGAMENTS – They join Bone to Bone.

There are 6 types of synovial joint, and each type has its own

characteristic range and type of movement.

They are designed to stop and prevent friction between the moving

bones.

Examples are the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints.

These joints are important for physical activity – they are often put

under a great deal of stress (e.g. the knee), but are so designed to

be robust and withstand pressure.

P2




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TYPE OF JOINT BODY LOCATION TYPES OF MOVEMENT

Ball and socket Hip, shoulder

Flexion/ extension,

rotation, abduction,

adduction

Hinge Knee, elbow Flexion/ extension

Pivot Neck Rotation

Condyloid Wrist, ankleFlexion/ extension,

abduction, adduction

Saddle Base of thumbsFlexion/ extension,

abduction, adduction

GlidingCarpals (hands),

tarsals (feet)

Gliding movements – where 2

bones with flat surfaces slide on

each other – forward and back

with slight sideways movement

P2




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UNIT 1 – Information

*** Ball and Socket ***

HIP Joint

Allows movement in 3 planes – Very Mobile Joint e.g. Hip /Shoulder

P2




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** Hinge **

Hinge

ELBOW Joint

Allows movement in only 1 plane of motion e.g. Elbow/Knee

P2




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Pivot

Atlas

Vertebrae

Axis

NECK Joint

P2




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Condyloid

Condyloid

joint

Movement

WRIST Joint

P2




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Saddle

Saddle joint

Thumb Joint

P2




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Gliding

Gliding occurs

between the

small bones

Joints of the HAND

P2




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• TASK: Recognising Joints at Work

Look at the Picture – What joints are

working?

What is each joint doing?

P2




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WHAT JOINTS are WORKING?

• Picture A Cricket Bowl

……………………………………………………..

..........................................................................

• Picture B Triple Jump

…………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………….

• Picture C Header

……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………




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WHAT JOINTS are WORKING?

• Picture A Cricket BowlShoulder – rotates Elbow – bends/straightens

Knee – bends/straightens Wrist – bends Hip? Ankle?

• Picture B Triple JumpKnee? Ankle? Hip? Vertebrae? Shoulder?

Elbow?

• Picture C HeaderNeck? Spine? Shoulder? Ankle? Knee?




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

FLEXION – Reducing the angle at a joint

(bending).




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

EXTENSION – Increasing the angle at a joint

(straightening).




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

CIRCUMDUCTION – A circular movement, which combines flexion,

extension, abduction, and adduction so that the

movement of the body-part describes a cone shape.




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

ROTATION – Is a circular movement

made by a joint.




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

ABDUCTION – Is the sideways movement at

the hip and shoulder joints

away from the body.

Take Away from the Centre of the Body




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TYPE OF MOVEMENT

ADDUCTION – Is movement at the hip and

shoulder joints towards the

body.

To Bring back to the centre of the body




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Strong joints are essential for:

• Coping with stress of physical activity.

• Contributing to a healthy, active lifestyle.

• Making skilled movements.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS, TENDONS AND CARTILAGE

Ligaments, tendons and cartilage provide the strength, mobility and

protection needed to help the joints, increase the flexibility and

provide a greater range of movement.




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• Ligaments are strong, fibrous, non-elastic bands of tissue which

attach bone to bone across a joint.

• They control the movement and the stability of the joint.

• They hold a joint in place.

• They prevent unwanted movements at a joint.

SECTION B



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Glossary

LIGAMENTS

• Cartilage protects bone.

• It is a tough, smooth tissue that covers the end of bones and acts as a

shock absorber.

• It reduces friction between the bones.

• Cartilage damage may occur over a period of time because of the

constant stress/ impact and twisting/ turning of physical activity.

CARTILAGE




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• Tendons attach MUSCLE to BONE.

• They are strong but flexible.

• When muscles contract (shorten), they exert a pull on that tendon

which acts across the joint to make a joint move.

TENDONS




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The structure of a knee joint showing the bones, ligaments,

tendons, muscle and cartilage involved

Ball-shaped end to long

bone of leg or femur

(rounded ends to bones

ensure easy movement with

little friction)

Muscle

Synovial fluid (oils or

lubricates the joint helping

it to move more easily)

Ligament

(tough strip of

tissue joining

bone to bone)

Tendon (this

joins muscle to

bone)

Cartilage (smooth,

slippery, reduces

friction, helps to

reduce shock)

Patella

(kneecap)

Tibia

Show Bone

Show Muscle

Show Tendons

Show Ligament

Show Cartilage




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UNIT 1 – Practical Application

1. Match the scientific name for the bones on the left of the table with the common names by dragging them to the table. You can also drag the numbers to the diagram of the skeleton.

Real Name Common Name

pelvis

femur

cranium

mandible

phalanges

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

THIGH BONE

SKULL

FINGERS/TOES

JAW BONE

HIP




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2. Class activity:

e.g. Set shot – Basketball (Teach and class practice)

a) Attempt to break the skill down into ‘PHASES’.

b) Construct a table, and for each phase:

(i) identify the moving joint;

(ii) name the type of movement;

(iii) identify the muscles that are at work.

(For (iii), remind groups that muscles can only PULL. Also, a muscle

must span a joint if it is to move it – ORIGINS/ INSERTIONS).




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3. Class activity:

e.g. Hockey – group to identify the function of the following structures in a warm-up:

Synovial fluid;

Ligaments;

Articular cartilage.

4. Class to identify which muscles are agonists/ antagonists for the following joint actions during the ‘PUSH’ in hockey:

Extending the knee.

Flexing the elbow.




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5. In a game of hockey e.g. identify when a player would use:

a) mainly FAST TWITCH fibres;

b) mainly SLOW TWITCH fibres.

Do different positions in a game of hockey place different

demands on muscle fibre demand, and if so, why?

Ball Games: Joint Movement6. Work with a partner and identify basic body movements, joints and analysis of

specific movements from chosen activities.

7. Consider the factors affecting performance and participation e.g. age and range of movement around a joint.

8. Identify the joints involved in, for example, throwing a ball (netball).

9. Identify the joints involved in, for example, kicking a ball (football).

10. Discuss the different types of movement around a joint.

11. Develop by pupils choosing their own activity and identifying movements at joints.

12. The above links with ‘specific’ training sessions and ‘specific’ training methods for sporting activity.




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Analysis of Movement:

13. In pairs, discuss basic movements and actions of joints.

14. Activity and sport specific discussion regarding movement, muscles and joint actions.

15. Record movements and use for analysis/ discussion.

16. Consider the link between desired movement patterns, skill and sport specific fitness training.




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UNIT 1 - Links

• Muscular system

• Respiratory system

• Cardiovascular system

• Aerobic/ Anaerobic systems

• Energy continuum

• Training zones

• Intensity/ duration of exercise

• Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body

• Long-term benefits of exercise on the systems of the body

• Body types





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UNIT 1 - Activity


1.

“Muscles and joints work together to produce and control movement”.

(i) In the diagram below, which muscle contracts to cause the bending of the knee? Is it:

a) the quadriceps or

b) the hamstring?

(ii) What type of synovial joint is the knee joint and what type of movement does it allow?

(iii) What attaches bone to a bone to ensure stability of the joint?

A

B




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UNIT 1 - Activity

2. The diagram below shows the action of the upper arm muscle involved in

lifting a weight.

Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below.

(i) In diagram 1, what is the movement upwards called?

(ii) Which muscle is shortening (contracting) to cause this upward movement, is

it A or B?

(iii) If the contracting muscle is the agonistic or prime mover, what is the relaxing

(flexing) muscle called?

(iv) In diagram 2, what is the downward movement called?

(v) What attaches the muscle to a bone to help in movement?

Triceps

B

Biceps A

Triceps

B

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

Biceps A




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UNIT 1 - Activity

3. “Good joint mobility is essential for efficient performance in most

sporting activities.”

Complete the following table:

(iii) Describe an example of a movement in sport which involves (a) flexion/

extension and (b) adduction/ abduction.

Description of synovial

joint

Type of synovial joint Name of synovial joint

(i) allows the widest range

of movement

(ii) permits movement in

only one plane




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UNIT 1 - Activity

4. The diagram below shows the leg of a football player preparing to kick a

ball.

(i) Which PRIME MOVER (AGONIST) muscle would need to CONTRACT (FLEX)

in order to LIFT the lower leg in readiness to kick the ball?

(ii) Which PRIME MOVER (AGONIST) muscle would need to CONTRACT (FLEX)

in order to KICK the ball?

(iii) Identify the type of joint at the KNEE (A).

(iv) Which joint, A or B allows most movement?

A

B

Quadriceps groupHamstring group

Gastrocnemius

Ball




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UNIT 1 - Activity

(v) What is the term used for muscles which RELAX to allow movement to take

place?

(vi) What attaches muscle to bone in order for movement at the joint to take

place?

(vii) What attaches bone to bone to give joints stability?

(viii) The movement in the diagram is an example of which type of muscular

contraction?

A

B

Quadriceps groupHamstring group

Gastrocnemius

Ball




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UNIT 1 - Activity

5. The diagrams below shows the action of the leg muscle and joints

involved in a STANDING LONG JUMP. Study the diagrams and then

answer the questions below by completing the second column in the

table.

Show action

Diagram 1

Bend

Diagram 2

Jump

A

B




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UNIT 1 - Activity

Muscles act in pairs, some contract while others extend.

(i) In diagram 1 the knee is bending ready

for take-off. Which muscle is contracting

to cause the bending? Is it A or B?

(ii) In diagram 2 the leg has straightened.

Which muscle is contracting to cause

this? Is it A or B?

(iii) If the contracting muscle is the

agonist or prime mover, what is the

relaxing muscle called?

(iv) What type of muscular contraction

occurs in both diagrams in order to

cause the movement?

(v) What type of joint is the knee joint?

(vi) What type of movement does the

knee joint allow?

(vii) What attaches a muscle to a bone to

enable movement to take place?

(viii) What attaches a bone to another

bone in order to ensure stability of

movement?

Revisit diagram




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UNIT 1 - Activity

6. Describe the movement at each joint

Positions

during a

forward roll

Knee Hip Shoulder Elbow

Flexed Flexed

Using a grid like the one above, describe the type of movement at each position while:

● Running

● Diving – racing – front crawl

● Push pass (hockey)

● Any other activity of your choice




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UNIT 1 - Activity

7. Label the diagram of a typical joint shown below by dragging the labels to their appropriate places

BONE

BONE

Articular cartilage – protects ends

of bones by acting as a shock

absorber and reducing friction.

Synovial membrane – secretes

synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid – lubricates the

joint, helping the bones move

more easily.

Joint capsule – contains and

protects the joint structures.

Ligaments – strong strap-like

structures which prevent too

much sideways movement.




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UNIT 1 - Activity

8. Explain, using examples from sport, what the different categories of

joints are and why we need them.

9. Complete the following table about the main categories of joints.

Category of joint Extent of movement Example of such a joint

Immovable

Vertebrae

Greater degree of

movement

10. What factors affect the amount of movement possible at a joint?

Very little movement Slightly moveable

Synovial (freely movable)

Hip, shoulder, knee, elbow

Some movement Sutures of skull




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UNIT 1 - Activity

11. The diagram below shows the action of the upper muscle involved in

lifting a weight.

Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below.

(i) Which muscle is involved in bending the

arm?

(ii) Which muscle is involved in straightening

the arm?

(iii) Which type of movement is taking place at

the elbow joint?

(iv) This movement is an example of a third

order lever in action. Identify the pivot/

fulcrum and load/ resistance by dragging the

labels to the appropriate points.

Biceps A

Triceps

B

Pivot Load




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UNIT 1 - Activity

12.

(i) Explain why synovial joints are so important for the sportsperson.

(ii) Explain why it is important to train all the muscles acting on a joint.

(iii) “Different synovial joints allow certain types of movement”.

Complete the table for both extension/ flexion and rotation.

Type of movementName of

synovial jointLocation of joint Sporting action

Flexion/ Extension

(increasing/decreasing the

angle between two bones)

Rotation

(A circular movement – part

of the body turns, while the

rest remains still. A turning

movement)

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The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems … › wp-content › uploads › 2020 › 03 › Y… · The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems