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BotanyThe Study of Plants
Kingdom Plantae
• General Characteristics
Contain Chlorophyll a
Multicellular
Made up of Eukaryotic Cells
Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Cell Walls made of Cellulose (polysaccharide)
Produce sugars as glucose, transport sugars as sucrose and store sugars as starch. (polysaccharide)
Adaptations plants made to survive on land
• Developed Cuticles – waxy, protective outer coverings which prevent water loss.
• Developed spores/seeds for reproduction.
• Developed vascular tissues for transportation of water and sugars.
• Developed tissues to strengthen stems to overcome gravity.
The Classification of Plants Plants can be classified as Bryophytes or Tracheophytes.
Bryophytes are described as plants that lack xylem and phloem. (vascular tissue)
Xylem is a type of vascular tissue that transports water upward from the roots to the leaves. Phloem is a type of vascular tissue that transports sugars (nutrients) from the leaves downward
Tracheophytes are plants that have xylem and phloem. (vascular tissue)
The Bryophytes are
Moss
The Tracheophytes are divide into five groups….
The largest of the five groups are the:
Non-Seed Bearing Plants
And
Seed Bearing Plants
The Non-Seed Bearing Tracheopytes are:
Ferns(They reproduce using spores)
The Seed Bearing Plants are divided into two
groups:
Gymnosperms (naked-seed Plants)
and
Angiosperms (encased-seed plants)
Seed Plant Life Cycle
The Gymnosperms are:
Cycads – palm-like plants
Ginkgoes – only one species remains, Ginkgo biloba
Conifers – “cone-bearing” plants… pines, firs, redwoods, etc……..
The Angiosperms are theFlowering Plants.
• Angiosperms are divided into two groups:
Monocotyledons (Monocots)
And
Dicotyledons (Dicots)
4 Differences betweenMonocots and Dicots
Monocots DicotsLeaves - venation is Parallel venation is nettted
Petals - multiples of 3 multiples of 4 or 5
Seeds - one cotyledon two cotyledons
Vascular tissues in a monocot stem are arranged randomly as look like “Monkey” faces.
Vascular tissues in a dicot stem are arranged in a ring surrounding the pith.
Monocots Dicots
Leaves - venation is Parallel venation is nettted
Venation of Leaves
Number of Petals
Monocots Dicots multiples of 3 multiples of 4 or 5
Seasonal Adaptations
• Evergreens – plants that remain green year round…. Pine trees.
• Deciduous – plants that lose all their leaves once a year…. Apple trees,
grapes.
Short and Long Day Plants
• Short-day Plants – Flower when the days are shorter than 12 hours… onions, garlic. Chrysanthemum: a Short-Day Plant
• Long-day Plants - Flower when the days are longer than 12 hours… tomatoes, beans.
Growth Cycles(from seed to seed)
• Annuals – complete their entire life cycle in one growing season. Example: mums
• Biennials – complete their entire life cycle in two growing seasons. Example: Broccoli
• Perennials – continue to grow year after year…. Example: Apple trees live for 80 years.
Stem Types
Herbaceous – Green, soft….will wilt is water
loss is extreme…. Sour grass, celery.
• Woody - Brown, rigid…. Will remain erect even after they are dead….
trees
Review of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy
of sunlight to combine carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and oxygen.
Light Energy + 6CO2 + 6H20 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants Products
Factors which Affect Photosynthesis
• Amount of available Sunlight
• Amount of available Water (rainfall)
• Amount of Carbon Dioxide
• Optimal Temperatures
Tropisms are the responses plants have to stimuli.
A Negative (-) response is “away” from the stimuli
A Positive (+) response is “toward” to stimuli
Phototropism – a plant’s response to light
Gravitropism – a plant’s response to gravity
Hyrdotropism – a plant’s response to water
Chemotropism – a plant’s response to chemicals
Thigmotropism – a plant’s response to touch
Phototropism a plant’s response to light
Gravitropism - (also called Geotropism) a plant’s response to gravity
A Corn Root responds positively to gravity
Thigmotropism a plant’s response to touch…the tendrils of a
bean plant wraps around a garden post.
Plant Hormones
• Cytokinins – promote cell division, promotes the germination of dormant seeds.
• Auxins – promote cell elongation in stems and inhibit elongation in root cells.
• Gibberillins – promotes “bolting” (sudden growth) and cessation of dormancy.
The Bryophytes
Moss• Reproduce by Spores (haploid reproductive cells)
• Lack Xylem and Phloem• Size limited by lack of Vascular tissue.• Reproduce through Alternation of Generations…..
the Two Generations are the Gametophyte Generation (n) which produces the gametes, and the
Sporophyte Generation (2n) which produces the spores.
The Life Cycle of Moss
The Life Cycle of Moss
Gametophyte Generation (n)Gametophyte Generation (n)
The Life Cycle of MossSporophyte Generation (2n)Sporophyte Generation (2n)
The Life Cycle of Moss
The Tracheophytes
FernsReproduce by Spores (haploid reproductive cells)
• Reproduce through Alternation of Generations.
• Have Xylem and Phloem for transportation
The Life Cycle of a Fern
The Life Cycle of a Fern
(n)
¼”
Gametophyte Generation (n)
The Life Cycle of a Fern
Fronds
Rhizome (contains Xylem and Phloem)
Sporophyte Generation (2n)
The Life Cycle of a FernUnderneath the leaflets of the
fronds are the Sori (sorus sng.)
The Sori are made up of the Sporangia
The Sporangia are the Spore-producing
structures.
The Life Cycle of a Fern