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Brick and block

Steve Coombs

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History:ancient civilisations

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History: Greek and romanThe name brick is derived from the Greek word keramos fired earth.

Romans introduced brick across Empire with mobile kiln.

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History: 12th

18th

centuryMiddle Ages and lack of natural building stone developed thebrick-Gothic church building in N.Europe.

UK - Prior to industrial revolution brick was expensive to

transport further than 10miles. Local materials and localkilns.

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History: 19th

century

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History: Building tall

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History:arts and crafts

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History: volume housebuilders

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module: nominal size

3H + 20L

2L + 10

T

Brick Block

H

LT

bed

stre

tche

rheader

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module: nominal size

215

440

100

Brick Block

65

215102.5

bed

stre

tche

rheader

L = 390, 440, 590 & 610 mmH = 140, 190, 215 & 290 mm

W = 75, 100, 115, 140, 150 & 215 mm

L = 203 250 mmH = 50 76 mm

W = 102 120 mm

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Module: typesSolid, frogs, perforated, cellular, keyed, insulated

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Module: shapes

Feature quoin Flat single bullnose Double cant

Single cant Double bullnose Plinth stretcher

Single bullnose Corbel pedestal Wave coping end stop

Squint Plinth corner Plinth internal corner

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Material

Bricks

Clay (95%)

Calcium silicate (1%)

Concrete (4%)

Blocks

Clay (0%)

Concrete (100%)- Dense- Lightweight- Aerated

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Raw material: ClayClay, marl and mudstone with silica and alumina with impurities: iron,magnesia, potash, sodium or sulphur

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Raw material:calcium silicate

Sand, flint, quartz, (quick)lime, water

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Raw material:concrete

Light aggregates: clinker,blast furnace slag,expanded clay, pumice,PFA (pulverised fuel-ash),

vermiculite, perlite

Dense concrete aggregates:hard sandstone andlimestone, basalt, gravel,granite

Aerated concrete: quartz,lime/ cement, aluminiumpowder

Cement, sand, water

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Manufacturing: clay (fired)

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Manufacturing: clay (fired)

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Video?

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Manufacturing: clay (unfired)

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Manufacturing: concrete

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Manufacturing:aerated concrete

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Embodied energy

Fired clay bricks are responsible forthe greater of environmental impactsamongst bricks.

Emissions include sulphur dioxide,hydrogen fluoride and hydrogenchloride.

The other major impact is thedegradation of the landscape

resulting from the extraction of rawmaterials.

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Appearance: colour and texture

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Properties: strength

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Properties: strength

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Properties: movement

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Properties: thermal

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Properties: water, salt and frost

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Properties: using

HSE Guidance on the one person repetitive handling of masonry units is thatsuch units should not exceed 20 kg in mass. This ruling effectively onlyapplies to Concrete Blocks and Autoclaved Aerated Blocks. Units above 20

kg should be handled mechanically or non repetitively, or by more than oneperson.

Cutting clay blocks

Nailing into clay low density bricks and blocks

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Detailing: masonry bonding

Header bond Monk, Yorkshire bond

English bond Dutch bond

English cross bond

Stretcher bond Flemish bond

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Detailing: mortar joints

Weathered Struck Raked Concave

V Flush Extruded

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Detailing: joints

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Detailing:arches

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Case studies

What does a brick want to be?

Louis Kahn

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Rafael moneo

Roman art museum, Merida

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Bearth & deplazes

Gallery in Marktoberdorf

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Lewerentz

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Bibliography/ reading list

Materials 5th edition, Mitchells Building Series, Alan EverettChapters 6&7

Basics: Masonry Construction, Nils Kummer

Constructing Architecture: materials, processes, structures, Andrea DeplazesChapter Masonry

Construction Materials Manual, Hegger, Auch-swelk, Fuchs, Rosenkranz

The Ecology of Building Materials second edition, Bjorn Berge

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appendix

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