World Urban Forum World Urban Forum Gender Equality Action Gender Equality Action

Assembly Assembly Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 19 – 20 March, 201019 – 20 March, 2010

World Urban Forum World Urban Forum Gender Equality Action Gender Equality Action

Assembly Assembly Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 19 – 20 March, 201019 – 20 March, 2010

““Bridging the Gender Divide in Bridging the Gender Divide in Cities”Cities”

““Bridging the Gender Divide in Bridging the Gender Divide in Cities”Cities”

Yusto Paradius MuchuruzaYusto Paradius MuchuruzaExecutive Director-KADETFU -Executive Director-KADETFU -

Tanzania Tanzania muchuruza@kadetfu.or.tz

www.kadetfu.or.tz

Yusto Paradius MuchuruzaYusto Paradius MuchuruzaExecutive Director-KADETFU -Executive Director-KADETFU -

Tanzania Tanzania muchuruza@kadetfu.or.tz

www.kadetfu.or.tz

PRESENTATION ON HOW TO BRIDGE THE PRESENTATION ON HOW TO BRIDGE THE URBAN DIVIDE THROUGH URBAN DIVIDE THROUGH

THE SANITATION MICRO CREDIT FOR WOMENTHE SANITATION MICRO CREDIT FOR WOMEN

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

Urban areas are characterized by Urban areas are characterized by poor access to water and sanitation poor access to water and sanitation facilities.facilities.

Most of households have no sanitary Most of households have no sanitary facilities, (no toilets, poor sewer facilities, (no toilets, poor sewer systems, septic tanks, pit latrines;) systems, septic tanks, pit latrines;) and those with, are very pathetic and and those with, are very pathetic and unhygienic which instead, cause unhygienic which instead, cause health hazards especially during rain health hazards especially during rain seasons. Women and children are seasons. Women and children are most affected by such situation. most affected by such situation.

Sanitation situation in the areaSanitation situation in the area

According to the sanitation profile According to the sanitation profile assessment by assessment by KADETFU (2009) KADETFU (2009) in in Muleba, Mutukula and Bukoba Towns Muleba, Mutukula and Bukoba Towns – Tanzania; the sanitation situation is – Tanzania; the sanitation situation is worse (i.e. only 24% of urban worse (i.e. only 24% of urban households with improved toilets)households with improved toilets)

The Household survey by ELCT/NWD-The Household survey by ELCT/NWD-PHC Programme (2009) in rural PHC Programme (2009) in rural villages of Kagera Region; show a big villages of Kagera Region; show a big percentage of 80% without hygienic percentage of 80% without hygienic toilet facilities. toilet facilities.

Source: KADETTFU 2009 (Rapid Sanitation Profile Assessment )

Toilet situation in Urban areas of Kagera Toilet situation in Urban areas of Kagera Region – TanzaniaRegion – Tanzania

Toilet situation in Urban areas Toilet situation in Urban areas (%)(%)Toilet situation in Urban areas Toilet situation in Urban areas (%)(%)

Toilet situation in Rural areas of Toilet situation in Rural areas of Kagera Region – Tanzania Kagera Region – Tanzania

Source: ELCT/NWD - PHC (Household Source: ELCT/NWD - PHC (Household Survey) 2009Survey) 2009

Factors attributing to poor Factors attributing to poor condition of toilets:condition of toilets:

Poverty (Low economic base) i.e. Poverty (Low economic base) i.e. low income at family level. low income at family level.

Lack of health and hygiene Lack of health and hygiene education among the peopleeducation among the people

Laxity, Negligence and Less Laxity, Negligence and Less priority given to sanitation among priority given to sanitation among some people some people (especially men) (especially men) who, who, in reality are not poor. in reality are not poor. (they build expensive houses but (they build expensive houses but toilets are not their priority).toilets are not their priority).((Source: Source: ELCT-PHC programme 2009 and KADETFU 2009ELCT-PHC programme 2009 and KADETFU 2009))

Definition on Definition on Sanitation Micro-Sanitation Micro-credit credit Revolving Fund SchemeRevolving Fund Scheme

Sanitation Micro-credit Revolving Sanitation Micro-credit Revolving Fund Scheme is a Fund Scheme is a strategystrategy for for bringing about bringing about transformationtransformation and and improved delivery system improved delivery system for for sanitation services in the urbanizing sanitation services in the urbanizing communities settled around Lake communities settled around Lake Victoria and beyond.Victoria and beyond.

The driving force for this strategy The driving force for this strategy is is “Social Marketing” “Social Marketing” that creates that creates “Social/Sanitation Demand” “Social/Sanitation Demand” for for services.services.

The project provides The project provides sanitary facilities to the sanitary facilities to the

Female Headed Female Headed Households utilizing Households utilizing

Micro-credit Revolving Micro-credit Revolving Fund SchemeFund Scheme;; through a through a

“Social Marketing “Social Marketing Approach” Approach” (SMA).(SMA).

Social/Sanitation demand is defined as Social/Sanitation demand is defined as an aggregate choice an aggregate choice of individual of individual

households to pay for and install home households to pay for and install home sanitation facilitiessanitation facilities

Social/Sanitation Social/Sanitation Demand Demand

The “Demand” in this aspect is The “Demand” in this aspect is created when created when CONSUMERSCONSUMERS are are

MOTIVATED,MOTIVATED, have have OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY and and ABILITYABILITY to to

purchase a sanitation purchase a sanitation technology which suits their technology which suits their

needs.needs.

ConsumersConsumers refers to those refers to those households seeking to solve their households seeking to solve their own sanitation problems, make own sanitation problems, make their own decisions and choices their own decisions and choices and like consumers everywhere and like consumers everywhere have their different preferences, have their different preferences, resources, values, priorities and resources, values, priorities and

circumstancescircumstances..  

MotivationMotivation createscreates curiosity for curiosity for adoption of improved sanitation adoption of improved sanitation facilities facilities and and is normally attributed to the is normally attributed to the immediate and direct benefits of immediate and direct benefits of increased convenience, comfort, increased convenience, comfort, cleanliness, privacy, safety, and cleanliness, privacy, safety, and prestige offered by home sanitationprestige offered by home sanitation..

OpportunityOpportunity refers to access to refers to access to good sanitation product information good sanitation product information and credible service supply chains.and credible service supply chains.

  AbilityAbility refers to the resources the refers to the resources the consumers are willing to forego to consumers are willing to forego to make use of opportunities that make use of opportunities that improve their home sanitation improve their home sanitation facilities. facilities.

It is an opportunity cost of It is an opportunity cost of foregoing some other utilities for foregoing some other utilities for the sake of constructing a toilet the sake of constructing a toilet facility. facility.

However; Contrary to However; Contrary to “ABILITY“ABILITY” is ” is “LAXITY”“LAXITY”

Sanitation Technology

THE DEMAND-FORCE MODEL THE DEMAND-FORCE MODEL

Why targeting womenWhy targeting women

The programme use women as an The programme use women as an entry point to the community entry point to the community because in most cultures, women because in most cultures, women have the primary responsibility for have the primary responsibility for water, sanitation and hygiene at water, sanitation and hygiene at the household level. the household level. For them, sanitation means more For them, sanitation means more than just latrines; they want safe than just latrines; they want safe private places with sufficient water private places with sufficient water for personal use and for the family. for personal use and for the family.

Why women.........Why women.........

Additionally, Additionally, women are prone to women are prone to reproductive tract infections caused by reproductive tract infections caused by poor sanitation due to their biological poor sanitation due to their biological made. Unhygienic public toilets and made. Unhygienic public toilets and latrines threaten their health and that of latrines threaten their health and that of their children their children

Also, studies show that, while men are Also, studies show that, while men are negligentnegligent on sanitation issues, women on sanitation issues, women are are prudentprudent of the same, but due to of the same, but due to patriarchpatriarch system in the family, they system in the family, they have no decision on resource utilization. have no decision on resource utilization.

Why women…………Why women…………

Women play a crucial role in Women play a crucial role in influencing the hygiene behaviors influencing the hygiene behaviors of young children. of young children.

The effective use of sanitation The effective use of sanitation facilities in urban areas therefore, facilities in urban areas therefore, depend on the involvement of both depend on the involvement of both women and men in selecting the women and men in selecting the location and technology of such location and technology of such facilities facilities

SOCIAL MARKETINGSOCIAL MARKETING) )

Social Marketing Social Marketing is a useful is a useful approach of convincing people to approach of convincing people to adopt practices and change adopt practices and change behaviours that will improve their behaviours that will improve their lives, both health wise and lives, both health wise and economically. economically.

Social marketing Social marketing that that has been has been successfully used in many successfully used in many sectors;sectors; is is based on a holistic concept of based on a holistic concept of management which necessitates a management which necessitates a change in the supply sector, change in the supply sector, attitude and consumer behaviorattitude and consumer behavior

Social marketing …..Social marketing …..

Social marketing considers people Social marketing considers people as customers rather than as customers rather than beneficiaries, and focuses on beneficiaries, and focuses on processes that empower the processes that empower the customer to make informed customer to make informed choices. choices.

In a common marketing scenario, In a common marketing scenario, social marketing acts as a process social marketing acts as a process of advertisement of social of advertisement of social commodities i.e. service and commodities i.e. service and facilities. facilities.

Within the sanitation sector, such Within the sanitation sector, such processes include awareness processes include awareness building and careful consideration of building and careful consideration of issues such as health and hygiene, issues such as health and hygiene, convenience and human dignity, convenience and human dignity, productivity and economic gain – be productivity and economic gain – be it through savings or improved it through savings or improved earning potential – and matching earning potential – and matching them with viable technical solutions.them with viable technical solutions.

(Anna K. Tibaijuka; Executive Director-(Anna K. Tibaijuka; Executive Director-UN-HABITAT)UN-HABITAT)

Successful Marketing can:Successful Marketing can:

- ensure that supply is adapted to - ensure that supply is adapted to people’s preferences and their people’s preferences and their willingness to pay.willingness to pay.

- enhance long term financial - enhance long term financial sustainability.sustainability.

- at large scale can be cost effective - at large scale can be cost effective in the long run as demand and in the long run as demand and investments increase.investments increase.

- encourage women to get hold of - encourage women to get hold of men on sanitation decisions since men on sanitation decisions since the former are already motivated. the former are already motivated.

The Sanitation Microcredit project The Sanitation Microcredit project in East Africa.in East Africa.

- is being implemented in three - is being implemented in three countries of East Africa.countries of East Africa.- marketing therefore has taken roots, - marketing therefore has taken roots, as many women, even those from able as many women, even those from able families, wants to join. families, wants to join.

-the demand is high especially from -the demand is high especially from women , even beyond the targeted women , even beyond the targeted area, need for expansion.area, need for expansion.

(women are therefore change agents, (women are therefore change agents, they can bridge gender divide)they can bridge gender divide)

THE PROJECT OBJECTIVES include: THE PROJECT OBJECTIVES include: Provision of household toilet facilities to Provision of household toilet facilities to poor FHH through Micro credit/revolving poor FHH through Micro credit/revolving fund scheme, Promotion of innovative fund scheme, Promotion of innovative and affordable technologies in provision and affordable technologies in provision of sanitation facilities at household level, of sanitation facilities at household level, Promotion of Hygiene and Health Promotion of Hygiene and Health messages to communities by messages to communities by encouraging poor women to take health encouraging poor women to take health action for themselves and others, action for themselves and others, Encouragement of poor FHH to work Encouragement of poor FHH to work together in solidarity/self help groups.together in solidarity/self help groups.

Funding Funding AgentAgent

LOCAL LOCAL

PARTNERPARTNER

MFIMFIMFIMFI

TOILET

TOILET

MULTSTAKEHOLDERS FORUM (MSF)

SOLIDARITY

GROUP/CBO

SOLIDARITY

GROUP/CBO

CONSTRUCT

CONSTRUCT

Sanitation Microcredit implementation Sanitation Microcredit implementation model model

REPAYMENT

REPAYMENT

REPAYMENT

REPAYMENT

UN-HABITAT Achievements in sanitation UN-HABITAT Achievements in sanitation micro credit as at 15 January 2010 micro credit as at 15 January 2010

Kenya Uganda

Tanzania

Nigeria

Total

Registered Registered Solidarity Solidarity GroupsGroups

118118 100100 162162 125125 505505

Individual Individual registeredregistered

476476 115115 810810 618618 20120199

Completed Completed Micro credit Micro credit sanitation sanitation facilitiesfacilities

7272 5050 5656 7777 255255

Persons saving Persons saving for sanitation for sanitation facilitiesfacilities

250250 8585 810810 7070 12112155

People who People who started started payment payment

1010 1515 -- 6262 8787

Recommendations:Recommendations:

Sanitation is a human rightSanitation is a human right

Governments, (Policy makers) should Governments, (Policy makers) should ensure that policies,ensure that policies, political and political and legislative frameworks are in place to legislative frameworks are in place to ensure that right is reached. ensure that right is reached.

Governments have an obligation to Governments have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfill this right, respect, protect and fulfill this right, using the maximum of available using the maximum of available resources to progressively realize it.resources to progressively realize it.

Sanitation is a gender issue

Urban aouthorities must ensure urban social service planning is gender based and oriented.

Priority actions should include: Government to Review laws, policies, strategies and financing to ensure that sanitation is given sufficient priority, is treated as a right and that regulation is appropriate.

Inclusive cities are genderedInclusive cities are made of both women and men. Lack of one, they are in-habitable

Thefeore; social services in cities must base on both sexes.

Women hold the key to the Women hold the key to the continued sanitary operation of units continued sanitary operation of units and their benefits to the family and their benefits to the family health. health.

Women therefore merit special Women therefore merit special attention during the planning of attention during the planning of sanitation projects to make sure that sanitation projects to make sure that the facilities are planned with full the facilities are planned with full awareness of their perceptions and awareness of their perceptions and needs needs (Perret, 1985).(Perret, 1985).

Conclusion:Conclusion:

Sanitation Micro-credit Sanitation Micro-credit revolving fund scheme revolving fund scheme for for the Female Headed the Female Headed Households, through a Social Households, through a Social marketing approach that marketing approach that involves both women and involves both women and men; can men; can BRIDGE THE GENDER BRIDGE THE GENDER DIVIDE in DIVIDE in URBAN AREASURBAN AREAS

Conclusion……Conclusion……

Thank you for your listening

Hasante sana