Briefly describe some advantages and limitations of Trace Elements

BiochemistryI. Elements and Atoms A. Elements

1. Introduction a. A substance that is made up of only one type of atom. b. 90 natural elements90 natural elements c. elements name abbreviated by a symbol2. Elements of living organisms a. living organisms are composed of 6 main 6 main

elements. elements. -Carbon -Nitrogen-Hydrogen -Phosphorus-Oxygen -sulfur

3. Trace elements a. elements used by an organism in very small amounts. b. examples: iron - hemoglobin

iodine - growth rate and development

magnesium - chlorophyll

Do you know what makes up the periodic table?

1. An unknown silvery powder has a constant melting point and does not chemically or physically separate into other substances. The unknown substance can be classified as —

A. an elementB. a compoundC. a mixtureD. an alloy

B. Atoms1. Introduction a. the smallest particle of an element that has the

characteristics of that element.2. Atomic structure a. Neutrons (0): uncharged subatomic particles found in the nucleus b. Protons (+): positively charged particles found in the nucleus c. Electrons (-): negatively charge particles found

outside the nucleus

Symbolic Notation (Shorthand): Atomic Symbols

K Element Symbol39

19

Mass number →

Atomic number

• Atomic number - the number of protons in a specific atom’s nucleus and determines the element •Neutral atom has no overall charge because

# of electrons = # of protons• Mass # - the number of protons and neutrons in a specific atom’s nucleus (size of atom)•Atomic Mass/ weight- weighted average of isotopes•To find number of neutrons:

Atomic mass # - Atomic # = # of neutrons (rounded)

2. Alpha particles are one type of radioactivity. These particles have a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons but have no orbital electrons. Based on this information, it can be inferred that alpha particles are positive ions of the element —

A.Actinium C. radiumB.B. curium D. helium

3. According to the periodic table and the information above, which element has this electron configuration?

A.Sodium B. MagnesiumB.C. Neon D. Argon

Element Exercise

1. Draw the symbolic notation (shorthand) for the following elements: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

ex. Cl

2. Label the atomic number, mass number, and symbolex.

Cl

3.Determine how many protons, electrons and neutrons each has

ex. p=e= 17, n= 35-17= 18

35

17

35

Mass number →

Atomic number →← Symbol

17

Assessment Question2. Alpha particles are one type of radioactivity. These particles have a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons but have no orbital electrons. Based on this information, it can be inferred that alpha particles are positive ions of the element —

A.Actinium C. radiumB.B. curium D. helium

3. According to the periodic table and the information above, which element has this electron configuration?

A.Sodium B. MagnesiumB.C. Neon D. Argon

4. The picture shows a model of the element —A. fluorineB. heliumC. berylliumD. oxygen

IAN 405 mins

Element Exercise

1. Draw the symbolic notation (shorthand) for the following elements: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

ex. Cl2. Label the atomic number, mass number, and symbol

ex. Cl

3.Determine how many protons, electrons and neutrons each hasex. p=e= 17, n= 35-17= 18

35

17

35Mass number →

Atomic number →← Symbol

IAN 395 mins

17

3. Energy levels a. electrons move in energy levels around the nucleus (electron clouds) b. 1st level - 2; 2nd level - 8; 3rd level - 18 c. Valence Electrons- are found in the outer most energy level (no more than 8)

Bohr Diagrams show energy levels and # of electrons

Bohr Diagram Exercise IAN 395 mins

Draw the Bohr models for the following elements: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

ex. chlorine inside the nucleus:p= 17n= 35-17= 18

outside in electron clouds (orbitals):e= 17

Bohr Model Project (test grade 50%)

Create a 3-D version of the Bohr modelElement has to be either an essential element of

life or a trace elementExtra credit if typedOn the write up list:

Name of the elementNumber of protons, electrons and neutronsPeriod it belongs toFamily (number and name)Is it a main element or trace element of the body

Advantages and dangers

Due Thursday10/1/09

Periodic TableMetals are on the left side, non-metals are on the

right, metalloids separate the twoRows (horizontal) are called periods

Determine the energy level (orbital)Columns (vertical) are called families or groups

Determine valance electrons (reacting electrons)Elements in the same family react in a similar

fashion ex. Both chlorine and fluorine have 7 valence e- and have

a tendency to gain 1 e-

All elements want to have 8 electrons (octet rule)Metals give up electrons, non-metals gain electrons

5. According to the periodic table, which elementmost readily accepts electrons?

A. FluorineB. NitrogenC. ArsenicD. Aluminum

6. Elements in Group 16 of the periodic table usually —

A. form large moleculesB. gain electrons when bondingC. act like metalsD. solidify at room temperature

Transition Metals

Alk

ali

met

als

Alk

alin

e “e

arth

” m

etal

s

Inner Transition Metals

Halo

gen

s

No

ble G

ases

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8

Metalloids

Transition Metals

Alk

ali

met

als

Alk

alin

e “e

arth

” m

etal

s

Inner Transition Metals

Halo

gen

s

No

ble G

ases

S (2)

p (6)

d (10)

f (14)

Metalloids

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7. Which of the following groups contains members with similar chemical reactivity?A. Li, Be, CB. Be, Mg, SrC. Sc, Y, ZrD. C, N, O

8. The bonding characteristics of oxygen are most similar to the bonding characteristics of —

A. hydrogenB. siliconC. heliumD. sulfur

9. Elements found in which shaded area of this periodic table undergo the fewest chemical reactions? A. Q C. SB. R D. T

IsotopesIsotopes of atoms have the same number of

protons but vary in the number of neutronsHave the same number of protons and

electronsCreates a different mass number/ atomic

number because of increase in nuclear mass

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10.

compound - two or more different elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions (ex. carbon dioxide)

aka. molecule

cation anion

11. Oxygen (O2) is an example of —

A.an alloy C. a saltB.B. a molecule D. a mixture

12. Which of these are composed of two or moredifferent substances that are chemically combined in a definite ratio?

A. CompoundsB. MixturesC. ElementsD. Solutions

Intermoleular Forces1. Van der Waals

(weakest force- “forced” attractions between non-polar molecules)

2. Dipole-dipole

(weaker force- attractions between polar molecules)

3. Hydrogen Bond

Weak force- type of dipole-dipole force involving hydrogen

III. Interactions of Matter- Intermolecular Forces

1. Van der Waals Forces (London forces)

a. When molecules are close together a weak attraction b/t oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

Example is the gecko.

What are some everyday products that demonstrate Van der Waals Forces? Glue and cosmetics products

How can insects and reptiles walk on water?

1. What characteristic of water remains the same no matter what is dissolved in it? A. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygenB. The ability to refract light C. The hydroxide ion concentrationD. The freezing temperature

2. The structure of pure water makes it a good —

A. solventB. catalystC. conductorD. nutrient

3. Which characteristic of water best explains its ability to dissolve a great variety of materials?

A. Its transparency in lightB. Its electrical conductivityC. Its physical state of matterD. Its molecular arrangement

Like dissolves likeLike dissolves like

4. Water acts as a solvent of ionic compounds because —

A. water is liquid over a wide range of temperaturesB. water molecules are polarC. water is found in three states of matterD. water takes the shape of its container

5. Which factor makes water an effective solvent?

A. The presence of molecular oxygenB. Its lack of covalent bondsC. The polar nature of its moleculesD. Its abundance on Earth’s surface

Cohesion•True definition•Prefix/suffix definition•Picture of an example

Hydrophobic interaction

•True definition•Prefix/suffix definition•Picture of an example

Temperature Stabilization

•True definition•Prefix/suffix definition•Picture of an example

Adhesion•True definition•Prefix/suffix definition•Picture of an example

Capillary Action•True definition•Prefix/suffix definition•Picture of an example

IAN 41

Why is water important in biology? ~70% plus of living organism are made up

of water ~70% of the earth composed of water Many solutes in the body are dissolved in

water due to water’s polarity Water becomes less dense as a solid

6. If the properties of water were to change so that the solid form was denser than the liquid form, organisms living in a cold pond environment would be less likely to survive because water would no longer —

A. dissolve enough oxygen from the airB. produce solutions containing vital nutrientsC. remain neutral, instead becoming highly acidicD. produce a floating insulating layer of ice

Properties of Water ExerciseMaterials- transparency slip, dropper with

water

As each property is presented, follow the instructions in the bubble

1. Hydrophobic interaction

• when non-polar molecules cluster together in the presence of a polar substance

• Ex. oil in water- oil is non-polar but water is polar

•Add a drop of oil onto the transparency slip•What do you observe?•Add a drop of water on top of the oil•What do you observe?

• water can absorb a large amount of heat before vaporizing.

• due to high specific heat ex.

1. stabilizing the earth temp.2. add water to radiator

• High “heat of vaporization” ex. sweating

Hydrogen bondingthe attraction b/t the hydrogen atom on one

water molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule.

CohesionSurface tension

AdhesionCapillary action

3. Cohesion cohesion - the ability of water to stick to water ex. Surface tension - animals walking on water

•Add another drop of water somewhere on the transparency slip•What do you observe?•Add another drop on top of that drop•What do you observe?

4. Adhesionc. adhesion- the ability of water to stick to

other materials(graduated cylinder meniscus)

•Place the tip of the eye dropper into the drop of water•Slowly remove the tip•What do you observe?

5. Capillary Actiond. capillary action- combination of cohesion

and adhesion (ex. xylem tubes in plants and drinks in straws)

•Place the tip of the eye dropper into the drop of water•Slowly remove the tip•What do you observe?

Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions.

a. Mixture- a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together, but not chemically.

- Earths atmosphere is a mixture gases.

List 3 of your own examples of mixtures:

_____________, _______________, _________________

There are two types of mixtures involving water.

Solutions-when ions gradually become dispersed in water.-Solute- the substance dissolved.-Solvent- the substance in which the solute dissolves.

Suspensions-materials that do not dissolve in water, but are separated into smaller pieces that do not settle(blood).

Mini-Lab100ml graduated cylinder filled with 50ml of H2OPour 25g of sugar into the graduated cylinder.Gently swirl the graduated cylinder in the air.Answer the questions below1. What did you observe when the solution was swirled?

Are their other methods that can give you the same result as swirling?

2. Is their any evidence that the sugar dissolved into the water?

3. Is the level of water still at the same height as before the sugar was added? What is the difference in height?

4. Explain what happened to the sugar when it was added to the water?

5. What is the solute?6. What is the solvent?

Balancing Chemical EquationsWriting chemical equations

-Chemical equation - a description of what happens when two or more chemicals react- The number atoms in the reactant chemicals must equal the number of atoms in the product chemicals -Subscripts are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the molecule/compound -Co-efficent are used to indicate the number of molecules/compounds used in the reaction

Sub-script

pH <7

OH -H+

pH >7

Use Litmus paper to determine if acid or base

Assessment Question1. Which of these could be used to determine

whether a substance is a base?

A. ThermometerB. Litmus paperC. BalanceD. Bunsen burner

Assessment Question1. A certain commercial product used forcleaning ovens must be handled with rubbergloves. The product is slippery and turnslitmus paper blue. It probably contains —A. an acidB. a baseC. a saltD. an isotope

C. Isotopes1. When atoms of the same element differ in the # of neutrons they contain(still contain the same # of electrons). 2. Radioactive isotopes-nuclei are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time. (geologist can determine the age of rock and fossils by analyzing isotopes).

Marble demonstration textbook pg.36

Carbon Dating →

•uses radioactivity of carbon- 14 to determine the age of carbon based materials up to about 60,000 years

•Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years

4. Which of the following can be used to date archeological artifacts?

A. Nitrogen-14B. Oxygen-18C. Carbon-12D. Carbon-14

IAN 42

Biomolecules Frayer ModelCreate a Frayer Model showing all 4

molecules, their functions, 3 characteristics, an example and their structures

IAN 43

III. Life substances A. The chemistry of carbon

1. Introduction a. can bond with hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, and nitrogen. b. can form single, double, or triple bonds

c. freedom of bond rotation to assume a variety of shapes.

d. can form isomers -one of two or more compounds that differ in structure but has the same molecular formulas

Empirical Formula:e. contains 4 valence electrons

2. Macromoleculesa. living organism make large macromolecules “know as giant molecules”b. Macromolecules are formed by a process called polymerization-building large molecules by joining smaller ones.c. monomers- are the smaller unit joined

together to form polymers.d. Polymer-large compound formed from the combination of many monomers

Forming and breaking polymersb. when many

monomers are chemically combined this is known as a condensation reaction, and water is given off as a by product

c. when a polymer is broken

down in to its many monomers, this is known as a hydrolysis reaction, and water is added. This reaction occurs in digestion

B. 4 main groups of Organic Compounds1. Carbohydrates a. contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

in a 1:2:1 ratio

b. provide energy to living cells

c. Monosaccharides (think sugar)- single sugar

glucose= blood sugarfructose= fruitsgalactose=milk

d. disaccharides- linking two monosaccharide together

sucrose= table sugar

e. polysaccharide - many sugars formed by joining monosaccharide

-Excess sugars can be stored as

1.Glycogen can release glucose from the liver when glucose levels become low.2.Starch (spaghetti)- fiber3. Plants store excess sugars as plant starch4. Cellulose gives plants their strength and flexibility (wood and paper)

Assessment Question1. Which macromolecule has a ratio of 1:2:1?

A. proteinB. CarbohydrateC. Nucleic acidD. lipid

CARBOHYDRATES (Check your Understanding)

-Milk contains carbohydrates: lactose and galactose.-Fruits contain carbohydrates: fructose-Potatoes contain carbohydrates: starch

What is the source of energy for these carbohydrates?

2. Lipids a. contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in

different ratios than carbohydrates.-The components lipids consist of a glycerol

and 3 fatty acids b. used for stored energy, insulation, protective coatings, cell membranes, and as hormones c. all are insoluble in water (hydrophobic) d. steroids are also lipids e. mainly seen as fats, oils, and waxes.

Can be Can be saturatedsaturated where all the carbons have a where all the carbons have a hydrogen attached at every possible spot (usually hydrogen attached at every possible spot (usually solid at room tempsolid at room temp))

Can be Can be unsaturatedunsaturated some carbons are double bonded some carbons are double bonded resulting in a kink in the carbon chain (usually resulting in a kink in the carbon chain (usually liquid liquid a room tempa room temp))

PolyunsaturatedPolyunsaturated when fatty acids have more than one when fatty acids have more than one double bond (peanut oil)double bond (peanut oil)

LIPIDS Check your Understanding1. What are the components of a lipid?

2. Would you describe the picture shown to be a saturated or an unsaturated fat?

3. Is saturated or unsaturated more healthy?

3. Proteins a. contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur b. used for cell structure, as enzymes, hemoglobin, and the immune system c. monomer unit is the amino acid (20 common types) d. all amino acid are identical in amino group and

carboxyl groups e. They differ in the R-group

-can be acidic or basic-can be polar or non- polar

e. amino acids are bonded together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides

f. structural levels1. Primary - order of amino acids2. Secondary - coiling or sheet design3. Tertiary - over all three-dimensional

shape due to “R” groups of the amino acids4. Quaternary - the arrangement assumed

by two or more polypeptides bonding together

PROTIENS Check you UnderstandingWhich part of the amino acid is the same in

every amino acid?

In what way are R-groups different?

Assessment Question

4. Protein and dietary fiber are beneficial to health. According to the information in the table, which flour is the most nutritious?

A. Whole wheatB. White wheatC. OatD. Rice

4. Nucleic acids a. contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen b. used for encoding cellular information and as carried molecules c. monomer unit: nucleotide d. nucleotide subunits: 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyibose), phosphate group, and 1 nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil)

-The order of nitrogenousbases affect the informationcontained (alphabet).

e. two nucleic acid polymers1. DNA - record the cellular instructions2. RNA - reads and then carries out the

instructions f. other nucleotides and their functions are:

ATP - energy for the cellNAD - hydrogen carrier for chemical reactions

NUCLEIC ACIDS Check you Understanding1. What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide?

2. Does the sequence of nitrogenous bases effect the information it contains?

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Assessment Question2. Food provides the human body with all of thefollowing except —A. caloriesB. amino acidC. hydrochloric acidD. lipids

IAN Check #3 listTitle page : your name, Mrs. Harris, Biology, pd. Pic (4

colors)

Update TOC and word wall (IAN 20)Assignments completed and attached

Properties of water IAN 41 (slide 39)Biomolecules Frayer Model IAN 43 (slide 71)

Science fair section needs to be in order (last section of notebook)

Science Fair Assignments (quiz grades)- in science fair section of notebookProblem SF IAN 2Research SF IAN 4-6How to write a lab report SF IAN 7

Chemical ReactionsA process that changes one set of chemicals into

another set of chemicals.-some reactions happen slowly like rust

Iron + Water + Oxygen => Rust Reactants Product-Reactant is the breaking of bonds-Products is the formation of new bonds

-some happen quickly likehydrogen gasigniting.

Energy In ReactionsEnergy In Reactions

• Exergonic are chemical reaction that release energy occur spontaneously (without prompting)

• Endergonic are chemical reaction that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.

• Check Your Understanding:

• How would you compare the energy of the products and reactants in the two types of reaction graphs?

• Which type of graph reaction is more likely to be spontaneous?

Energy-Releasing ReactionProducts

Energy-Absorbing Rxn. Energy-Releasing Rxn.

Activation Energy

Products

ReactantsReactants

Products

Activation Energy

Activation Energy and EnzymesActivation Energy is the energy needed to get

a reaction started.Catalyst is a substance that speeds up the

rate of a chemical reaction.Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical

reactions that happen in cells.

Textbook Demonstration

Push a book off the desk. Observe how much energy it took to push the book off the desk.

Now prop the book at an angle and push the book off the desk. Did it take the same amount of energy?

What represented the activation energy and the enzyme/catalyst

1.Identify the axes in the graph below?2. What does the graph show would be the effect if enzymes were not available within the cell?3.Would a reaction take a longer or shorter time with an enzyme?

Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme

Activation energywithout enzyme

Activation energywith enzyme

Reaction pathwaywith enzyme

Products

Reactants

Substrates Specificity of Enzymes

-Enzymes provide a site where a reactant can be brought together to react.

-Substrates-reactant of a enzyme catalyst reaction.-Substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the

active site (lock and key).-Enzyme-substrate complex when a enzyme binds

to a substrate because there are two or more reactants present.

-Activation site only a restricted region of the enzyme molecule actually binds to the substrate.

-Induced fit enhances their ability to catalyze the chemical reactions.

3. Active site can lower EA and speed up a reaction

2. Substrates held in active site by weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds.

1. Substrates enter active site; enzyme changes shape such that its active siteenfolds the substrates (induced fit).

Activesite isavailablefor two newsubstratemolecules

5. Products arereleased

4. Substrates areconverted toproducts.

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme

The substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme creating a induced fit(similar to the clasp of a handshake).

What effects enzyme activity? Changes in temperature Ph ValuesFig. 8-18

Rat

e o

f re

acti

on

Optimal temperature forenzyme of thermophilic

(heat-tolerant) bacteria

Optimal temperature fortypical human enzyme

(a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes

(b) Optimal pH for two enzymes

Rat

e o

f re

acti

on

Optimal pH for pepsin(stomach enzyme)

Optimal pHfor trypsin(intestinalenzyme)

Temperature (ºC)

pH543210 6 7 8 9 10

0 20 40 8060 100

What effects enzyme activity?Co-factors nonprotein helpers for catalytic

activityCo-enzymes are organic co-factors seen mostly in

vitaminsCompetitive inhibitors reduce enzyme

productivity by blocking substrates from entering active sites

Noncompetitive inhibitors they impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme

Fig. 8-19

(a) Normal binding (c) Noncompetitive inhibition(b) Competitive inhibition

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Active siteCompetitiveinhibitor

Substrate

Enzyme