BRM Lecture 3-4

7/31/2019 BRM Lecture 3-4

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Business ResearchMethods

Business Research MethodsPage 1


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Ethics in Research


Subjects /

Respondants

Researcher

Clients /

Sponsor


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Ethical Behaviour

Subjects

If agreed to participate in a research study,give true information.

State any constraints or limitations in

advance.Cooperate with the researcher throughout the

course of the study.



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Ethical Behaviour

Researcher

Do not conceal purpose of the research.

Maintain objectivity, courtesy and high

professional standards.

No alteration of data for any purposes.

Protect confidentiality of the research

subjects and research sponsors.

No faulty conclusions.



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Ethical Behaviour

Sponsor / Client

Avoid manipulating and influencing theresearcher.

The conclusions drawn from research work

should be consistent with the data and notinfluenced by any other factors.

Observe the confidentiality of the research

subjects and researcher.



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Research Process

Page 6 Business Research Methods


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Research Process


Problem discovery

Exploratory research

Literaturestudy

Pilotstudy

Focusgroup

Problem definition

.

Research Design

A


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Research Process (continued)


Survey Experiment Study of past data

Sampling

Observation

Probabilistic

A

Non-Probabilistic

Data collection

Data Analysis & Interpretation

Report


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Problem Discovery

Problem is something which is

undesirable.Only symptoms are known.

Loss of customers.

Decline in sales.

High customer complaints.

etc.



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Problem Discovery

Research topics can be identified from

Opportunities also. In fact Problems can be viewed as

Opportunities (for improvement).

New product development.

Marketing a product in new area.

Etc.



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Problem Discovery

Ask yourself what you dont know and

you would like to know.Review previous work on the topic.

Look for unanswered questions, issues,

theories to be tested.

Write down all ideas & hunches that come

to your mind.



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Problem Discovery

Write a general problem statement and

objective. It should indicate what will be done.

Identify variables & relationships to be

studied.

Narrow down to the specific research

problem based on your understanding.



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Problem Definition

Problem Definition sets the proper

research objective. Problem is clearly defined after an

exploratory research.

We need to clearly state the deficiency /

opportunity that is expected to result

enhancement of business goal.



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Problem Definition

After clearly defining the problem

statement and the research objective, adecision should be taken on

What is to be researched?

What information we require?

What should be the scope of the study?

Hypothesis is to be formed.

A statement which needs to be proved or

disproved using information.



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Constraints / Boundaries

Identify what is In and what is Out of

the scope of the research.



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Hypothesis

Hypothesis can be written in the following

forms. If, Then

o If students class attendance is high then their

performance in exam is better.Statement

o Higher class attendance have positive impact on

students performance in exam.

Question

o Does higher class attendance impacts students

performance in exam?



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Research Design



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Research Design

Research design is the plan for carrying

out the research.Research methods that is most suitable.

Methods of data collection

Methods of data compilation

Type of analysis

o Quantitative

o Qualitative

Test hypothesis and draw conclusion.



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Components of a Research Design

Defining and Finalizing variables.

Design, develop measurement scale.

Questionnaire development.

Formulation of Hypothesis.

Survey designing.

Formulating interview.

Sample selection.

Plan of data collection & analysis.



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Types of Research Design

There are two basic types of a research

designQualitative Research Design.

Quantitative Research Design.

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Two approaches Qualitative / Quantitative

Qualitative Research is inductive method

(based on observations) that incorporatesvalues and perspectives of researcher

and participants.

Quantitative Research is deductive (basedon theory/ knowledge) & uses reasoning

from general theories to specific

instances in an objective manner.


F f Q i i R h


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Focus of Quantitative Research

At least two variables.

To prove or disprove whether there is acausal relationship between twovariables.

Can be expressed as a prediction or anexpected outcome.

Logically linked to a research question.


Q li i R h


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Qualitative Research

Qualitative research

Involves narrative description of aphenomenon.

Takes place in natural settings.

Employs a combination of observations andinterviews.


Q lit ti h


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Usually focus on one concept or idea.

Generally dont make comparisons amonggroups.

Can be based on personal experience.

Usually pertain to the actions or

perceptions of subjects.


Q lit ti h


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Involves interpretation of a situation, set

of behaviours.Analysis must take place within a context.

Different findings may accrue in different

settings or situations.

Different researchers may view the same

situation and obtain different results.

Assumes that there is no one right orwrong answer.



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Q i i d Q li i h


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Quantitative Qualitative

Questions are direct, close-

ended.

Questions are indirect, projective, open-ended.

Larger sample size and interviewbased on a pre decidedquestionnaire.

Smaller sample size, but detailed interview.

Quantitative and Qualitative research.


Q lit ti R h


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Sampling

Purposive samplingo Non-random sampling.

o Purposive sampling targets a particular group of

people according to preselected criteria relevant to

the research.

o Sample size depends on the resources, time

available or theoretical saturation.

o Purposive sampling is effective when data reviewand analysis are done in conjunction with data

collection.



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Q lit ti R h


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Hypotheses

Dont make firm hypotheses.General research questions are posed and as

data collection, analysis progress, more

specific questions emerge.The objective is the emergence of a

comprehensive description of the phenomena

being investigated from the perspective of

those who experience it.




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Data Collection

Data collection are through observation,interview, artifact (records / documents),

behaviour recorded through observation.

Qualitative researcher should keep detailedrecords of his or her thoughts, feelings while

collecting data.

Changes incorporated in research questions

should be recorded.




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Data Analysis and Interpretation

Data analysis and collection are iterative.Data must be organized and summarized.

Data are organized by coding. Descriptions of

behaviour, statements, feelings, thoughts,etc. are identified and coded.




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Establishing a Qualitative Studys Validity

Validity is used to check whether researchmeasures what it intended to measure.

There are various validity types that have

been formulated as a part of researchmethodology.


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BRM Lecture 3-4