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What is Nonfiction Text Structure?

Cause and Effect

Compare and Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence

Problem and Solution

Description

Practice

WHAT IS NONFICTION TEXT

STRUCTURE?

Focal Point of this Section:

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TEXT STRUCTURENonfiction text structure is the

“framework” of the text. Note that this isn’t the same idea as the theme of the text, or the main idea, but, rather, what type of text it is. The following types of text structures are the main structures of a nonfiction text. Not to say that there aren’t others, but these are the most common, reappearing ones.

CAUSE AND EFFECT


WHAT IS CAUSE AND EFFECT?The cause is why something happens.The effect is what happened.

The cause and effect of a text aren’t necessarily always presented in one order. Sometimes the cause is presented first, and the effect is presented afterwards. Other times, the effect is presented first, and then the text flashes back to why this happened.

IDENTIFYING CAUSE AND EFFECTThese keywords hint that a nonfiction text

has the structure of cause and effect:

Keywords: so, because, since, therefore, if…then, this led to, reason why, as a result, may be due to, effect of, consequently, for this reason, since…now, caused by

PRACTICE WITH CAUSE AND EFFECTLook at the text and see if you can identify all of

the key words.

Smoking has many serious effects. The most obvious of these effects is health deterioration. This includes increased blood pressure, reduced oxygen flow to the brain. Many people have had lung disease, high blood pressure, and heart attacks due to smoking. Therefore, you should avoid this harmful addiction as the consequences are dangerous.

Smoking has many serious effects. The most obvious of these effects is health deterioration. This includes increased blood pressure, reduced oxygen flow to the brain. Many people have had lung disease, high blood pressure, and heart attacks due to smoking. Therefore, you should avoid this harmful addiction as the consequences are dangerous.

PRACTICE WITH CAUSE AND EFFECT

Here are all the keywords in this text:

REVIEWThe cause is why something happens.The effect is what happened. Using key words can help you identify

whether a text is cause or effect or if it has another type of text structure.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST


WHAT IS COMPARE AND CONTRAST?Compare and contrast is a text

structure that shows how multiple things are alike and/or how they differ.

Comparisons are ways that multiple things are the same.

Contrasts are ways that multiple things are different.

IDENTIFYING COMPARE AND CONTRASTThese keywords can help you identify that

a text structure is compare and contrast.

Keywords: same as, similar, alike, as well as, not only… but also, both, instead of, either…or, on the other hand, in comparison, in contrast, different from, as opposed to, however, likewise, whereas

PRACTICE WITH COMPARE AND CONTRASTLook at the text and see if you can identify all of

the key words.

Although Arizona and Rhode Island are both part of the U.S., they differ in many ways. Arizona is very large, having an area of 114,000 sq. miles. On the other hand, Rhode Island is about a tenth of that size. Arizona has about 4 million people in it, whereas Rhode Island’s population only accounts to less than one million. In conclusion, although both Rhode Island and Arizona are part of the U.S., they are very different states.

PRACTICE WITH COMPARE AND CONTRAST

Here are the keywords in the text:

Although Arizona and Rhode Island are both part of the U.S., they differ in many ways. Arizona is very large, having an area of 114,000 sq. miles. On the other hand, Rhode Island is about a tenth of that size. Arizona has about 4 million people in it, whereas Rhode Island’s population only accounts to less than one million. In conclusion, although both Rhode Island and Arizona are part of the U.S., they are very different states.

REVIEWCompare and contrast is a text structure

that shows how multiple things are alike and/or how they differ.

Comparisons are ways that multiple things are the same.

Contrasts are ways that multiple things are different.

You can use keywords to identify whether or not a text has the compare or contrast text structure.

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER


1821

1832

1846

1848

1865

1872

WHAT IS CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER?Chronological Order explains events or

happenings in order of occurrence. Chronological Order deals with specific

dates and times. (This is different from sequence.)

IDENTIFYING CHRONOLOGICAL ORDERIf there are specific dates in your text,

that is a sign that the text could be in chronological order.

You can use keywords to identify if a text is written in chronological order.

Keywords: in (date), after (date), after this, next, (date), later

PRACTICE WITH CHRONOLOGICAL ORDERLook at the text and see if you can identify all of

the key words.

In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed to America, which he thought was India. Later, it was realized that the land on which he landed wasn’t India, but a new land. After that discovery, many sailors from many countries sailed to this new land to claim it for their home country. The new land was later colonized by those countries.

PRACTICE WITH CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Here are all the keywords:

In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed to America, which he thought was India. Later, it was realized that the land on which he landed wasn’t India, but a new land. After that discovery, many sailors from many countries sailed to this new land to claim it for their home country. The new land was later colonized by those countries.

REVIEWChronological Order explains events or

happenings in order of occurrence. Chronological Order deals with specific

dates and times. (This is different from sequence.)

You can use keywords to identify if a text is written using the chronological order text structure.

SEQUENCE


WHAT IS SEQUENCE?Sequence is a text structure that

explains events in the order that they occur.

Sequence doesn’t deal with specific dates or times. (such as December 1, 1981, or 7:32 P.M.) It applies more to instructions than anything.

IDENTIFYING SEQUENCEYou can use keywords to identify sequence:Keywords: first, second, third (…), next,

then, before, after, finally, following, not long after, now, soon.

Careful! Remember that some of these words can also be used in the chronological order text structure, so don’t be confused by that. You should also examine the context of the text to see whether it includes specific dates or times. That will be your main clue to determine what the text structure of a text is.

PRACTICE WITH SEQUENCELook at the text and see if you can identify all of

the key words.

Directions to my houseFirst, go onto Straight Street. Drive for 3

miles.Second, turn left onto County Road 8. Drive

for 16 miles.Third, turn right onto Apple Mill Drive. Drive

2 blocksFinally, turn onto W3212 Apple Mill Drive.Then, you will be at my house!

PRACTICE WITH SEQUENCE

Here are the keywords in the text:

Directions to my houseFirst, go onto Straight Street. Drive for 3

miles.Second, turn left onto County Road 8. Drive

for 16 miles.Third, turn right onto Apple Mill Drive. Drive

2 blocksFinally, turn onto W3212 Apple Mill Drive.Then, you will be at my house!

REVIEWSequence is a text structure that

explains events in the order that they occur.

Sequence doesn’t deal with specific dates or times. (such as December 1, 1981, or 7:32 P.M.) It applies more to instructions than anything.

You can use keywords to identify what type of text structure a text is.

Be careful not to mistake Sequence for Chronological Order!

PROBLEM AND SOLUTION


WHAT IS PROBLEM AND SOLUTION?Problem and Solution tells about a

problem and gives one or more solutions to that problem. (It may sometimes also identify why the problem exists.)

IDENTIFYING PROBLEM AND SOLUTIONYou can use keywords to identify

Problem and Solution:Keywords: question is…, dilemma is…,

the puzzle is…, to solve this…, one answer is…, one reason for the problem is...

PRACTICE WITH PROBLEM AND SOLUTIONLook at the text and see if you can identify all of

the key words.

If your computer is running slowly, the problem may very well be that there is a virus in it. That is one possible reason for the problem. Another reason could be that it is overloaded with files and information. One possible solution is to restore your computer to an earlier date. That may remove the problem, if it is indeed a virus. If it is overloaded with files, you can delete those files or save them on a flash drive to free up space. That may be the answer to your problem.

PRACTICE WITH PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

Here are the keywords:

If your computer is running slowly, the problem may very well be that there is a virus in it. That is one possible reason for the problem. Another reason could be that it is overloaded with files and information. One possible solution is to restore your computer to an earlier date. That may remove the problem, if it is indeed a virus. If it is overloaded with files, you can delete those files or save them on a flash drive to free up space. That may be the answer to your problem.

REVIEWProblem and Solution tells about a

problem and gives one or more solutions to that problem. (It may sometimes also identify why the problem exists.)

You can use keywords to identify whether or not the text structure is problem and solution.

DESCRIPTION


WHAT IS DESCRIPTION?Description is a text structure that

describes a certain topic, idea, person, place, or object. It may describe that particular thing by listing its features, explaining it characteristics, giving examples, and/or using many adjectives.

IDENTIFYING DESCRIPTIONYou can use these keywords to help

identify whether or not a certain text’s structure is description:

Key Words: for instance, such as…, to illustrate, to begin with, for example, characteristics are…, features include…, (use of many adjectives)

PRACTICE WITH DESCRIPTION

Look at the text and see if you can identify all of the key words. Look for descriptive words too! Can you

guess what is being described?

Its features include a sharp point and a long, skinny body. To further illustrate this, I will add that it is usually colored yellow. It isn’t heavy; you can easily lift it. It can fit in your hand, in fact, that is where it makes its home most of the time. The end opposite usually includes a little pink rubbery object attached to the body, which is made of wood.


Key words are listed in red.Descriptive words are listed in green.

Can you guess what it is?

Its features include a sharp point and a long, skinny body. To further illustrate this, I will add that it is usually colored yellow. It isn’t heavy; you can easily lift it. It can fit in your hand, in fact, that is where it makes its home most of the time. The end opposite usually includes a little pink rubbery object attached to the body, which is made of wood.


It’s a pencil!

REVIEWDescription is a text structure that

describes a certain topic, idea, person, place, or object. It may describe that particular thing by listing its features, explaining it characteristics, giving examples, and/or using many adjectives.

You can use keywords to identify whether or not a text’s structure is description.

WHAT WE’VE LEARNED


PRACTICEIdentify the description for each type of text

structure.__________ tells about a problem and presents

solution(s).__________ describes items or events in order.__________ describes happenings or events in

order (uses specific dates or times.)__________ shows how multiple things are alike

and how they differ.__________ is when a topic, idea, person, place,

thing, or object is described.__________ identifies the cause of something and

the effects of it.

Problem & Solution

Sequence

Chronological Order

Compare & Contrast

Description

Cause & Effect

PRACTICERecall which text structure involves the

following keywords:

so, because, since, therefore, if…then, this led to, reason why, as a result, may be due to, effect of, consequently, for this reason, since…now, caused by

Cause & Effect


following keywords:

in (date), after (date), after this, next, (date), laterChronological Order


following keywords:

same as, similar, alike, as well as, not only… but also, both, instead of, either…or, on the other hand, in comparison, in contrast, different from, as opposed to, however, likewise, whereasCompare & Contrast


following keywords:

first, second, third (…), next, then, before, after, finally, following, not long after, now, soon.Sequence


following keywords:

question is…, dilemma is…, the puzzle is…, to solve this…, one answer is…, one reason for the problem is... Problem & Solution


following keywords:

for instance, such as…, to illustrate, to begin with, for example, characteristics are…, features include…, (use of many adjectives)Description

PRACTICEDiscover which type of

text structure is being used in the following paragraphs:

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &

Solution Description

PRACTICEOn September 11, 2001, an

Islamic group hijacked 4 airliners. Then, they carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two flew into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third hit the Pentagon, and the fourth crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. At 8:45 A.M., a Boeing 767 crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center. 18 minutes later, a second 767 crashed into the south tower.

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &


PRACTICEOn September 11, 2001, an

Islamic group hijacked 4 airliners. Then, they carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two flew into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third hit the Pentagon, and the fourth crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. At 8:45 A.M., a Boeing 767 crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center. 18 minutes later, a second 767 crashed into the south tower.

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &


PRACTICEBecause of that attack, 3,000

Americans lost their lives. Since the planes crashed into the upper floors of the buildings, many people were trapped on the upper floors. Both towers eventually collapsed since they couldn’t withstand the burning jet fuel. Three thousand people died that day.

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &


PRACTICEBecause of that attack, 3,000

Americans lost their lives. Since the planes crashed into the upper floors of the buildings, many people were trapped on the upper floors. Both towers eventually collapsed since they couldn’t withstand the burning jet fuel. Three thousand people died that day.

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &


PRACTICEHow to make a PB&J

sandwich:First, get out the peanut butter,

jelly, and bread. Second, smear the peanut butter on one piece of bread. Then spread the jelly on the other. After that, put the two pieces of bread together. Then you’re all ready to eat!

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &


PRACTICEHow to make a PB&J

sandwich:First, get out the peanut butter,

jelly, and bread. Second, smear the peanut butter on one piece of bread. Then spread the jelly on the other. After that, put the two pieces of bread together. Then you’re all ready to eat!

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &


PRACTICEYou don’t know how to make a

PB&J sandwich? Don’t worry, you can easily learn! Watch as somebody else makes one, and have them explain the steps as they go through them. (Take notes if necessary.) Then, attempt to copy their technique. If it doesn’t work, don’t worry! You’ll learn through trial and error. You’ll be the best PB&J maker in the town in no time!

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &


PRACTICEYou don’t know how to make a

PB&J sandwich? Don’t worry, you can easily learn! Watch as somebody else makes one, and have them explain the steps as they go through them. (Take notes if necessary.) Then, attempt to copy their technique. If it doesn’t work, don’t worry! You’ll learn through trial and error. You’ll be the best PB&J maker in the town in no time!

Cause & Effect

Compare & Contrast

Chronological Order

Sequence Problem &


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