BUILDING SYSTEMS - mit.edu€¦ · building systems Prefabricated Concrete Wall Large wall segments up to 25ft (7m) can be pre-assembled in the factory. These panels may include window

95

SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT HANDBOOK

building systems

BUILDING SYSTEMS

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building systems

Flexibility

Materials

Energy

Non-sustainable

systems . . .

. . .only serve one moment

in time.

. . . deplete resources and

compromise indoor

environment.

. . .rely on current

energy costs and

availability.

Sustainable systems . . .

. . . allow community to adapt and

persevere.

. . . limit impact on natural

resources and allows

healthier living.

. . . reduce reliance on specific fuels

that pollute the air. reduce the amount

of energy used and the cost of

operation

Defining Sustainability for

Building Systems

Materials

Environmental system

Building

system

Human comfort

and prosperity

Flexibility

Energy

All buildings extract materials and energy from an environmental system.Buildings provide humans with comfort from the physical elements and prosperity.

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building systems

Services

Concept Matrix

-Ventilation options-Private Green spaces

-Prefabricated elements-Recycled/Recyclable materials

-Insulation/ air barrier-Solar protection-Access to daylight

-Fuel source options-Water source options

-Reduced Hazardous materials

-Reduce Water consumption-Load shifting-Options for local sources

-Shared structures-Convertible structures

-Orientation-Shared surfaces

-Concrete Alternatives-Waste reduction

Building Type/Structure

Envelope

Flexibility

Materials

Energy

This matrix organizes the components of a building system relative to the importance of considering flexibility, materials and energy.

Building size

Orientation

Structural

engineering

Weather enclosure

Window systems

Roof and fa ade

systems

Heating and cooling

Drinking water

Vertical circulation

Domestic electricity

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building systems

Expansion and Conversion

Planning for ability to expand, saves available land for the future. Planning for expansion within provides development options in the future. Shared structures saves material and green space.

Housing over parking spaces housing over commercial. Conversions of residential to commercial, Commercial to light industrial, light industrial to parking, etc. Integration of living and working saves transportation energy when workers can telecommute or conduct light manufacturing near their home.

Planning for Structural Grid Compatibility

Flexible Housing layoutsSource: Eric Friberger, Sweden 1935

Flexible Housing layoutsSource: Werner Kohn, Germany 1976

Building Type / Structure: Flexibility

Parking movedunder housing

Parking Commericial Residential

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building systems

Building Type / Structure : Energy

Good orientation is east westFor thermal reasons . . .

Solar energy in winter

Solar energy in Summer

Good shapes

Bad shapesSolar Exposure

Balance solar thermal concerns with maximum daylight penetration orienting building with solar criteria for 10% energy savings from cooling and heating. Integrate overhangs on southern side of building if possible for 1-5% cooling savings Integrate vertical Shading into building on E and W facades.

Ideal orientation achieves a balance. Plan shift approach ensures good thermal exposures with day lighting. Good modulation of massing can achieve the same if plan is aligned.

The daylight from 1 skylight is easily worth 100 meters of photovoltaics in electrical terms

Solar thermal absorbers are a cost effective way to harness solar energy

A global Overview of renewable resourceswww.agores.org

A good thermal approachFor buildings . . . but is not so good for daylightingthe green spaces

A good approach for Green spaces but bad forBuilding units

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building systems

Prefabricated Stackable Units

A modular manufacturer, developed an 18 wide factory built home that enabled each row house to be constructed with two modules instead of four. Fewer modules sped up factory construction time as well as on-site fieldwork, and allowed for more spacious interiors. Each assembled row house contains 1,338 square feet. Each module used rigid structural steel framing instead of wood because of its lightweight, price, and quality control. Construction waste and disposal costs were very low compared with on-site construction because of controlled factory construction. Also, the factory controlled construction allowed for greater scheduling control, meaning the product was delivered on time, as needed, with greater quality assurance than site built construction, and without any weather or product delays. Finally, the modular construction in this development allowed for reduced labor costs.

West Of Pennsylvania Project - Brooklyn, New YorkSource: http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/imquaf/afho/afadv/cote/usprho/index.cfm

Growing housing conceptSource: Peter Rice, Renzo Piano 1980

Variations on a spatial moduleSource: Brandlhuber & Kniess, Architects Cologne,Germany

Building Type / Structure : Flexibility

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building systems

Prefabricated Concrete Wall

Large wall segments up to 25ft (7m) can be pre-assembled in the factory. These panels may include window frames and part of the reinforcement. Custom sections can be tailor made, elements are taken from the store and glued to specification. No time for curing is needed.

A full truckload can be shipped. The panels are relatively light and can be set in place by light cranes, as concrete is poured on site. Other than with prefab concrete panels, slight adjustments in size can be made on site. Broken panels can be repaired instantly.

Individual component, Prefab Concrete WallSource: http://rastra.net/rastracom/web-site/prefabri.htm

Building Type / Structure : Materials

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building systems

Prefabricated Concrete Balcony

The site is prepared. A crane is moved into position. Brackets have already been fixed earlier to the apartment block. These will be used to attach the prefabricated balcony to the building.

The crane lifts the prefabricated component to the top of the balcony stack

The component is carefully maneuvered into position. After the component is placed in position, the joints are sealed and the component attached to the existing structure.

Individual component, Prefab Concrete BalconySource: http://web.singnet.com.sg/~scinst/jan96.html


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building systems

Concrete

Fly Ash, a by-product of coal burning power plants can be substituted for energy intensive cement. Tire Rubber, Recycled post consumer aggregate, Ceramic micro spheres, Industrial byproducts can be added to concrete. Concrete with these admixtures requires less cement and has greater insulation value and less weight:Use high strength concrete only where it is required and avoiding long spans (greater than 10 meters) or column plan shifts saves concrete and reinforcing steel. industrial waste materials as lightweight aggregates to replace sand in mortar. The use of interlocking CMUs (requiring no mortar) is ideal for landscape retaining walls..

www.cleanairpartnership.org

Aerated Autoclaved Concrete WallSource: Xella International GmbH Website, 2005

Integrated formworkSource: Riiswiyk Holland Photo:ER

Fly AshSource: Clean AirPartnership

Coal Power PlantSource: Clean AirPartnership


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BUILDING SYSTEMS - mit.edu€¦ · building systems Prefabricated Concrete Wall Large wall segments up to 25ft (7m) can be pre-assembled in the factory. These panels may include window