Bulgarians in Spain according to 2011 census

Facing the unemployment: resilience strategies of economic migrants in Spain

Mikolaj StanekCentre of Social Studies, University of CoimbraSpanish National Research Centre CSIC, Madrid

Conference on international migrationSofia, 14th February 2014

My objective is twofold.

(1) Present some data on Bulgarian migration and migrants – taking advantage of recently released Spanish Census 2011 micro-data (last week)

(2) Describe labour-market situation of migrants in Spain in the most recent years (2007-2012) focusing on

resilience strategies to deal with the crisis on individual and household level.he scale and nature of this new Southern European emigration and its socio-economic integration in Northern European destination countries.

Some basic data on Bulgarians in Spain according to the Spanish Census 2011

www.ine.es

Principal countries of origin – Census 2011

Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

MOROCCO 716.687 12,7%ROMANIA 690.503 12,2%ECUADOR 412.382 7,3%COLOMBIA 379.399 6,7%UNITED KINGDOM 296.219 5,2%ARGENTINA 281.116 5,0%FRANCE 199.348 3,5%GERMANY 195.248 3,5%BOLIVIA 187.884 3,3%PERU 184.838 3,3%VENEZUELA 143.668 2,5%BULGARIA 122.132 2,2%DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 119.491 2,1%CUBA 110.120 1,9%BRASIL 101.641 1,8%OTHER COUNTRIES 1.508.508 26,7%TOTAL 5.649.185 100,0%

Evolution of 4 main origin countries and BL

160,157168,124165,668163,550159,993150,742120,151100,76392,971

70,36453,39130,21012,4133,268

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Bulgaria United Kingdom Romania Morocco Ecuador

Source: National Statistics Institute. Municipal Register 2000-2013

Considerable differences between Census 2011 and Municipal Register 2011

Bulgarians

Census 2011= 122.132

Register 2011= 165.668

Distribution by age

8.3 11.05.3

10.2 11.0 9.7

16.816.4

5.1

15.420.7

13.7

22.9

31.3

5.7

24.724.2

23.3

27.2

26.8

13.3

24.0

25.6

24.8

17.1

10.5

14.9

14.4

13.7

14.9

7.9 3.9

55.7

11.34.9

13.6

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

BULGARIA ROMANIA UK MOROCCO ECUADOR TOTAL FOREIGN

0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 >54

Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

Avrage age: 35 (14,281) Avrage age: 31 (12,916) Avrage age: 53 (18,953) Avrage age: 35 (16,156) Avrage age: 31 (13,551) Avrage age: 35 (16,346)

Avarage=27 (13,838)

Age at migration: Morocco and Bulgaria

Avarage=22 (13,173)

Avarage=41 (20,693)) Avarage=23 (12,977)

Age at migration: UK and Ecuador

Age at migration: Romania

Avarage=25 (12,455))

Age at migration: total foreign born

Avarage=25 (15,633)

Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

Avarage=29 (18,275)

Distribution by educational level

Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

BULGARIA ROMANIA UK MOROCCO ECUADOR TOTAL FOREIGN0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

11.7% 14.4% 12.9%

52.3%

22.1% 20.9%

24.2%

31.8% 32.1%

23.7%

32.6%

25.7%

41.8%

40.9%

26.5%

14.8%

35.4%

29.8%

22.4%

12.8%

28.6%

9.2% 10.0%

23.6%

No studies finished Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education

Activity rates

Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

Unemployment rates

Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

Main economic activity sectors - Bulgarians

Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

Total Men Women

Agriculture 12,6% 14,0% 11,0%

Industry 10,3% 12,2% 7,4%

Construction 15,2% 27,3% 1,9%

Commerce and trade 8,8% 5,0% 9,9%

Hospitality services 15,2% 7,8% 24,1%

Domestic service 13,1% 3,8% 24,3%

Transport 10,0% 16,4% 2,2%

Other services 14,2% 13,5% 19,3%

Resilience strategies in the context of economic crisis in Spain

Real GDP growth rate total 2008-2013 - Spain

Evolution of unemployment rate by origin 2006-2012

25,6%

30,4%

36,8%

17,4%

8,6% 7,8%8,7%

15,1%

17,9%19,2%

20,5%

31,2%

24,3%

13,5%11,4%

8,3%

15,2%13,1%

12,9%

30,1%33,2%

32,6%

21,4%22,9% 24,4%

8,5%9,1%

9,7%

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

30,0%

35,0%

40,0%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Spanish cit. born in Spain

EU born abroad

non-EU born abroad

Total population

Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey 2006-2012

Unemployment by sex 2006-2012

38,7%

21,1%

6,3%10,5%

19,8%

11,8%

15,7%

34,6%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Men SP born Spain Men non-EU Women SP born Spain Women non-EU

Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey 2006-2012

817 095

934 318

702 178

476 084441 194 427 998

121 025

198 738233 500

289 612334 850 319 972 380 000

416 000

0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

700 000

800 000

900 000

1 000 000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

immigrantion

emmigration

Outflows and inflows of the foreign-born population in Spain 2000-2012

Source: National Statistics Institute. Residential Variation Statistics 2000-2011

Explorative analysis (still preliminary stage)

Research questions: Are there significant changes in behaviour

regarding the access to the labour market during the economic crisis?

Are there any differences between natives and non-EU migrants?

Added worker effectRelative increment in the women’s labour force participation by their partners labour force status (2007 and 2012 compared)

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

non-EU migrants

Spain

Out of the labour force Unemployed Employed

Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey 2007 & 2012

Procentage of self-employed in total occupied population

Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey 2006-20121

16,8%

8,9%

17,4%

5,3%

0,0%

2,0%

4,0%

6,0%

8,0%

10,0%

12,0%

14,0%

16,0%

18,0%

20,0%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Participation in education

Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey 2006-20121

11,01%10,21%

12,16%12,83%

13,49% 13,63%14,01%

6,00% 5,94% 6,11%6,50%6,23%

5,70%5,89%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

12%

13%

14%

15%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Spanish non-EU

16,12%15,26%

16,07%16,92% 16,99% 16,88% 17,01%

8,64% 8,52%9,01%

9,72%

7,90%7,66%6,74%

0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%

10%11%12%13%14%15%16%17%18%19%20%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Spanish cit. born in Spain non-EU born abroad

Occupied

Unemployed

Some conclusions

• Longitudinal analysis of data shows that broadly understood Spanish society has undertaken several strategies in order to cope with the economic hardships.

• However there are clear differences between migrants and natives. In several aspects migrants are more active in searching solution or alternatives for unemployment compared to Spaniards.

• On the other hand, at least in case of human capital investment and added worker effect migrants seem to undertake more reactive

strategies while Spaniard are more proactive. This may be related to the differences in availablity of economic and social resources.

THANK YOU