Bureau Style Guide

Bureau Style Guide

Updated 09/2020

Bureau Style Guide — updated Sep 2020

2 Table of Contents

Bureau Style Guide

Table of Contents Punctuation ................................................................................................................................................... 6

Commas .................................................................................................................................................... 6

Hyphens and Dashes ................................................................................................................................. 6

Hyphens as Modifiers ............................................................................................................................ 6

Hyphens and Numbers .......................................................................................................................... 7

En Dashes .............................................................................................................................................. 7

Em Dashes ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Periods ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

Parentheses ............................................................................................................................................... 7

Quotes and Apostrophes ........................................................................................................................... 8

Semicolons ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Symbols and Special Text .......................................................................................................................... 8

Distinctive Treatment of Words .................................................................................................................. 10 Bold, Italics, Roman ................................................................................................................................. 10

Capitalization ........................................................................................................................................... 10

Bodies and Organizations .................................................................................................................... 10

Geologic Terms .................................................................................................................................... 10

Miscellany ............................................................................................................................................ 10

References ........................................................................................................................................... 11

Latin Phrases ........................................................................................................................................... 11

Pluralization ............................................................................................................................................. 11

Mathematics and Equations .................................................................................................................... 11

Miscellany................................................................................................................................................ 11

Subscript and Superscript ........................................................................................................................ 12

Names, Terms, Titles ................................................................................................................................... 13 Bureau Titles............................................................................................................................................ 13

Degrees ................................................................................................................................................... 13

Names ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

Numbers ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 Chemistry ................................................................................................................................................ 14

Dates and Geologic Time ......................................................................................................................... 14


3 Table of Contents

Indefinite Expressions ............................................................................................................................. 14

Measurements and Quantities ................................................................................................................ 14

Ordinals ................................................................................................................................................... 15

Ratios ....................................................................................................................................................... 15

Reference Numbers ................................................................................................................................ 15

Years (span) ............................................................................................................................................. 15

Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 16 BEG vs. Bureau ........................................................................................................................................ 16

Common Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 16

General Terms ......................................................................................................................................... 16

Geologic Time .......................................................................................................................................... 16

Organizational Abbreviations/Acronyms ................................................................................................. 17

Scientific Terms and Units ....................................................................................................................... 21

States ....................................................................................................................................................... 23

Preferred Phrases ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Basis ........................................................................................................................................................ 24

Causation ................................................................................................................................................. 24

Circumstances ......................................................................................................................................... 24

Comparison ............................................................................................................................................. 24

Direct/Indirect Object.............................................................................................................................. 25

Duration of time ...................................................................................................................................... 25

Location ................................................................................................................................................... 25

Ownership ............................................................................................................................................... 25

Present Participles vs. Infinitives ............................................................................................................. 25

Provenance .............................................................................................................................................. 25

Purpose/Intention ................................................................................................................................... 25

Quantity................................................................................................................................................... 25

Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 26

Tools/Usage ............................................................................................................................................. 26

References ................................................................................................................................................... 27 Citing References in the Text ................................................................................................................... 27

Single Author ....................................................................................................................................... 27

Two Authors ........................................................................................................................................ 27

Three or More Authors........................................................................................................................ 27


4 Table of Contents

Unpublished Material .......................................................................................................................... 27

Material “in press” or “in preparation” ............................................................................................... 27

Works “In preparation” ....................................................................................................................... 27

Citing Two or More References Together ............................................................................................... 28

References, Selected References, Bibliography ...................................................................................... 28

Reference Style ....................................................................................................................................... 29

Books ................................................................................................................................................... 29

Part of a Book ...................................................................................................................................... 29

Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 29

Article in Periodical .............................................................................................................................. 29

M.A. Theses and Ph.D. Dissertations ................................................................................................... 30

Proceedings of Annual Meetings ......................................................................................................... 30

Field Trip Guidebooks .......................................................................................................................... 30

Annual Compilations ........................................................................................................................... 31

Corporate Publications ........................................................................................................................ 31

Websites and Blogs ............................................................................................................................. 31

Maps .................................................................................................................................................... 31

Unpublished Computer Prints or Programs......................................................................................... 31

Foreign-Language Publications ............................................................................................................ 32

Style for Bureau Publications................................................................................................................... 32

Formal Names ..................................................................................................................................... 32

Contract Reports ................................................................................................................................. 32

Cross Sections ...................................................................................................................................... 32

Geological Circulars ............................................................................................................................. 32

Mineral Resource Circulars .................................................................................................................. 33

Reports of Investigations ..................................................................................................................... 33

Special Publications ............................................................................................................................. 33

Layout Proofing ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Bad breaks ............................................................................................................................................... 34

Captions .................................................................................................................................................. 34

Credits ................................................................................................................................................. 34

Appendix A: Bureau Word List ..................................................................................................................... 35 Appendix B: Divisions of Geologic Time....................................................................................................... 41 Appendix C: Abstracts ................................................................................................................................. 42


5 Table of Contents

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 42

What Goes into an Abstract .................................................................................................................... 42

Other Resources ...................................................................................................................................... 42

Appendix D: Keywords................................................................................................................................. 43 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 43

Selection .................................................................................................................................................. 43

Appendix E: Linked Resources ..................................................................................................................... 44 U.S. Geological Survey ............................................................................................................................. 44

Dictionary of Water Terms .................................................................................................................. 44

Earthquake Glossary ............................................................................................................................ 44

Glossary of Astrogeology ..................................................................................................................... 44

Directory of Keyword Resources ......................................................................................................... 44

AAPG ....................................................................................................................................................... 44

AAPG Wiki............................................................................................................................................ 44

Appendix F: Proofreading Marks ................................................................................................................. 45


6 Punctuation

Punctuation

Commas

Comma usage may be seen as controversial by some, but there are definite rules in which a comma is required. These rules include:

- Before coordinating conjunctions that link two independent clauses. o Fracture fluid contains chemicals, but produced water has been treated.

- After a dependent clause that starts a sentence. o After Ar-ion milling, the samples are scanned with FE-SEM.

- To set off appositives (specifying, nonessential information). o …screening for petroleum, a type of hydrocarbon, as well as natural gas.

- To separate items in a series. The Bureau uses the Oxford comma. o Limestone, bedrock, and shale

- After introductory adverbs. o Finally, the core is placed on the corresponding warehouse shelf.

- When attributing quotes. o He said, “Energy poverty is a serious threat.” o “Global warming is a serious threat,” she countered.

- To separate elements in an address or full date. o Tuesday, February 11, 2020, but February 2020 o … located in Austin, Texas, the Bureau…

- Between coordinating adjectives. o Earthquakes can be violent, catastrophic forces of nature.

For numerical comma rules, see Measurements and Quantities in Numbers, below.

Hyphens and Dashes

Generally, the rules for hyphenation as outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style should be followed. See Appendix A for a list of specific word treatments, including hyphenations, that are common in Bureau publications.

Hyphens as Modifiers

- Hyphens are used to connect words that must work in tandem to be meaningful. If each word individually modifies the noun, do not use a hyphen. Note: do not use hyphens for predicate nominatives.

o fine-grained sandstone (adjectival modifier—hyphenate)

o sandstone is fine grained (predicate nominative—do not hyphenate)

- Be sure to use hyphens when they can help to avoid misreading or confusion (e.g., “re-cover,” vs. “recover”).

- Remember to hyphenate the unconnected modifier when you are dealing with a group of modifiers.

o nano- and micro-scale measurements

https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part2/ch07/psec089.html


7 Punctuation

- Adverbs. Do not use a hyphen if the first word of a group of three modifiers is an adverb that modifies the second word or if the first two words are adverbs.

o very fine grained sandstone

- Hyphens should be replaced with en dashes in the case of compound and/or open modifier–noun pairs (e.g., “circum–Gulf of Mexico”), but use this sparingly. Commas are often a much more elegant solution (e.g., “high-resolution–high-frequency microscopy” vs “high-resolution, high-frequency microscopy”).

- Hyphenate compound directions, such as north-northwest. Note that such directions should be abbreviated NNW, no hyphens.

- Do not hyphenate foreign phrases in a unit modifier (e.g., “in situ sample,” “prima facie evidence.”)

Hyphens and Numbers

- Numbers and abbreviated units of measure used as modifiers are hyphenated, whether they are written out or abbreviated.

o a 6- to 10-m-thick unit

o a hundred-meter race

- Hyphenate numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine when they are spelled out.

En Dashes

- Use en dashes to denote range, with the dash substituting “to” in meaning (e.g., “2–4 ft”).

o However, avoid doing this when the range comes after “from” and other prepositions.

- Use en dashes to denote equal relationships (e.g., “north–south baulk,” “shale–clay interface”).

- INDD shortcut: CTRL + Hyphen

Em Dashes

- Em dashes are mainly used to set off a phrase in a way similar to commas or parentheses. Make sure not to confuse — (em dash) with the shorter – (en dash).

- INDD shortcut: CTRL + SHIFT + Hyphen

Periods

- For punctuation of names and degrees, see Names, Terms, Titles in Distinctive Treatment, below.

- For punctuation in abbreviations, see Abbreviations, below.

Parentheses

- If you have nested parentheticals, alternate between parentheses and square brackets.

o The trends are increasing (2,000 md [station 2, 2008]; 2,600 [station 2, 2011]; 3,000 [station 3, 2013])


8 Punctuation

- Placement of parenthetical units. If one unit is given in the text followed by an equivalent measurement in parentheses, the placement of the noun they are measuring varies. Essentially, you should not separate a noun from its modifier, but if you are dealing with a predicate nominative, it is fine to keep the measurements next to each other.

o a section with 2- to 5-ft zones (0.6- to 1.5-m) of sandstone (modifier; do not put together)

o they are 2 to 5 ft (0.6–1.5 m) thick (predicate nominative; group units)

- Always put figure references in parentheticals.

- When making a numbered list in running text, use both semicolons and open and close parentheses.

o The study included (1) a scanning electron microscope (SEM); (2) core sampling and cleaning; and (3) chemical testing.

Quotes and Apostrophes

- Always change straight quotes to curly quotes. If you are getting straight quotes, you probably need to change your typography settings in Word or InDesign.

- Add apostrophes to the following:

o Indefinite expressions of time: e.g., 1950’s

o Possessive acronyms: e.g., LST’s (of the LST)

When referring to plurals of acronyms, no apostrophe (e.g., SARs).

Semicolons

- Semicolons should be used in lists where commas are also used between modifiers for a single list item (e.g., “Scott Tinker, Director, Bureau of Economic geology; Ryan Williamson, Assistant Director, Department of Energy; Michelle Abbott, President, Exxon Mobil”).

- See also their usage in numbered lists in running text, described in Parentheses, above.

Symbols and Special Text

- Always use a degree sign (°) for Fahrenheit and Celsius; never Kelvin. No space between the symbol and the temperature unit.

- Use special math symbols rather (×, ÷, ≥) rather than common keyboard equivalents such as x, *, or /. Do not use ~ to mean “approximately”; use proper symbol (≈). Put spaces between mathematical operators/symbols and their accompanying digits.

o Note that there is a typological difference between a hyphen (-), an en dash (–), and a minus sign (−), though it may not be obvious in your chosen font.

- Previously, “percent” was to be spelled out in text, and the symbol (%) used in tables. The symbol may now be used in text rather than writing out the word, which has been deemed old fashioned.

- Write out “greater/less than” in text, use symbols (>,<, ≥, ≤) in parentheticals.


9 Punctuation

- Do not use the symbol (#) to abbreviate “number”; use “no.” instead.

- Do not put a space before trademark symbols (®, ™) or the copyright symbol (©).

- Use the Equation editor or LaTex to lay out mathematical formulas requiring special symbols and constructions such as logarithms, integrals, and sums.


10 Distinctive Treatment of Words

Distinctive Treatment of Words

Bold, Italics, Roman

- In a reference, italicize “in” when referring to the chapter of a book.

- Do not italicize the names of journals, bulletins, or volumes.

Capitalization

Bodies and Organizations

- Always capitalize “State” and “Federal” (e.g., “the Bureau received renewed State and Federal funding for 2019–2020,” “the State of Texas”).

- Capitalize “The” in “The University of Texas at Austin” even if it appears awkwardly midsentence.

o Similarly, The Bureau Store.

Geologic Terms

As a rule, you should always try to look up official names and capitalizations to confirm them.

- Specific rock types are capitalized. If it’s a rock from a special region, capitalize full name, if the rock is described by geological time or class, the rock is lowercase.

o Town Mountain Granite (regional, proper name)

o Ordovician limestone (date)

o bituminous shale (other classification)

- Rules for capitalizing modifiers of geologic time are variable depending on whether or not the modifier is formally recognized or used informally. Informal modifiers are not capitalized.

o See Appendix B: Divisions of Geologic Time for the complete breakdown of formal and informal.

- Lower/Upper vs. Early/Late. There is a difference between Upper Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous, despite the chart in Appendix B making them appear interchangeable:

o Upper/Lower = lithological units; e.g., stratigraphy, position in the rock column

These Lower Jurassic rocks are full of fossils.

o Early/Late = geochronologic units; e.g., dating/chronology, timescale

This shale dates to the Late Jurassic.

Miscellany

- Capitalize “Web” (internet).



References

- For hyphenated compounds in the titles of Bureau documents, capitalize both words in the compounds (e.g., “Sedimentology in Hydrocarbon-Rich Cretaceous Basins”).

- For references in which a title has two parts (including colons/em dashes), a common noun after the separator should always be lower cased (e.g., “Systems of West Texas: the Permian Basin”).

Latin Phrases

- E.g. (exempli gratia, “for example”) and i.e. (id est, “that is”) are acceptable and are always abbreviated. Make sure to punctuate with periods and set these phrases off with a comma just as you would their English equivalents.

- Et al. (et alia, “and others”) is not used in Bureau publications. Write out as “and others.”

- Etc. (et cetera, “and so forth”) is acceptable; make sure to punctuate properly.

- In situ (“in position”) is fine. Do not italicize it or other common Latin phrases. No special punctuation. Do not hyphenate if it appears as a modifier.

Pluralization

- When talking about core samples, “core” can be a mass noun referred to singularly (e.g., “boxes of core”).

- “Data” and “media” are treated as plural nouns. “Datum” may be used singularly.

- “Research” is treated as a mass noun (not “researches”).

- “Reservoir” is not a mass noun; always pluralize it when referring to multiple (e.g., “few or no reservoirs”).

Mathematics and Equations

- For guidance on mathematical symbols and abbreviations, see Symbols and Special Text in Punctuation, and Abbreviations.

- Equations should be justified left, with the equation number at the right margin.

(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛 = � �𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘�𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛−𝑘𝑘

𝑛𝑛

𝑘𝑘=0

Equation 1

- A colon is not necessary to introduce an equation in the preceding text:

Miscellany

- “Correspond to” is correct for our usage; “correspond with” means to write letters to.

- The noun “outcrop” should not be used as a verb.

o Correct: The Barstow Formation crops out in California.



o Incorrect: The Barstow Formation outcrops in California.

- “Updip” and “downdip” refer to directions and should be treated thusly.

o The formation is located updip of the shelf edge.

Subscript and Superscript

- Do not write out exponents like “40 square feet”—it’s “40 ft2” instead.

- Do not superscript the suffix in an ordinal (e.g., 44th, not 44th).

- Use subscript for chemical compounds (e.g., HCO3).

- Use superscript for chemical isotopes (e.g., 14C = carbon-14).


13 Names, Terms, Titles

Names, Terms, Titles For guidance on capitalization of organizations and ruling bodies, see Capitalization, above.

Bureau Titles

- In Bureau publications (Annual Report, news briefs, etc.), Director-level titles are always capitalized.

- In Bureau publications (Annual Report, news briefs, etc.), all other staff titles are capitalized based on their placement.

o “James Sivil, a research science associate”

o “Research Science Associate James Sivil”

Degrees

- Abbreviate degrees as “M.S.”, “B.S.”, “Ph.D.”

- Dr. is punctuated.

o In Bureau marketing materials (e.g., the Bureau website, the Annual Report), Bureau leadership prefers to take a stance that minimizes the use of the title “Dr.” unless:

Listing IA contacts in the Bureau Research Consortia brochure; in this case, use “Dr.” where it is merited.

Describing an award or honor.

Mentioning personnel in the “Transitions” section of the Bureau Annual Report.

o Shy away from using “Dr.” in more informal web postings such as non-award/honor news stories and in social media postings (LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.).

o Use names without “Dr.” in the regular copy of the Annual Report.

Names

- When referring to initials, put a space in between and use dots.

o Write a name like “Jean-Paul” as “J. -P.”

- In the Bureau Annual Report specifically, all Bureau staffer names should be in bold-face font. Non-Bureau employees should not be bolded.

- Shorten something like “Brian Adams, Director for the Project to Sequester Carbon” to “Brian Adams, Director, Project to Sequester Carbon.”


14 Numbers

Numbers

Chemistry

- Formulas for compounds with X number of an element:

o C14, H2O

- Isotopes:

o 14C

o carbon-14

Dates and Geologic Time

- When using Ma (million years ago), write the number of years from oldest to most recent when dealing with a range (e.g., “25–17 Ma”).

- For a full breakdown of units of geologic time and their treatments, see Appendix B: Divisions of Geologic Time.

Indefinite Expressions

- Spell out indefinite expressions such as “the nineties.”

- Use figures and apostrophes for indefinite expressions such as “the 1990’s.”

Measurements and Quantities

- Write out numbers 1–9 and use figures for numbers 10 and up (e.g., “nine papers were published,” “11 boulders were added”).

o Exception: When numbers 1–9 are used with a unit of measurement, express them as figures (e.g., “2-year program,” “4 minutes,” “8-foot path”).

o Exception: When numbers 1–9 appear juxtaposed with other numbers, make all numbers figures (e.g., “he was present for the 1st, 9th, and 11th sessions”).

o Exception: Numbers less than 100 that come before a modifier with a figure in it should be spelled out (e.g., “two 6-cm incisions,” “120 3-nm pores”).

o Exception: When more than two things are expressed numerically, use figures regardless of the number (e.g., “2 carbonate, 3 shale, and 6 sandstone samples”).

- Correct written instances such as “a hundred” or “a thousand” to “100” or “1,000.”

- Numbers in the thousands:

o When referring to page-number references, numbers up to 9999 do not use a comma. Starting with 10,000, use commas.


15 Numbers

o When referring to numbers in regular text, commas are fine (e.g., “over 1,000 people attended the dedication”).

- Exponents: Do not write out things like “40 square feet”—it’s “40 ft2” instead.

Ordinals

- Use figures to write out ordinals only from 10 up (e.g., eighth, ninth, 10th, 11th…).

- Do not superscript the suffix in an ordinal (e.g., 44th, not 44th). You can turn off this autocorrect setting in Word very easily.

Ratios

- Spell out common ratios such as “two-thirds.”

- For other ratios, denote as [low net]:[gross ratio].

Reference Numbers

- References to maps can appear as strange nonstandard combinations (e.g., Map 53 might show up as M053 or MM00053 or something like that). Standardize to a plain number without leading zeros or unnecessary letters.

- Page numbers in a References/Bibliography section can show up strangely sometimes (e.g., letters mixed with numbers, leading zeros in page numbers). Always mark these up to double check them.

Years (span)

- Do not use an en dash on a range of years in running text; write out the span of time.

o Production doubled from 2009 through 2012.


16 Abbreviations

Abbreviations

BEG vs. Bureau

When referring to the Bureau of Economic Geology, spell out the full name initially, then refer to it as “the Bureau.” Previously, the acronym “BEG” was used; this is considered obsolete. “BEG” should only be used in a quotation from a previously published work, the title of a previously published work, or the name of an award (e.g., the Tinker Family BEG Publication Award).

Common Abbreviations

- & (only allowed in Mark Blount’s department title; spell out elsewhere)

- abs. (abstract) - cont. (continued) - 3D (no dashes)

- B.S.

- M.S./M.Sc. - Ph.D. - PO (post-office box) - U.S. (U.S.A.) - U.S. Geological Survey - USGS

General Terms

- Abbreviate cardinal directions as N, S, E, W. - Abbreviate the dating systems “BC/AD” and “BCE/CE” without punctuation. - Use standard abbreviations for time zones (e.g., CST = central standard time). - Never abbreviate “table(s).” - Abbreviate the following when cited in parentheses:

o Abbreviate “appendix” as “app.” — note the punctuation. o Abbreviate “figure(s)” as “fig(s).” — note the punctuation. o Abbreviate “page(s)” as “p.” — note the punctuation. o Abbreviate “plate(s)” as “pl(s).” — note the pluralization.

- The names of some of the months may be abbreviated in tables and figures: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec.

o May, June, and July are always spelled out.

Geologic Time

Abbreviations for lithologic or time-stratigraphic terms are not used in text. For figures, tables, or slides, the following abbreviations are recommended by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Lithologic abbreviations are capitalized when following a formal name (i.e., Tanyard Sh.); when used informally to refer to a rock type, the first letter of the rock type should be lowercase. Time-stratigraphic abbreviations are always capitalized.

Term or lithology Abbreviation Group Gp. Formation Fm. Member Mbr. Sandstone Ss. Siltstone Slts.

Shale Sh. Limestone Ls. Dolomite Dol. Conglomerate Cgl. Quartzite Qtz. Volcanics Volc.

For a visual chart listing the divisions of geologic time, see Appendix B.

System, period, era Abbreviation Quaternary Quat. Tertiary Tert. Cretaceous Cret. Jurassic Jur. Triassic Tri. Permian Perm. Pennsylvanian Penn. Mississippian Miss.

System, period, era Abbreviation Devonian Dev. Silurian Sil. Ordovician Ord. Cambrian Camb. Cenozoic Cen. Mesozoic Mes. Paleozoic Pal. Precambrian Prec.

Organizational Abbreviations/Acronyms

Shortened forms of agency names may be used in the text. Spell out the full name the first time it is used in the text and give its abbreviation in parentheses immediately afterward. Agency names in references should not be abbreviated. A name that is used frequently throughout the text may be abbreviated, whereas a name used only a few times may be spelled out. Don’t expect a reader to remember an unusual abbreviation through many pages of text.

Bureau research consortia are given in bold-faced italics.

A AAAS American Association for the

Advancement of Science AAPG American Association of

Petroleum Geologists AASG Association of American State

Geologists ACS American Chemical Society AEC Atomic Energy Commission AEC Advanced Energy Consortium AEG Association of Engineering

Geologists, Association of Exploration Geochemists

AESE Association of Earth Science Editors

AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research

AGI American Geological Institute AGL Applied Geodynamics Laboratory AGS Austin Geological Society AGU American Geophysical Union AIC American Institute of Chemists

AICE American Institute of Chemical Engineers

AID Agency of International Development

AIME American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers

AISD Austin Independent School District

API American Petroleum Institute ASCE American Society of Civil

Engineers ASCS Agricultural Stabilization and

Conservation Service ASTM American Society for Testing and

Materials B

BRC Balcones Research Center BES Basic Energy Sciences (DOE)

C CAPCO Capital Area Planning Council CEAS Center for Environmental

Assessment Services


18 Abbreviations

CEE Center for Energy Economics CEIP Coastal Energy Impact Program CER Council on Energy Resources CES Center for Energy Studies CIGEADATA Committee on Storage,

Automatic Processing and Retrieval of Geological Data

CISR Center for Integrated Seismicity Research

COCORP Consortium on Continental Reflection Profiling

COG Council of Governments COST Coastal Offshore Test (wells) CRWR Center for Research in Water

Resources CZMA Coastal Zone Management Act

D DAI Dissertation Abstracts

International DNAG Decade of North American

Geology DOA Department of Agriculture DOC Department of Commerce DOD Department of Defense DOE Department of Energy DOI Department of the Interior DOT Department of Transportation DPS Department of Public Safety DSDP Deep Sea Drilling Project

E EASE European Association of

Scientific Editors EDA Economic Development

Administration EDIS Environmental Data and

Information Service EDITERRA European Association of Earth

Science Editors EIS Environmental Impact Statement EPA Environmental Protection

Agency EPA Federal Preparedness Agency EPRI Electric Power Research Institute ERDA Energy Research and

Development Administration

ERTS Earth Resources Technology Satellite

EWP Energy & Water Poverty Consortium

F FCC Federal Communications

Commission FCIC Federal Crop Insurance

Corporation FDAA Federal Disaster Assistance

Administration FEA Federal Energy Administration FEMA Federal Energy Management

Agency FERC Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission FHA Farmers Home Administration FIA Federal Insurance

Administration FRAC Fracture Research and

Application Consortium FTC Federal Trade Commission FY Fiscal Year

G GAO General Accounting Office GAT Geologic Atlas of Texas GC Geological Circular GCAGS Gulf Coast Association of

Geological Societies GCCC Gulf Coast Carbon Center GEOCOME Congress on the Geology of the

Middle East GIS Geographic Information System GLO General Land Office of Texas GNIS Geographic Names Information

Systems GPO Government Printing Office GRI Gas Research Institute GSA Geological Society of America GURC Gulf Universities Research

Consortium H

HEW Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

HGAC Houston-Galveston Area Council


19 Abbreviations

HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development

I IAC Interagency Contract IAEG International Association of

Engineering Geology ICC Institute of Constructive

Capitalism (UT) ICNRE Interagency Council on Natural

Resources and the Environment IDT Interdepartmental Transfer IFS Industrial Facility Siting INDFOCLIMA World Climate Programme Data

Referral System INQUA International Union for

Quaternary Research IUGS International Union of Geological

Sciences J

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory JSC Johnson Space Center

L LBB Legislative Budget Board LPI Lunar and Planetary Institute

M MARPOLMON Marine Pollution Monitoring MCC Microelectronics and Computer

Technology Corporation MRC Mineral Resource Circular MSI Marine Science Institute MSL Mineral Studies Laboratory MSRL Mudrock Systems Research

Laboratory N

NAS Naval Air Station NASA National Aeronautics and Space

Administration NATO North Atlantic Treaty

Organization NBS National Bureau of Standards NCC National Climatic Center NCIC National Cartographic

Information Center NDIP National Flood Insurance

Program

NEIC National Earthquake Information Center

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act Network

NGSDC National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center

NHC National Hurricane Center NOAA National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration NOS National Ocean Survey NPS National Park Service NRC National Research Council,

Natural Resources Council (state) Nuclear Regulatory, Commission (federal)

NSF National Science Foundation NSSFC National Severe Storms Forecast

Center NTIS National Technical Information

Service NURE National Uranium Resource

Evaluation NWTS National Waste Terminal Storage

O OAS Organization of American States OCS Outer Continental Shelf OCZM Office of Coastal Zone

Management ONWI Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation OPEC Organization of Petroleum

Exporting Countries OPI Office of Public Inquiries OPSER Office of personnel Services and

Employee Relations (UT) OTA Office of Technology Assessment OWRT Office of Water Research and

Technology P

PER Personnel Effort Report PETEX Petroleum Extension Service

(UT) PUC Public Utilities Commission

Q QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QAP Quality Assurance Procedure


20 Abbreviations

R RANN Research Applied to National

Needs RCRL Reservoir Characterization

Research Laboratory RI Report of Investigations RR/DC Reading Room/Data Center RRC Railroad Commission of Texas

S SCS Soil Conservation Service SEPM Society of Economic

Paleontologists and Mineralogists

SME Society of Mining Engineers SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers SSIE Smithsonian Science Information

Exchange STARR State of Texas Advanced

Resource Recovery program STNP South Texas Nuclear Project

T TACB Texas Air Control Board TACC Texas Advanced Computing

Center TAES Texas Agricultural Experiment

Station TAS Texas Academy of Sciences TCCS Texas Consortium for

Computational Seismology TCMC Texas Coastal Marine Council TCMP Texas Coastal Management

Program TDH Texas Department of Health TDHPT Texas Department of Highways

and Public Transportation TDPW Texas Department of Parks and

Wildlife

TDWR Texas Department of Water Resources

TEAC Texas Energy Advisory Council TEC Texas Employment Commission TEES Texas Engineering Extension

Service TENRAC Texas Energy and Natural

Resources Advisory Council TIC Texas Industrial Commission TIPRO Texas Independent Petroleum

Royalty Owners TMMRRI Texas Mining and Mineral

Resources Research Institute TMPA Texas Municipal Power Agency TNRIS Texas Natural Resources

Information System TORA Tight Oil Resource Assessment TWRI Texas Water Resources Institute TxSON Texas Soil Observation

U USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USBM U.S. Bureau of Mines USCG U.S. Coast Guard USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USFS U.S. Forest Service USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey USIA U.S. Information Agency UTEP The University of Texas at El

Paso UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

W WDC World Data Center WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Program WPA Works Progress Administration WSCL Well Sample and Core Library WTWI West Texas Waste Isolation


21 Abbreviations

Scientific Terms and Units

Standard units of measure are abbreviated in text whenever they are preceded by numbers.

A A ampere(s) Å angstrom(s) acre-ft acre-foot/feet AES atomic emission spectrometer ANOVA analysis of variance API° American Petroleum Institute

gravity atm atmosphere (atmospheric pressure units) avg. average

B bbl barrel(s) bbl/d* barrels per day Bcf** billion cubic feet BHSIP bottom-hole shut-in pressure BOE barrels of oil equivalent (spell out first

time) B.P. before present Btu British thermal unit b.y. billion years (duration, not date) bya DO NOT USE; see Ga

C °C degrees Celsius (no space) C.I. contour interval cm3 cubic centimeters cm/s centimeters per second

D d day(s) D darcy(s) DO dissolved oxygen DST drill-stem test

E EA environment assessment EIS environmental impact statement elev. elevation EPM equivalents per million

F °F degrees Fahrenheit (no space) ft foot, feet ft3 cubic foot/feet ft-lb foot-pounds ft/min feet per minute (same construction for

feet per [unit])

G g gram(s) Ga billion years; Giga-annum (date) gal gallon(s) gal/d gallon(s) per day GCMS gas chromatography–mass

spectrometry H

h hour(s) (can also use hr) ha hectares ha-m hectare-meters Hz hertz

I ICP inductively coupled plasma inch(es) inches (always spelled out) inch3 cubic inches IP initial potential;

initial production K

k kilo K Kelvin (no degree symbol) K permeability kg kilogram km kilometer kPa kilopascal kWh kilowatt hour(s)

L L liter(s) lat latitude (abbreviate only when preceded

by numbers) lb pounds long longitude (abbreviate only when preceded

by numbers) M

m meter(s) Ma million years (date) maf million acre feet Mcf thousand cubic feet md millidarcy(s) m/d meters per day meq milliequivalent mg/L milligrams per liter mi mile(s)


22 Abbreviations

ML magnitude mL milliliter(s) MMcf million cubic feet mo month(s) mol mole(s) MPa megapascal mV millivolts m.y. million years (duration) mya DO NOT USE; see m.y. ms millisecond(s) MSL mean sea level μg microgram(s) μm micrometer(s)

O oz ounce(s)

P ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million psi pounds per square inch psia pounds per square inch absolute psig pounds per square inch gauge

R RMS root mean square

S s second(s)

scf standard cubic feet sec. section(s) SEM scanning electron microscope sp., spp. species (singular, plural) std. standard

T t metric tons Tcf trillion cubic feet Tcm trillion cubic meters TDS total dissolved solids TOC total organic carbon ton(s) short ton(s)

U UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

V V volt v. volume (used in references) vs. versus

W wt weight

X XRD X-ray diffraction

Y yr year

* Production terms should not be abbreviated in text, but will often be abbreviated like so in tables and figures. Please note that otherwise, the preferred way to abbreviate ratios is with a / in place of per. See also: bpd (barrels per day), bcpd (barrels of condensate per day), bopd (barrels of oil per day), bwpd (barrels of water per day).

** Generally, you can add B in front of a unit for which you are measuring in billions.


23 Abbreviations

States

Postal codes should only be used in addresses; use the following abbreviations instead.

State Abbrv. Postal Alabama Ala. AL Alaska — AK Arizona Ariz. AZ Arkansas Ark. AR California Calif. CA Colorado Colo. CO Connecticut Conn. CT Delaware Del. DE District of Columbia D.C. DC Florida Fla. FL Georgia Ga. GA Hawaii — HI Idaho — ID Illinois Ill. IL Indiana Ind. IN Iowa — IA Kansas Kans. KS Kentucky Ky. KY Louisiana La. LA Maine — ME Maryland Md. MD Massachusetts Mass. MA Michigan Mich. MI Minnesota Minn. MN Mississippi Miss. MS

Missouri Mo. MO Montana Mont. MT Nebraska Nebr. NE Nevada Nev. NV New Hampshire N.H. NH New Jersey N.J. NJ New Mexico N.Mex. NM New York N.Y. NY North Carolina N.C. NC North Dakota N.Dak. ND Ohio — OH Oklahoma Okla. OK Oregon Oreg. OR Pennsylvania Pa. PA Rhode Island R.I. RI South Carolina S.C. SC South Dakota S.Dak. SD Tennessee Tenn. TN Texas Tex. TX Utah — UT Vermont Vt. VT Virginia Va. VA Washington Wash. WA West Virginia W.Va. WV Wisconsin Wis. WI Wyoming Wyo. WY


24 Preferred Phrases

Preferred Phrases The following examples may not be strictly correct over another option that is strictly incorrect, but they are the phrases preferred in Bureau publications.

In general, good academic writing will be short and simple where possible, minimizing passive voice and unnecessary nominalizations.

Basis

“given this” — correct

“on the basis of” — incorrect

“using” — correct

“based on” — incorrect

Causation

“because”, “whereas” — correct

“while”, “as, “since” —incorrect; should only imply relative time, not causation

Since the Jurassic period, flowering plants have diversified. Implies time, correct

While industry has made progress in fracking, it is still inefficient. Implies causation, incorrect

“resulting from”, “owing to”, “because”, “caused by”, etc.

“due to” — often incorrect; only use “due to” to modify nouns, not verbs; e.g.,:

The cancellation was due to rain. Adjectival, correct

The field trip was cancelled because of rain. Adverbial, correct

Circumstances

“in which” — correct

“where” — incorrect; should only imply location

Earthquakes are found where fault lines exist. Implies location, correct

This is a situation where the equation does not work. Implies circumstance, incorrect

Comparison

“greater/lesser/higher/lower than” — preferred

“compared to” — not preferred

The facies show a higher mineral composition than the two described earlier. Correct

The facies show a higher mineral composition compared to the two described earlier.


25 Preferred Phrases

Direct/Indirect Object

“measurements will be conducted on a few samples” — correct

“measurements will be conducted for a few samples” — incorrect

Duration of time

“During the 7 years of the project” — correct

“Over the 7 years of the project” — incorrect

Location

“near” — correct

“in the vicinity of” — incorrect

Ownership

“He is the coauthor of 12 papers” — correct

“He is the coauthor on 12 papers” — incorrect

Present Participles vs. Infinitives

“useful in [present participle -ing]” — correct

The module is useful in determining equations.

“useful [infinitive]” — incorrect

The module is useful to determine equations.

Provenance

“Samples from Permian Basin core” — correct

“Samples of Permian Basin core” — incorrect

“Photographs from different reservoirs” — correct

“Photographs for different reservoirs” — incorrect

Purpose/Intention

“so as to” — correct

“to” — incorrect

“in order to” — incorrect

Quantity

Generally, you should keep language as simple as possible.


26

“several,” “having many” — correct

“a number of,” “with a large number of” — avoid

“most” — correct

“the majority of” — avoid

“more than” — correct

“over” — avoid

Reference

“described later” — correct

“described below” — incorrect

Tools/Usage

“with” — correct

Correct: The quartz is ground with a pestle.

“using” — avoid

The quartz is ground using a pestle.


27 References

References

For guidance on using “figure,” “table,” etc. in citations, see General Terms in Abbreviations.

Citing References in the Text

References cited in the text of Bureau publications generally follow the style outlined by the USGS in its Suggestions to Authors (1991, p. 234–241). All works cited in the text must also appear in the list of references; the only exceptions are informal oral or written communications and unpublished data, which are cited only parenthetically in the text.

Always double check cited references against the provided bibliography, looking for spelling, consistency between entries, and whether or not there are any missing entries.

Always spell out “and others” instead of using the abbreviation “et al.” The exception is when submitting to journals that have a different style.

Single Author

([Author], [date]), as in (Wermund, 1983).

Two Authors

([Author] and [Author], [date]), as in (Fisher and Hovorka, 1983).

Three or More Authors

([Author] and others, [date]), as in (Brown and others, 1977).

Unpublished Material

Use sparingly and only when a published source is unavailable.

([Author], [type of] commun., [date])

- (A. B. Smith, oral commun., 2005) - (C. Brown, written commun., 2018) - (D. E. Jones, unpub. data, 2019).

Material “in press” or “in preparation”

“In press” refers to works that have been formally approved for publication and have entered the editing process. Only works “in press” can be cited.

([Author], in press), as in (Price, in press).

Works “In preparation”

Includes rough drafts and manuscripts in peer review; these cannot be cited in the text or included in the references.


28 References

Citing Two or More References Together

- When citing two or more references together in the text, separate the references with a semicolon to prevent misreading. Multiple references in the text should be ordered chronologically, then alphabetically.

o (Woodruff and Gustavson, 1976; Brown, 1977; Fisher, 1983; Fracasso, 1983)

- If an author has citations for different years, list ALL of that author’s references in chronological order first, then ALL refs for the next author in chronological order, etc.

o (Kreitler, 1977, 1981; Henry, 1979a, 1979b; Finley and others, 1981, 1990; Light, 1982)

- If the same date is given for more than one reference by the same author, the same coauthors, or, in the case of multiple authors, the same senior author, label each text reference “a,” “b,” and “c” sequentially as they are listed in the references to differentiate the references in the text. Note that “b” may be cited in the text before “a”; references are labeled according to their order in the list of references, not the order in which they are cited in the text.

McGowen, J. H., Brown, L. F., Jr., Evans, T. J., Fisher, W. L., and Groat, C. G., 1976a, Environmental geologic atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone--Bay City–Freeport area: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 98 p.

McGowen, J. H., Proctor, C. V., Jr., Brown, L. F., Jr., Evans, T. J., Fisher, W. L., and Groat, C. G., 1976b, Environmental geologic atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone—Port Lavaca area: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 107 p.

References, Selected References, Bibliography

Almost every manuscript submitted for editing has some discrepancies between the references cited in the text and those in the list of references. Please cross-check spelling and dates after the manuscript has been completed. References in the figures and tables, as well as those in the text, must be included in the reference list. Remember that a revised manuscript often needs a revised reference list.

References are cited in the section title “References” (“Selected References” or “Selected Bibliography” may be used if the list is more extensive than citations in the text, “Bibliography” if it is exhaustive). Surnames of authors are given first, followed by a comma, initials, a comma, and the date of publication. In general, only proper names and the first word of a title are capitalized; common nouns following colons and em dashes are not capitalized.

References should be arranged first alphabetically and then chronologically. Single-author entries precede multiple-author entries. The last name of the second, third, and so on, author determines the order of multiple-author entries. Thus, “Brown and Fisher” would precede “Brown and McGowen,” regardless of dates.

Use a bar in place of the author’s or authors’ names only if the names are exactly the same as those in the preceding reference. There is no punctuation between the bar and the date that follows it. For example:


29 References

Morton, R. A., 1981a, Factors critical to the development of energy resources from geopressured aquifers in Texas (abs.): Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 13, no. 5, p. 259.

___________ 1981b, Methane entrained in Gulf Coast geopressured aquifers (abs.): Houston Geological Society Bulletin, v. 24, no. 1, p. 6.

Reference Style

Although this manual supersedes the 7th edition of Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the United States Geological Survey, any additional questions about references and citations may be answered by reading Suggestions, specifically the chapter entitled “Preparing references for survey reports,” which includes a list entitled “Examples of cited publications.”

Page Numbers. If a publication has x number of numbered pages but also includes additional material (preface, introduction, etc.) that is not numbered, go by the final numbered page in the publication. Additionally, you could see what the page count/page range is listed as with the publisher, if available.

Books

The order after the colon is (1) place of publication, (2) publisher, and (3) pagination. The full name is not needed for most publishers; “Macmillan” is enough for “The Macmillan Company.” For example:

Galloway, W. E., and Hobday, D. K., 1983, Terrigenous clastic depositional systems: applications to petroleum, coal, and uranium exploration: New York, Springer-Verlag, 423 p., doi:123456.789.12.

Part of a Book

If the reference is only part of a publication (such as a book chapter), distinguish the part from the whole by using an italicized “in” followed by the editor’s or compiler’s name in inverted order, then “ed.,” then the title of the book. For example:

Bay, A. R., and Bebout, D. G., 1983, Cyclic, shoaling-carbonate banks in the lower Glen Rose Formation (Cretaceous), South Texas, in Harris, P. M., ed., Carbonate buildups—a core workshop: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Core Workshop No. 4, p. 429–462.

Abstract

If the reference is an abstract, insert “(abs.)” after the title. For example:

Henry, C. D., 1984, Variations in caldera development in the Tertiary volcanic field of Trans-Pecos Texas (abs.): EOS, v. 65, no. 10, p. 95.

Article in Periodical

The order after colon is (1) the name of the periodical or series, (2) the volume and issue numbers, abbreviated as “v.” and “no.,” and (3) the pagination, “p.,” all in Arabic numerals. Include the DOI number at the end, if available. For example:


30 References

Fisher, W. L., 1981, Geologic activities into the 21st century: will the boom bust again?: Houston Geological Society Bulletin, v. 23, no. 6, p. 3–5.

Chen, Y., and Fomel, S., 2018, EMD-seislet transform: Geophysics, v. 83, no. 1, p. 197–213, doi:10.1007/s10040-017-0554.1.

For an online journal article:

Note that access date is not necessary.

Snyder, V., 2002, The Effect Course-Based Reading Strategy Training on the Reading Comprehension Skills of Developmental College Students: Research and Teaching in Developmental Education, v. 18, no. 2, p. 37–41, www.jstor.org/stable/42802532.

M.A. Theses and Ph.D. Dissertations

Follow the format: Author, date, title, institution, degree, and number of pages. It is not necessary to repeat the university’s city or state or add that the work is “unpublished.”

Use “Master’s thesis” for all Master’s degrees—M.A., M.S., or M.Sc.:

Lin, Z. S., 1974, Estimating magnitude of earthquakes in Taiwan area from total duration of oscillation: National Taiwan University, Master’s thesis, 51 p.

Senger, R. K., 1983, Hydrogeology of Barton Springs, Austin, Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Master’s thesis, 119 p.

Use “Ph.D. dissertation” for all doctoral dissertations:

Dutton, A. R., 1982, Hydrogeochemistry of the unsaturated zone at Big Brown lignite mine, East Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Ph.D. dissertation, 239 p.

Proceedings of Annual Meetings

The citation should include (1) the name of the congress or conference, (2) number of meeting, if any, (3) title of the publication, and (4) collation (series, volume, number, part, and pagination). The name of the city and country where the meeting was held may be included if relevant. The information may be given in whatever order best approximates the order of the title page or cover.

Use regular rules for ordinals (see Numbers, above).

Ayers, W. B., Jr., and Kaiser, W. R., 1982, Tongue River (Paleocene) depositional systems and the occurrence of coal in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana (abs.): International Association of Sedimentologists, 11th International Congress on Sedimentology, abstract volume, p. 56.

Field Trip Guidebooks

Citations of field-trip guidebooks should indicate the publisher as well as the field-trip sponsor.

Morton, R. A., and White, W. A., 1983, Coastal field trip, Corpus Christi area: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, guidebook prepared for Austin Geological Society field trip, 24 p.


31 References

Annual Compilations

Cite only the years used in your work.

Railroad Commission of Texas, Oil and Gas Division, 1965–1975, Annual report of the Oil and Gas Division: Austin, variously paginated.

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1928–1970, U.S. earthquakes: Washington, D.C., annual publication, variously paginated.

Corporate Publications

The company’s name is spelled out and punctuated according to the company’s usage.

Turk, Kehle and Associates, 1978, Tectonic framework and history, Gulf of Mexico: report prepared for Law Engineering Testing Co., Marietta, Georgia, 29 p.

This reference would appear in the text as (Turk, Kehle and Associates, 1978).

Websites and Blogs

[Last name], [First initial(s)] (if no author available, begin with site owner), [year], “[Page title]”: [Website Title], [Web Address] (accessed [month]/[day]).

Smith, J., 2009, “Obama Inaugurated as President”: CNN.com, http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html (accessed February 1).

Smith, J., 2017, “Catalonia Declares Independence from Spain”: New York Times, http://www.newyorktimes.com/POLITICS/11/21/catalonia_spain.html (accessed February 1).

Maps

For maps, give the scale and the number of map sheets if more than one:

Barnes, V. E., 1983, Tucumcari sheet: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Geologic Atlas of Texas, scale 1:250,000.

Unpublished Computer Prints or Programs

These should be cited by author(s), date, title or program name, the affiliation of the program’s author, and “unnumbered” if the page count is not given. Works about programs should be cited in the usual bibliographic style.

Masterson, A. R., 1984, EDIBLE: a computer program for editing data-base information in bibliographic language: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, draft, unnumbered.

Parkhurst, D. L., Thorstenson, D. C., and Plummer, L. N., 1981, PHREEQE: a computer program for geochemical calculations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations WRI 80-96, 216 p.


32 References

Foreign-Language Publications

Be sure to include accent marks and other punctuation marks exactly as they appear on the title page. It is not necessary to include the translation of foreign titles or names or organizations or conferences into English unless both versions appear on the title page.

Ewing, T. E., 1980, Eocene tectonism in the North American cordillera (abs.): 26e Congrès Géologique International, v.1, p. 337.

Style for Bureau Publications

Formal Names

Formal names were designated for UT campuses in 1967. References before 1967 should list UT as “University of Texas, city.” References dated 1967 or later should list UT as “The University of Texas at Austin,” “… at El Paso,” etc.

Flawn, P. T., 1952, The Hazel copper-silver mine, Culberson County, Texas: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations No. 85, 32 p.

Baumgardner, R. W., Jr., Hamlin, H. S., and Rowe, H. D., 2016, Lithofacies of the Wolfcamp and lower Leonard intervals, Southern Midland Basin: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations No. 281, 67 p.

Contract Reports

Contract reports should list all contributors to the report, the year, the title of the report, the status of the report (draft, milestone, final, etc.), and the page count. University and Bureau information, funding agency name, and the contract number(s) should also be included.

Jackson, M. P. A., 1983, Natural strain in glacial and diapiric rock salt, with emphasis on Oakwood Dome, East Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, milestone report prepared for U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC97-80ET46617, 127 p.

Woodruff, C. M., Jr., and Gever, C., 1984, Integration of geochemical data along the Balcones/Ouachita trend, Central Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, final report prepared for U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AS07-79ID12057, 21 p. plus appendixes.

Cross Sections

Dodge, M. M., and Posey, J. S., 1981, Structural cross sections, Tertiary formations, Texas Gulf Coast: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Cross Sections.

Geological Circulars

Article contained within a geological circular:

Gustavson, T. C., Finley, R. J., and Baumgardner, R. W., Jr., 1980, Preliminary rates of slope retreat and salt dissolution along the Eastern Caprock Escarpment of the Southern High Plains and in the Canadian River valley, in Gustavson, T. C., and others, Geology and geohydrology of the Palo Duro Basin,


33 References

Texas Panhandle, a report on the progress of nuclear waste isolation feasibility studies (1979): The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Geological Circular 80-7, p. 76–82.

Entire geological circular:

If you are citing the entire circular, all contributors must be cited.

Gustavson, T. C., Bassett, R. L., Budnik, R., Finley, R. J., Goldstein, A. G., McGowen, J. H., Roedder, E., Ruppel, S. C., Baumgardner, R. W., Jr., D. A., Ramondetta, P. J., Simpkins, W. W., Smith,

D., Smith, D. A., Duncan, E. A., Griffin, J. A., Merritt, R. M., and Naiman, E. R., 1982, Geology and geohydrology of the Palo Duro Basin, Texas Panhandle, a report on the progress of nuclear waste isolation feasibility studies (1981): The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Geological Circular 82-7, 212 p.

Mineral Resource Circulars

McBride, M. W., and Dobbs, A. L., 1983, Nonpetroleum mineral producers in Texas—1983: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Mineral Resource Circular No. 74, 94 p.

Reports of Investigations

Seni, S. J., 1980, Sand-body geometry and depositional systems, Ogallala Formation, Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations No. 105, 36 p.

Special Publications

These include Bureau Annual Reports, symposia, special reports, educational materials, the Index series, the Catalog of North American Early Tertiary Fossils of the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains, Mineral Producers publications, Mineral Resource pamphlets, research notes, and the Energy and Mineral Resources of Texas map series.

The format is author, date, title, UT name, Bureau name, and pagination:

Brown, L. F., Jr., Morton, R. A., McGowen, J. H., Kreitler, C. W., and Fisher, W. L., 1974, Natural hazards of the Texas Coastal Zone: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 13 p.

In all Bureau publications, no comma is needed between the Bureau name and the series name, if there is a series name. For example, “University of Texas Bulletin No. 3232” is correct; “University of Texas, Bulletin No. 3232” is incorrect.


34 Layout Proofing

Layout Proofing

Bad breaks

- Laid-out text should break from one line to the next without being disruptive to the reader. If a word must break between lines, break it across its syllables as found in the Merriam Webster Dictionary.

- Don’t break a 2-letter syllable across lines.

- Don’t cause double-hyphen breaks (e.g., breaking a word like “quick-witted” into “quick-wit-ted”).

- URLs should only be broken between words, before a period, or after a dash or slash. Do not introduce hyphens into an address that do not belong there.

- Do not break a word at the end of a page, especially recto pages.

Captions

Credits

- Bureau style is to justify figures and captions flush left with a ragged right edge. - Only non-Bureau photographs need credits (in the Bureau Annual Report).


35 Appendix A: Bureau Word List

Appendix A: Bureau Word List A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | W | X | Y

A

accommodate acknowledgments acre-foot air-dried samples air mass

Alaskan North Slope Alexandrian align Allen Intrusive Complex analog

Animikie aquifer recharge zone Argentinean ash-flow tuff Atoka

B

back-bank (adj.) back bank (n.) back bay backbeach backfill back-island dunes backreef backset backshore back side backswamp backwash Balcones Fault Zone bankfill bar finger bar-finger sands Barnett Shale play barrier-island facies barrier-island-strandplain

system

barrier-strandplain system baseline (foundation, basis) base line (surveying only) Basin and Range Province bay fill bayhead bay line bay margin bay-margin sand bay shore bayside bayward beachhead beachline beach ridge bed form bed load bed-load sediment bedrock bed set

benchmark (general point of reference)

bench mark (surveying) Bermuda grass bird’s-foot delta black-and-white photographs blowout blue-green algae borehole Boston Blue Clay bottom-hole pressure bottom load bottomset brackish water brackish-water marsh breaker-point bars breakpoint Bureau of Economic Geology,

the Bureau (not BEG) bypass by-product

C

caliche calichification capillary pressure curve cap rock (salt dome) caprock (overburden) carbon-14 dates carbonate-bank development Carboniferous Systems Cayuga Central Mineral Region Central Texas

central Texas coast channel bar channel fill channel-fill deposits channel flow channel-mouth bar chenier plain clear-cut trend closeup (noun, adj.) close up (verb) coalfield

coal gas coal mine coarse-grained sandstone coast (shoreline)—Texas coast,

Gulf coast the Coastal Atlas (of Texas) or,

seven coastal atlases coastal-barrier deposits Coastal Plain (Texas) coastal region Coastal Zone (Texas) coastline



color-infrared photographs continental shelf, inner

continental shelf (but Outer Continental Shelf)

convolute bedding (not “convoluted”)

core hole County/Counties (capped when

preceded by name but: Travis‒Hays county line)

coupled flow–geomechanical simulator

Coast (shoreline) When two counties mentioned: Travis and Hays Counties

creekbed crevasse splay facies

crop out (verb) cross-bank channels cross-bed

crosscutting cross-index list cross-lamination cross plot cross section cross-stratification cut-and-fill structure cutbank cutoff (noun, adj.) cut off (verb)

D

decision-making deep-sea fan deepwater (adj.) delta bar delta bedding delta facies unit delta fan delta front delta-front sand

delta-plain sediments desiccation

Devils River Uplift (no apostrophe)

dissemination dissolved-solids content distributary channel distributary-channel deposits downcurrent

downcutting downdip (noun, adj.) downdrift downhole downslope dredge spoil drift-line elevation driller’s logs dryland farming

E

earth (soil, ground, land) Earth (planet) Eagle Ford Shale East Texas East Texas Basin

Eastern Caprock Escarpment east–west-trending arch ebb-tidal delta electric log files enclosed bay

enclosed-bay environments Eocene-age systems eolian ephemeral-stream system the Equator

F

fan-delta lobes fanhead delta fan-shaped deposit far West Texas federal government federal law Fellow (as in postdoc) field (lowercase unless listed) fieldwork fine-grained siltstone fine-grained (very) fine grained sand finite difference method flexure fault zone

floodbasin floodplain flood prevention structures flood-prone areas flood state flood-surge elevations flood-tidal levels flood tide floodwaters footage (singular unit) flowback flow-banded rhyolite flow banding (noun) fluvial–deltaic system

fold belt foraminifers (not forams) forebeach foredune fore-island dunes forereef forest foreshore foreword fracking fresh water (noun) fresh-water sands fuller’s earth



G

gage gamma-ray logs geologic (formation, section,

time) geological (society, survey) geopressured geothermal

energy glacial Glorieta Formation grain-size analysis

grain-sized particles grass-covered dunes grassflats grasslands gray greenbelts groundwater groundwater/surface-water

interactions groundwater withdrawal

Gulf coast (shoreline) Gulf Coast (region): Upper Texas

Gulf Coast, Middle Texas Gulf Coast, Lower Texas Gulf Coast

Gulf of Mexico, Gulf (geographic entity)

gulf (the water) Gulf coastal province gulfside gulfward

H

hachure half-life half-scale Haynesville–Bossier headward-eroding stream Hensel Sand (not “Hensell” Sand

– Geolex is incorrect, namesake is Hensel Ranch.)

high energy

high-energy environment high flood stage high-gradient stream highstand high water (noun) high-water mark highway right-of-way Hill Country (region of Texas) hot-dry rock system

hot-water geothermal system hurricane-aftermath storms Hurricane George hurricane storm surge hurricane surge hurricane-surge flooding hurricane-tidal surge

I

incised-valley-fill systems Indiangrass infauna

inner continental shelf inner-shelf facies in situ gasification

interglacial

L

land cut land-cut area land disposal sites landfall landfill landmass landowner land resources land resources planning

Landsat land-surface subsidence land use land use maps land-water boundary lidar liquid-disposal sites live oak live-oak-covered ridges

live-oak mottes Llano Uplift log–log graph logjam long-term low-sand areas lowstand

M

magnetic north man-made man-years map-measuring wheel

marine deltaic sand marsh-covered tracts mass-flow deposits meanderbelt

meander lobe mean sea level (MSL) medium- to large-scale

structures



meltwater metabituminous meta-igneous micro-computed tomography microelectromechanical midheight millidarcy(s) (md) Mississippi River Delta

mixed load mixed-load stream modeled/modeling molecular dynamics simulation molluscan mollusk mud clasts mud crack

mud fill mud-filled channels mud flat mud-flat facies multidirectional multiphase

N

nationwide natural resource natural resource inventory nearshore near-surface occurrence net-sandstone map

Nicol prism nonbauxitic nonelectronic nonpay nontransmissive nonzero

North Texas north-central Texas nuclear-waste disposal Nueces Delta Nueces River Nueces River valley

O

occurrence offlap off-reef facies Ogallala Ohm’s law oil and gas industry oil field oil field brine disposal ongoing onland

onlap online onsite open-bay fetch open gulf, open sea open-marine fauna open-pit mine open-shelf areas orebody organic-rich sediments

Ouachita outbuilding outcrop (noun) Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) outer-shelf facies overbank oversteepening oyster reef oystershell

P

the Panhandle (of Texas) pay-zone thickness percent (use with numbers; may

also use “%”) percentage (proportion: “small

percentage”) Permian (upper/lower, early/late) pinch-out (noun) pinch out (verb) plane table play point bar

point-bar sands point-count method policymaking PO Box X polycarbonate poorly sorted sand porcelaneous postdepositional postglacial postsalt poststorm

pre (run in as a prefix) Precambrian preexisting pre-Pennsylvanian preprocessor presalt present-day prestorm prime meridian prodeltaic

R

ramp-barrier shell ramp/barrier flat

ranchland range-pastureland

re-cover (to cover again) re-create (to create again)



re-form (to form again) red-bed facies red beds reef-bank system relative permeability curve

ridge-and-swale topography ring-fracture intrusions Rio Grande Rio Grande Embayment riverbank

roadcut rock-stratigraphic terminology root mottled root-mottled clays rudist-fragment packstone

S

sabkha saddleback saltgrass salt marsh salt-marsh plain salt water (n.) saltwater (adj.) sandbar sand belt sand body sand-body geometry sand flat salt-flat facies sand hills sand-percent map sandplain seabed seafloor sea level sea-level fluctuation seawall seawater semiarid semiempirical septic-tank filter-field locations

septic-tank systems sewage treatment facility shallow-water bays shallow water table shaly sheetflood sheet-sand facies sheetwash shelf-carbonate deposits shelf edge shoreface short-term consequences shrink-swell potential shut-in sinkhole slopewash sloughgrass small-scale ripples solid-waste disposal sites soluble solution collapse zones south-central Texas South Texas Southern High Plains southwest India monsoon

special-use maps spoil heap Spraberry Formation stairstep topography State (of Texas) statewide stillstand stillwater stillwater mark storm-surge flooding storm-tidal surge storm-washover channel strandline strandplain streambed stress dependent permeability strip mine (noun) strip-mine (verb) subbituminous sulfur Sulphur River surface-water storage area surface-wind direction suspended-load facies swamp-timber

T

Taiwan warm current terrain (landscape, topography) terrane (geology, physiology) terrigenous Tertiary (early Tertiary late

Tertiary) test site area Texas’ (possessive)

Texas coast Texas Coastal Zone Texas Gulf Coast tidal delta tidal-delta deposition tidal flat tide gauge measurements time-stratigraphic units

Tobin Grind System topset topsoil total dissolved solids (TDS) trace element analysis Trans-Pecos Texas

U



UT Austin (OK for internal audience)

the University (1967 to present: The University of Texas at Austin; 1881–1966 = the University of Texas, Austin)

upbuilding upcurrent updip uplands upper Coastal Zone (Texas) upper Texas coast

upstream U.S. Geological Survey, the

Survey, or USGS

W

washover fan washover-fan environments waste disposal site wastewater wastewater treatment plant water bodies water table water-table position water well waterflooding

wave-cut (noun, adj.) wave-dominated delta well-developed meanders wellbore wellhead well log character well-log data well-sorted sands very well

sorted sands West Texas

Western North Pacific wettability windblown wind-flat facies wind-tidal flats wind tide woodland-timber worldwide

X

X-ray

Y

Yangtze River Estuary years—1990’s years ago


41 Appendix B: Divisions of Geologic Time

Appendix B: Divisions of Geologic Time

Eon Era Period, System, Subperiod, Subsystem Epoch or Series

Phanerozoic1

Cenozoic1

Quaternary1 Holocene Pleistocene

Tertiary

Neogene1 Pliocene Miocene

Paleogene1 Oligocene

Eocene Paleocene

Mesozoic1

Cretaceous Late Upper Early Lower

Jurassic Late Upper

Middle Middle Early Lower

Triassic Late Upper


Paleozoic1

Permian Late Upper Early Lower

Carboniferous Systems

Pennsylvanian Late Upper


Mississippian Late Upper Early Lower

Devonian Late Upper


Silurian Late Upper


Ordovician Late Upper


Cambrian Late Upper


Proterozoic Late Proterozoic none defined

Middle Proterozoic none defined Early Proterozoic none defined

Archean Late Proterozoic none defined

Middle Proterozoic none defined Early Proterozoic none defined

pre-Archean 1 = modifiers used with these divisions of time are informal and therefore should not be capitalized


42 Appendix C: Abstracts

Appendix C: Abstracts

Overview

An abstract should be a distillation of the most essential information in a paper. An abstract quickly telegraphs to readers what the report is (a review of progress, new data or technique, etc.) and what the report will tell them. In writing the abstract, try to maintain the precarious balance of being as specific as possible while remaining succinct.

The abstract deserves careful preparation because it may determine a report’s impact and usefulness. The abstract is read by many more people than hear or read the entire article. It may appear in abstract journals or be used by indexers, bibliographers, book reviewers, database compilers and searchers, etc.

An abstract should be simple, direct, and terse. Elaboration and eloquence belongs in the rest of the text. Do not duplicate the introduction of the report in the abstract or repeat the abstract in the summary or conclusions sections. Use active voice as much as possible will to help readability and brevity. Brevity is critical in writing an abstract; many societies or associations limit the abstract to 250 words.

The Bureau uses abstracts to prepare publication announcements because they promote current awareness of Bureau publications and of geologic research in general, so they should be written for a broad audience.

What Goes into an Abstract

Abstracts should contain: Abstracts should avoid:

- Objectives/purpose of research - Location of study area (state, region,

county, or city) - General methods - Results summarized - Brief conclusions and recommendations - Applications or possible uses for research

- Background information - Previous research - Common knowledge - Raw data (included summaries of data

only) - References - Footnotes - Illustrations - Equations - Arguments/proofs/lengthy discussions - Details on equipment and methods - Abbreviations and acronyms

Other Resources

Abstracts | The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Writing Scientific Abstracts | Purdue University

http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/abstracts/

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/writing_scientific_abstracts_presentation.html


43 Appendix D: Keywords

Appendix D: Keywords

Overview

Keywords allow readers to assess quickly the contents and relevance of an article, and they increase the ease and accuracy of indexing and preparing bibliographies. Journal editors and indexers prefer to use author-supplied keywords because authors, being more familiar with their subject and study area, can provide terms that are not apparent from the article’s title or abstract.

Beginning in 1983, all Bureau publications will carry keywords at the end of the Abstract section. Bureau researchers should comply with journals and other non-Bureau publishers in following their preferred styles for keywords.

To assist in selecting keywords, many journal editors will refer you to a published list of keywords, known as a thesaurus, that is specific to the discipline. Two of the most commonly used thesauruses in the geosciences are the GeoRef Thesaurus and Guide to Indexing and the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms. Because of its extensive coverage of the geosciences, we recommend that Bureau authors use the GeoRef Thesaurus for Bureau publications and for outside papers and abstracts, unless the journal editor specifies otherwise.

Selection

We suggest that authors choose up to 10 keywords per article or report including the proper names used in the title. At least two keywords should refer to geographic location, such as name of group or formation, city, county, state, or region. The GeoRef Thesaurus has additional geographic keywords for Texas.

The other keywords chosen should reflect the general field of interest or subject matter of the article. The GeoRef Thesaurus includes the following broad terms (indicated by boldface type in the thesaurus):

areal geology geochronology marine geology economic geology geomorphology

mineralogy engineering geology geophysical surveys soils environmental geology

hydrogeology structural geology geochemistry hydrology tectonics

More specific subject terms, which are also listed in the Thesaurus, include:

geothermal oil and gas lignite radioactive waste

uranium ores (commodity) nuclear facilities

soil sampling water quality

Keywords for maps that are published alone should include the name of the area mapped, the map scale, and the kind of map, such as:

contour maps gravity survey maps stratigraphic maps

geologic maps hydrologic maps structure contour maps

geophysical maps isopach maps tectonic maps


44 Appendix E: Linked Resources

Appendix E: Linked Resources

U.S. Geological Survey

Dictionary of Water Terms

Earthquake Glossary

Glossary of Astrogeology

Directory of Keyword Resources

- Some of these resources redirect to non-USGS government sites and lists.

AAPG

AAPG Wiki

- Useful for explanations of science and checking spellings.

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/dictionary-water-terms?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/astrogeology-science-center/glossary-terms

https://www.usgs.gov/products/data-and-tools/data-management/keywords

https://wiki.aapg.org/Main_Page


45 Appendix F: Proofreading Marks

Appendix F: Proofreading Marks


46 Appendix F: Proofreading Marks

Documents

Bureau Style Guide