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Contents

L I S T O F G R A M M A R T E R M S

V E R B T E N 5 E 5

I Present time 1: present simple, present continuous. time exprcssions l0

2 Pr€sent time 2: present simple or continuous?, prcsent continuous or present pedect 14

continuous?, other uses of present tenses, state verbs

3 Past time 1: past simple, past continuous, time expressions, past smple orcontinuous 18

4 Past time 2r past perfect, time exprcssions, past perfect continuous, used tol!'l,ould 22

+ nfinitive

5 Past and present 1: present perfect, time expressions, be€t (to) and gone (to) 26

6 Past and present 2: past simple or present perfect?, prcsent simpe or present perfectT, 30present perfect continuous, time expressions, present pertect or present perfect continuous?

7 Eutute 1t wilt, going to, present continuous, wil/ ot going to?, going ta ot ptesent 34

continuous?, time exDressons

8 Future 2i time expressions, prcsent simple/continuous, future continLlous, future p€rfect' 38

wal going to, other ways to talk about lhe futule

P A S S t V E S

9 passive li fofm, focus on impo(ant information, systems and processes, sayinq who does 42

the action, transitive and intransitive verbs

10 Pasiive 2: linking to previoos information, being fomal/impersonal, passive + infin tive, 46

verbs with two objects, have something done, to be bom

MODAIS ANO RELATED VERBS

11 Modals and related verbs l: form, ability, w;// and willingness 50

12 Modals and related verbs 2i necessity, no necessity, pemission, prohibition, oplnions 54

and advice, Dast criticism, need lo

13 Modals and related v€rbs 3: probability, certainty and deduction, expectation, lnceara nty, 58

possibillty

I 4 Modals and related verbs 4: direct/indirect language, requests, permiss on, offers and 62

invltatlons, suggestons

Q U E S T I O N S

15 Questions l: yeslno questions and answers, question word questions, question phrases, 66

quesrion words as lhe subred, negative questions

16 Questions 2: question tags, reply quenions, indiFct quest ons, preposit ons ln question5, ia

what B it tor and wlal was i lile

c o N D t t t o N A t S

17 Condit ionals1:condit ionsandresul ls, fvvesel/ . . . , / fwesold.,unlers,oihermodak 74

18 Conditionafs 2: /f we 50 ld .-. , ff we had sold ..., .onditionals withoui li wish, modal verbs 78

n conditionals. /f/ rvere You...

CONTENTS 5

VERBS FOLLOWED BY - , ,VG OR INFI I { IT IVE

19 Verb + -ing or intinitive I: ve|b+-r?g; verb + to+ innnitive, verb +objecr+ fo+ infnitve, a2make and /et, verb + that clause

20 Verb + ,hg or inJinitive 2: ve.b + -t g or infinitive, ve|bs of p-6rcepUon, pass v-a forms: 86-lrg or infinitive

R E P O R T E D S P E E C H

2l Reported speech 1: reported speech;tense changes, notense change. peopl€, paces, 90times and things

22 Reported speech 2: 5ay or te4 other reporting vebs, /t + pass ve of a reporting verb, 94reporting questions, rcpoding commands and requests

P H R A S A L V E R B 5

23 Phrasal verbs l: undeGtanding phrasalvelbs, separable phrasal verbs, inseparable 98phraralverbs

24 Phrasalverbs 2: phrasalve|bs + p€position. three-pan phrasalverbs, partcle me.nings 1O2

O I H E R V E R B C O N s T R U C I I O N S

25 Verbs and obiectsr transitive vebs, intransitive verbs, verb + two objects, vefb + twoobjeds using lor 106

26 The 'ing form: as a noun, as an adjective, after prcpositions, used to b-cain a c ause 1 1 0

27 rhake, do, get, haver uses of four common verbs 114

F E L A I I V € C I A U S € 5

28 Relative clau5$ 1: relative clauses, €lative pronouns, leaving out the re ative pronou n n 118a defining rclative clause, non-defining reiative clauses, €lat ve prono!ns and prepostions

29 Relative clauses 2: combrning senten<es, structure of combined sentences, use of 122what, use ol where, when and why, rclative clauses with a participle {-lngl-ed)

I{OUNS, PRONOUiIS AI\ ID ARTICLES

30 Countable and uncountable nouns: @untable nouns, uncountable nouns, singu ar or 126p|nal?, alan/a bt of, anylsone, nanyl nuch, few,liftle, specific and general meanings

3l Pronouns: indefinite prcr,ouna, someonelanyone, eye4lonelno one, reflexive pronouns 130

32 Determiners: a///most/nanylsomela few, all meaning 'everything' or 'th€ on y ih ng', 134no/none, ea.hlevery, both I elherl neithel

33 Possessiv€s and compound nouns: possessive adjectives and pronouns, 's (aposirophe s), 138ot compound nouns

34 Articles 1: basic uses ol artides, a/a4 a of an?, tle noarticle 14235 Articles 2: place names and no article, place names and rhe, speci. lses of the, 146

specdl use! of ' ro ddi( le. gener. land spFcrtr( rredrrngs

6 CONTEI{IS

A D J E C T I V E 5 A N D A D V E R B S

36 Adiectives and adverbs: types, form of adverbs, g€dable and non gradab € adj€ct ves l 50

oder of adjectives, adiedives ending -t g and -ed

37 Comparing 1: comparaiives and superlatives, comparinq equal things, compar ng actions 154

38 Comparing 2: lalge and small differcnces. other structures with cornparatives, phGseswth 158

supe atives, comparing advelbs, compannq nouns

39 Adverbs of degrce: too lenoughlnot enough, orher stuctut€s w th too and e'ough' 50 162

ad such, quite, lail\, PrctlY ot Gtherl

40 Time adverbs: inlon /af, no preposition on time ot in tinel ' far lsince lduring lago, 1 66

duing ot whtlel , by ot untin , then lafterwatds / after / later, calender references

I I I { K I N G W O R D S A N D P H R A S E S

4l Linking wor& l: addition \and, both, too' atsa, etc)'.or[ast lbut, yet, althaugh thaugh, 17o

even though, whereas, despitelin spite ol) although ot wheteas?

42 Linking words 2: te3son (becausq at since) rcsu t (5o), purpo5e (to and ftr, 50 thaf), 174

manner (as, as ifand ,ke)

43 Developing an argument 1: words meaning and, butand50, exarnples (for examp/e' 174

for nstance. such a5), additional/rcalinformation (in fad, acTua//r, sequence (lilst ofail

as weltas, this, finally), generalising (in gereral on the rviole), surnmarsing Go' to sum up,

in sum nary), eithet ... ot .., instead of , except for

44 Developing an argument 2: pelsonal comment, othet linking words and phrases, 142

structures to ioclis on important information, af t/re end, in the end, at last, if, unless, otherwse'

abbrcviations in written Englith

P R E P O S I T I O N s

45 Prepositlons of pfa<e: ai or ,ir?, exprcssions with at in and on, above / below, ovet / under, 186

o1qosite, next ta/beside, neatlbY

46 Verb + preposition: velb + preposition, verb + obje( + preposition, verb + different 190

oreoositons, use5 of different prcpositions

47 Adjective + preposition: adjective + prcposition, feelings, other adlectives, adjective + 194

choice of oreoosition

48 Noun + preposition: noun + preposition. rise, fal/ + ofllr, connection, reatlonship + 194

wkh/bef een, need, wish, reguest + for' prepositional phrases

I R E N D S . G R A P H 5 A N D F I G U R E S

49 Tr€nd5, graphs and figures: qraphs and fiqures, trends, verbs and objects, .dverbs and 242

adjecuves, linking words and phEses

PUNCTUATIOI {

50 Punctuation: capital lettets, fullstop, comma, semi-colon, colon, speech marks, questlon )46

mafk and exclamation mark

co[tENTs 7

Test bank (for diagnosis or review)

Tcat I Verb tenses: prgent (units 1 2)

Test 2 Verb tens€s: past (units H)

Test 3 Velb tens€s: past and presem (units t6)

Tesl4 Verb tenses: future (units 7-€)

Tert 5 Passives (units 9-10)

Test 5 Modals (units 1l-14)

Test 7 Qr.i€stions (units 15-16)

Test I Condhionals (units 17-18)

Test 9 Verbs + -,iag or inlinitive (units 19-20)

Test l0 Reported speech (units 21-22)

Test 11 Phrasal verbs (unils 23-24).rest12 nakel dolgetl have (unit 271

Ten t3 Relatjve clauses (units 28-29)

Test 14 Nount pronouns and anicles (units 30-35)

Ten 15 Adjectives and adv€ftE (units 36-40)

T€st 16 Prepositions (units 45-48)

210

2 1 2

214

2 1 8

220

222

224

226

221

228

231

232

Appendices

Appendlr 1Appendlx 2Appendlx 3Appendlx 4App€ndlx 5

Regular v€rh6: all tomskregulaa verbsSpellingDiagram of the English velb systemEriti5h and American English

244

249

263

Answer key

Index

List of grammar terms

The actrv€ form of a verb is when the pe6on orthlng doing the a'tion |5 the

subject of the verb: , Mote the reporr. Compare with 'parsive fo'm' on page 9'

An adjective helps to d€sc be a noun or pronoun: /t3 a small' modem starage

An adverb adds infomatioti abo'r\ when, wherc at haw sornething happens: /d'd

it yeneday. I did it qui.klY.

Article5.rc the wsd the (= th€ definte artice)or a/an (= the indef n te altcle)

An auxiliaryverb (be do and have) is used with alher verbs to make tenses 'no

passi\e forme: He it vnrking in Milan where did vou go? Iwa hundred peapte

have been nade redundant.

A clauie i5 a group of wods that conta ns a subject and a verb lt may b€ a

sentence or only pan or a sent€nce.

A .onditional is a sentence lhat incLud€s i, unless etc, and nares somethlng that

must be t.ue (the condition) before somethinq elte can be tnre or can happen {the

result).

The continuous is the lom of the velb lh.t luggests that an actbn s in progress

The continuous form ends in -rng

A determiner is a wod like lhe, son]e and everv lt is used beiore a noun or

adjecrNe ro show wh(h tr' .g yo- nean

A gerund is an ',ng form of a verb used like a noun: Smoking is not allowed My

haw is sailing

An imperarive i5 when we tellpeope what to do we use the base form of the

\et6: Come hete. Swilth off the lbht

The infinitive is lhe base foffn ot the verb (wort, qo, €tc) lt s used with or without

to: I hape to see you next week. I must go naw.

The -ing lorm is the form oi the verb thai ends ln'ing When it s used as a verb or

adjective it is sometimes called a'present participe:/saw hin leaving' Abo ng

meetrEr. When it is used as a nouf it i5 somet mes .alled a 'qerund' 6ee above)

An intransitive verb is a vetb that do€s noi take an obiect For example, the vem

arive ir iniransitlve: / atrived here /ast week ln this sentence there is no object

compare wlth 'vansilive ve.b' on paqe 9.

A modaf verb is a verb like can, wi , night and should lt g ves a me'nlnq like

abiliry, obligation, prcbability, permsson, etc

A noun is a word that is the nam€ of an object, idea, pace or person: a car,

demo(acy S ingaPorc, Robett.

A noun phrase is a group of words. lncLuding a noLrn' wh ch can act as a subled or

object of a senienc€: p€aple, sane peapte, sane people wha werc hete vestetday

The object is the wod that descrlbes the peBon or lhing lhat is aff€cted by the

vetb: t innalled tone new softwarc on ny PC

Clause

conditional

Gerund

lnfinitive

The -ioq form

object

LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS 9

Passive form The passive form is used to show how rh€ subj€cl of the v€rb is atfected by theaction of the velb: Ihe report was wfitten W n,e. Compae wlth the active forrnon page 8.

Past participle A pan paiticiple isthe form used in the perfect tense or passive structr.rres. Yc,can find it in the thtrd column of tense tables. For example: worked is the panparticiple of lvolk (this is d regular past participle). gone ls the past participe of 90(this is an iregular past participie).

Possessive A possessive is a form that shows who or what something belongs to: my4lour(possessive adjectivet. m,loelyours (possessive pronouns), etc. lt is a so used to showother types of €lationships: my hthet my hometown; ny enployer.

Phrasalverb A phrasal verb is a verb with an adverb or prepositon that has a d ffe€nt mean ngf.om the verb used alone: Ihe plane too& off.

Preposition A preposition is a word like aa behind, in, thtough, to, wth u5ed b€for€ a noun orpronoun to show pla.e, time, direcrion, etc.

Pronoun A pronoun is a wod like lC me, you, hin, her, e.(,rhat takes the place of a noun:Have you been to Wa6aw? L has changed a lot aver the last few yeaE.

Question tag A quenion tag is a sho( quenion like /snt i2 or don't ,ou7 that you add ai theend of a sentence to check infomation or ask it someone aqr€€s wth vour /ts holisnt It?

Reflexive pronoun A reflexive p.onoun is mainly used to show that the person who does the acton isalso the oerson alfected bv ir: She introduced herself to ne at the coflee break.

Relative.lause A relative clause is used to identii/ someone of someth ng, or give mor€infomation about them. lt begins with who, which, that, eL.

The sfmpfe The simple is the basic fom of thevetb: I agrce with you (pr€sent simple), Heagre€d r14th me (past simple).

Th€ subj€ct lhe subject is the word that shows who is doing the acton of the verbr.rea, workshere oara-,lme, lt usuallv comes before the verb.

Tense A t€nse i5 the fom of the verb. lt helps !s to know the t me at which an action ofevent happened (past, present or f!tufe). A(adem cs somet mes have a more imiteddefinition ot the word'tense', and rhey make a distincton betw€€n 'tense' and'aspecr' . I work in the na*eitng ar€a (pres€nt simpl€ teffe), t wo*ed in themarketlngr area (past simple tense).

Transitive verb A transitive verb is a v€rb lhat has an object. The velb make s tr.nstve, and nthis sentence a m,lrtake is the obled: lhey've made a ndake. Compar€ wih'inlrdn<irive verb on page €.

Verb A verb expresses an action o( stare: He a ived at 103A. He knows the naftet

1 0

A

resent time 1

Present simple: form

I The p€sent slmpl€ is fomed with th€ nf nitive form of the verb We add sforthethlrd person

sinqular helrh€l/t.l/you /we / they work here.

He / she / it works here.

a Negatves are fomed with doldoer rot. In speech and informa witlng we uee contractons

t/yaulwelthey do not (don't) wo* herc.

He tshe / it does not (doesn't) wotk herc.

a Quenions arc forrned with the auxiliary verb doldoer and th€ nflntve.shortanswe6to

yeslno queetions rep€at the auxiliary

A: Do tou work here? A: Does she work herc?

B Present simple: usesa We use the present simple for permanent facts.

This nachine cuts the netal.ln finance,'p/e' ttands fot priceleanings rcna'.

a We use the presenl simple for actions and situations that are genera y true.We offet a full range of flnancial prcduc1s.Liz wo*s in the Matketing depannent.

a We use the pr€senl simple lor aclions which.re repeated reg! ary over a long peiod oi t me,

for example habits and routin€s.

AtU,ionl Est,'ent, a lat{. Ftd klrt jukl h4mlet, dbo half rf ttu dBtone\ iwesr d ftrularanhr,t.!c\' ,'otth. (Wrll StreetJouanl Eurcpe website)

C Present simple: time expressions

a We often ule frcqu€ncy adverbs wirh the present sirnpe Exarnpes inc ude:

alwavs, often, usually, nomaly, sametines, occasionaly, ftrely, not aften, hardly eve, never

Ibq Shith, tha .hieJ e\edti,e ol Colli's Sku4tt, cswllt ises dt 6 d,h. H. tdk6 the ttdin ta

Iinnok a d afti"e! at his ofie hy I an. LMcll k tt alb a tand.pteh uith sana Japanete rrceale{trel. (sund.y Tines websire)

a Note the positlon of fiequency adv€rbs:

Belorc the main velb: I often .3ke (l don't of€n |j,ke) the Eurostat to Erussels

I'n usua y (l'n not usualy) nervaus befate a ptesentattan.

B: Yes,ldo./No, I don't B. )€5 ih€ doei./No, she doeiDl.

a Adverb phr.ses like e!€ry day, onG a yeaa nost af the tine, frcn time ta time, now and then

come at the beginning o. end ot th€ senten.e:

Ttrf St'tith ta"els to hit NeuYa'k ofre ofe dflonth. (SundayTiEes website)

see unft a a We also lse the prcsent simple aft€r thes€ future time expressions: when, aftec befare unless,

in case, as saan as, until, by the tine, the next ti|r,e

1 PRESENT IIME I 1I

D Present <ontinuous: forma The present continuous is formed w th the auxiliary verb be and the hg forrn of the main verb.

mings dre also l'!sy at Dea\the Pon, ehich Josflded its E-ConftLere Setui( IECS) htemeldivisioti i nlid-1999. ECS Lr setting ry odin. stoq, hsndliag product delivety and eretd.lministding lrEnet a6tonE6'ftdit cotd ,nbe6. (FT.com website)

see appendix 3 In sp€ech and in{ormalwriting we Lrse convactions. Negatives are formed wth the verb

t an (t'n) warkins here. I'n not working herc.You arc (you"e) wo*ing here. You're not/You arcn't vr'a*ing here.she is (she's) warking here She's not/She isn't wotking here.we arc (we're) warking here. we'rc not/we arcn't wo*ing here.They ate (they'rc) workins here They'rc not/They arcn't wo*ins herc.

Not ce that there ar€ two alternatives for the negatives oI you / he / she /it lwe lthey

I Quenions are fomed by inverting the subj€ct and the auxi ary be. Short answeG toyes/noqLrenions repeat the auxiliaryA: Ate you working here? A: ls he working here?S: Yes, I amlNo, l'm not- B: Yes, he is/^ta, he isn't.

E Ptesent continuous: useia We use the p€sent .ontinuous to talk about temporary actions and situations that arc

nappenrng now

a The acton or situation may be in progress now, at the mornent of speaking:Sarry W Oa* can t see you at the nanent. He's Elking ta a ustoner

a The acton or rituatio. may be happening 'around now', even f il s not happen ng exactly atthe momenl oi speak ngl

A e o\ poweful oklnr rttha,lt are movinz ca*ua , to lrc ar Net htarket h Ewope.'Ihey're openiry ofi.cs in lindo"\ Canatf Whaf ... and bulng biLlb.adt i Bamlo a.(Businessweek websire)

a The action of situation may be a current trend:

Codp et San'B arc gettirg bettet ercry year TlE applnatian oJ phy\i6 is nakins htouene t htorc&lni. and dnifuial ihtcllircne ir .a6ing pky{s to buou. 'karc euotianallt intulred.(Econonnt website)

F Present continuousi time expressionsa The present continuous is often used with these iime exprcssions: now ar ihe momeni,

nowadays, tunently, these days, right now.

Ftunthnitg ii lnc UtiErl Std?s h6 beet go|ing steadily sine th. 1950s dnd thk @ftept is novp@iding husiflss opponunities i" not kan ?5 difetent indunri.s. (worldtndeonlile

12 I PiEE|'T T|ME 1

I Practice

Exercise 1 ff g

Unde ine th€ corr€ct words.1 You often vnrk / DQJgllgfteltwork at the weekend?

2 | dan t knowl not know why your invoice hdsn't been paid.' try to f nd out.

3 Excuse me, does )ou knowldo you knowll Ihis isthe wdy to the lT sernin.r?4 sorry that pojector don't wo*ldoesn't work. Use rhis one nstead.

5 A: Do you know ou. new sales rep Marta?

B: Yes, Ido-lYes, I know.6 a: ls that Linda Napie. over th€rc?

B: Yes, she wpks / she do work he.e.I I writing /I'm writing Ihe €pon at the moment lt should be rcady iomorrow

a They not replying /They're not repting to my emaib. l'll have to phone them9 why is therc such a long delay? whar is hawening? lis happenl

1A You are enjayinglAre you enioyhg this conference?

11 Can Karen callyou back? Shes speatlsie3 spea/o)rg on another ne.

12 A: ls Sarah Kennedy expecting me?B: Yes, she's expeding.lYes, she is.

Exercise 2 8g:Match sentences 1-5 with their lses a)-€).

a) permaneni factsb) habts and repeated actionsc) actons in progress at the moment ot speaking

d) temporary adions happening 'around now'

e) current trends and changing situations

I These days wete selling more and more oi olr products abroad

2 LooklTh€yte selling malt whisky at 20olo dscounl in dLrty ireel

3 we re selling the new model, but we don't have any in stock right now

4 we usua ly sell arcund 40% ol our annualtotal at Ch stmas t me.

5 we sell a full range of consumer electronics, from TVs to cameras.

a) | every day arrive at t6e ofiice at aboul nine. J

b) Every day I arrive at the office at about nine. n

a) lawars check my email before doinq anylhing else. n

b) Always I check my email belo.e doinq anythinq else. n

a) This iakes a lot of time usually as | rcceive so many. n

b) rhls usu.lly rakes a Lot of time as I re(eive so many. L.l

a) Most of the tim€ the emarls are not very urgent. n

b) The emalk.re most ofthe time not very urgent. n

a) quite often get junk email frcm .ompanies I don't know about. n

b) qet quite often junk emailfrcm companies I don't know.bour !

a) abor.rt once a month delete all myjunk email. ]

b) delete all myjunk email about once a month. ]

ta

IL ]

nn

Exercise 3 lFlDecide which wod order is the most usual, .) or b). Put a tick (/) by the coff€ct answer.

@0.

1 PRESENT TIME I 13

Exercise 4 A 3lane introduces Claude to lo;o in London. compet€ the dl.logLre by punnq each of the verbs n brdckers

into the coffect form oJ the prcs€nt s mple.

rAM Chud. . (1) . . . . . . . .QP..1Q{. .K$9! .1 . . . . . . ( }o" / k"o*) Jo io? Joio (2) . . . . . . - - - - - - ( t ' . )

f ron Br :zr l . but he sorked $ i rh meh Par is hn yei r ' He (3) . . . . . . . . - - - -

(tro\, a lot abour lour Line of\rork.

. ia !Dr ReaI \ ' lWcl l I ( .+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) ver l p lersed to mcct you,Joio

r.rio Plelsed to ,neet ),ou roo- Chude.

CL UD!, So. Nhrr exictly (5) .......... .. . . (]ou/do)?

lono, I (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( \ork) in the on lndtst r l .s r nrarket imlysr .

.LAUDE oh, $ )ou (7) . . . . . (nmke) de.nio's about level\ ofprcductio'1?

ro^o No. l (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( I rot 'n .ke) any decsions rc i l lY MYJob

(r) ....................... . . (nrvolve) studvmg mrket tends and sivins.dvicc on levch 'f

Productron.{tr^!r)1, StiI, rh.ti: lot of rcsponsibiht\l

r(),i() \Vell.-lcs.but B..zil (10) 0rot/be) x t]xior prcducs likc Stdl

Anbir. What about \oo?

i :uurr I rvrk for r Frcn.h .oDryanr dr3t ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . ( ' !pp ly) sPccix l ised

cquipnent to drc o i l ! ! tost r (wc (12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) one of thc b isses

conrprnies !r our nlfket.

r ( )^( ) Oh, rc i l l l? And (13) . . . . . (vo! / o f ten / conrc) b Lordor?

( ,^urn, Ycs, qui te of ieD. M! conlp.Dy (1{) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0urc) rn o l i ice hcrc l t

(1s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( l tx / t .kc) loDs ro gt t here norv, i fyo! t r ivc l by Eurostxr '

(inrld I givc )ou D1! cirda

Exercise 5 D E

02 CompLeie this newspaperartcle aboui the Braz an cornpany Cerdau by using the words from lhe Lisi

beow Each set of wods f Lls lwo spaces

i5+€€6rFi€€l€€mpa€ie5 is making/flexibe s altractinq/attention is approaching/market slrare

is getting/rghi s raisifg/plan6 ie beginning/expectations i5 rnodernis n9/Law

t5b)

(6bl ----------- ---- of ctd€, th€

Th6€ days it'3 much easi€r to do

hsiness ir B.& . Th€ gov€lm€n!

is 3implilying th€ .6nPmy-td

3ttu.tue,it(7a),,.......,,.,....,,,,,,...... --.

ti€ labou mrk€t mor.

(7b)..--.........,.....,,.,...,,,,,,,.... by charying

rhe rstncfv.lalou lawt, dd il

dom6ri. ndk€l ald so it

(5.),,....,-.....,,*......,*....-- lh€

.......-...... ... ........comPdv

Gerdau: a Brazilian success storyG€dau, th. Bdilid st€el Erk€r,

o") ....it-...be..!.9x11.X.....'"'.r kri"Am.rica's dott 3ud€ssful

{$).......S-o..}re*.}i.-e:......Ir(2.).,....,,,,,....,,,,,..............,,, !rcduclivity

in fts l2t ) .,,,,,,..,,,,,.........-......,,,.... j ft

( 3a ) - " " - - t h 'P r i@

dil timing oi 6 r.keor6 of smaller

cobpad6 (3b) - -, - * - - - * - - - - - - - * ;

(4a),,......,..,..............,,-...,,,, io

(4b) --......-.......-,.....,,,,.....,,,... InvetoE

wat a 6tu ihlgs fods€d and

tFnspent, with . .impl. sh.re

structurc, ad th.l3 €scdy what

TIE o! y ptubld in ih. snon rem is

. prebl€F of succ63. G€rd.u

resent time 2

A Present simple or continuous?It lhe prcsent simpe and pres€nt conlinuous are expa n€d nuftl Compare

facts that are dlw.ys irue

l rive in Audapesa (all the time)This plane lands in rtankfurt (rculine)

events happen n9 at the mome.t

t'm living in Budapest. (fo. a lew rnonths)Lookt we'rc landing. (in prcgrcss now)

NTL dortint6 th. UK 6bl. tcl.ritia" tztket (Aenetll situation). 1t ir doilg ,.t, r,.ll t, rr.t st t{ Entup., ta., vith rbour 4tr, .rrro,e^ (rt the moment). (lntcrD.tioml HcraldTribune

Cd dda coiti'i'6 to b. th. "tost

poprlar onnt Ju|idt.h lic .rpd{rnri dr!,{.q L,S-rdr../.o,?d,ni (general srtuatiorl), blt thdt is .hanging (tJe.d in progrcs). (worldtradconlmc

B Present continuous or ptesent perlfect continuous?a The present continuous is used ior a temporary acrion happen n9 now

The present periect continuous dercribes an action n progress fiom the past up to the present.'ue is wo*ing an the new desiqn. (in progress now .nd wrllconnnue)'ue has been working on the new design. (in prog€ss lrp to now and may or rnay not contnue)

C Other uses of present tensesP R E S E N T S I M P L E

seeunirB . The present simpe can be us€d io refer to tmelablesand schedul€s Wh€n w€ speak about

t metables we are ofien ihinking about the futurc.

Britlsh AiMays flight 8A729 leaves Geneva at 16.40 and anives in Landon at 17.20.

a The pretent simple can be used to make a srory appear more immedrate and iniereeting. Th s is

common n journalism.

OD d srcy No,eh'bet dq, h Nev E,sld"d lE na.d i$ine EMC'\ heddqranea b \nry nndbnstu. Eftcatires aJ the dataJtotdte ,wkct leadu ye ha liuits ta the wold\ expadin! dppetite.fottheh tonge t&chinet. CEO Michael Rrcttrcrs tulls EMC rete\\iatptuoJ(Busin6s Week iveblite)

PRESfNT CONTINUOUS

see unit 7 a The preseni coniinuous can be used to descrlbe a fxed Juiure arrangement. There is usua y a

tuture time exprcssion.

HSBC arc moving to new premises next yeat

a We can use a/war.s with the prcsent continuous. Th s is oft€n used for exdqgeratinq orcomplaining. We emphasise a/wdr.s in speech n this case.This photacopier is always breaking dawn!

2 PSESENT TIME 2 15

D State verbsSome vebs descibe states, not acdons. Nothing happeni. Vetbs like this are not norma y

used in the continuous form of anytenseI notice that you've noved Jr'our desk (NOT ljn-i€{€ing)Sotry I don't undedhnd. (NOT Fr*-r€+rrnC€€€nd*g)Haw much does it con? (NOT H€.fl-rat€hi5++€+ii€+It weighs 4kg with the packaging. (NOT l+i5*e€*iEd

These ev€mples are in the present simple even tholgh we are ta king about temporary

State verbs include:

the senset: appear hearr /ook like, notice, see, seem, snel, sound, laste (= hav€ a flavou,

feelings: dislike, feat, hate, like, IovE, prefe, want, wishthinklng: agtee, believe doubt, expect (= believe) fee/ (= believe), foryet, imagine, know,

rcalise, rccognise, suppose, suspect, t lnk (= be ieve) unde6tandpossession: belong to, cortain, have (= possess), indude, own, passess

being: be, consist of. eist

othefverbs: cosc depend on, fit, involve, nattet, neasure (= have lengtht meaa nee4 satBFy

sutqise wetgh

Andlysts dp..t that tha/et i, tlr d.hEryed PGO Piness Cntiss tril thde initia y at lhott400t o shaq which tn .ns that PEO is c"rektly utdetuahrcd. Haue'er sonc akalysts thinh thalth. afti%l oI kctu tt'1itc shi.6 ai th hh at toill tbdu@ dtll i" pro,'ia. (Telegraph {ebsite)

Some of the verbs in lhe prcvious ist can have a Staie'meaning and an 'acton' meaning.

Examples include be, /ra!€, taste, tiirk.out supplie/J arc usually very helpful. \9".\eJout supplieE ate belng vety helpful at the nanent. (actian)I have n^/o iiste6. (state)I'm having prcblens with thr5 computer (action)Ih6 soup taner sa/Ol (state)I'm tasting the soup to see if li needs more ra/t (action)I think you're tight. lsrae)t'm thinking about changing ny hb. (acrion)

State v€rbs arc not normally used in the imperative.

"Whrt do you think . . , lhould w. 9a! sbrledon th.t motivation rcearch or notr

16 2 DRESE T 'IME 2

2 Practice

Exercise I !Underline the cored words-1 A. What do vou dolate you doing1

B: l'm an executive secretary2 A, What do tau dol are tou doing2

B: l'm looking for the details on lhe computer.3 A: whete do you wo*l are you wotking?

B: Pais thi5 month. then Eonn the next.4 A: whete do you wo*larc you woking?

B: At our head office in Paris.5 N,ly nameS walter, and / cortel/ m coming from F€nkfurt.6 | conell'n coming to FtanHurt next Thursday - | can call in to your offlce.7 | deal withll'n dealiry with Andrcw! dients while he! on holiday.A I deal withll'n dealirq with the papeMork and general administration.9 At Who do you golare you 9o,in9 to the Trade Fair withT

B: This year with Stefano.'10 a: who do you goleft you grorir,g to the Tlade Fair with?

8: Usually with Stefano.

Exercise 2 IlCompletethe sentences by putting the verb5 in brackets into the present simple or present cont nuous.

1 | ...4|d..19eki4t...4t.. (look a0 the deiails on the screen right now.

2 L............................... (look at) the sales results in detail every month.3 The productton line ................................ (nol wo*) at w€ekends.4 The p|oduction line ................................ (noL wo*) 6t the moment.5 Yes, I agree. | .......-........................ (think) itl a good idea.6 | ................................ (think) about it. l'll let you know tomorow7 Helen ................................ (stay) at the Anoda while she! in Madrid this month.8 Helen ................................ (stay) at the Astoria when shes in lradrid.9 We ................................ (take)a sample for testing once a day.

10 We .-................'.-'.-... (take)a big risk if we go ahead with the pfoject.

1 1 They ..-.........-....-.............. (be) usually very flexjbl€ if we need to change the ord€r1 2 They ..-...................-..-.,.... (b€) flexible about giving us cr€dit for a few more months.

Exercise 3 ISome of the following sentences are rightand some are wrong. Put a ti.k (/)next to the rlght ones, andcorect the wong ones.

I Which wine are you going to have?2 Which wine e€.y€r+p#ngt3 ]hats ridiculous - I m not believing it!4 Thats ridiculous - l'm not doing business with them againl ............................................5 l'm sorry l'm not Iollowinq what you're saing.6 l'm sorry, l'm not undeFtanding what you'r€ saying.7 This building is conlaining allthe pfinting machines.

do vou orefer

S Ihis building is qetting very old - soon we'll have to move. -............-.........................-...

2 PRESENT TIME 2 'I7

Exercise4 A D unit 1

!- 03 Cornpete ih s dr. ogle by putnng each of the verbs in brackets into the correcr form of the present s mple

or present continuous.

0) ...Ars...y.et ..leo..Ei^4.... ()ou/Look) fo. someone?jENNTER Yes I (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (need) ro spcak to Kinr tsryant bot \he lsnt n her oncc.

(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( !ou/kno\ ! ) Nhere srre s?

oh. I n sorm she sDt here todN Shc ( ,+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( lvork l d t hork t , l hrg

ro f iDsh an urscn! .eporr . I (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( thhk) she' l l te brck at her desk

rornorros l lahJp. l . -n hc lp \ou:

JENNtrrR Oh, thhks. I (6) ...................................... ..... (!iork) for Prirchaftl E!2ns.we(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (orgrn i ie) .orporare hospi ra l in . . .

Oh, , r 'er '

IENNTFR Weil, Knn IlDlrt .odte.ted us hst *tck Apprrcntl_v )o!(81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gxpcct) . v is i r bv r Korern r rade delesJt ion ne\ t t r ronth.

Ycs. thrti right

r NNrrEr( yln rskcd mc to cill in rDd givc hcr some inlbrmton on our seNicc. Um, I

(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (h ivc) x l is i . f sussestxna rv i th nre. I t

(10) . . ...... (give) )o! nlfornurior ou rvhcrc vou couLtt trkc _vou! \ ̂ ,(!\,

rDd .le ilr ofert services dut s,e cf olTcr.like our pick{,p s$vic. Iiou dic hotcl in r

.hx!ffc!.-drileD ltrDousine.

wcll, drrt nnnlds srext.Iln mre Kinr wo!ld bc rc.lly inrcrcsred ro see rhis

LNN! r Ho\r l ( r rs ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ( ] ,our vs i ro$/sr .y)?

Oh.1 Dr so.nr I (12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Dor/kDow) e\ i . t l ,vYr rc . l ly necd to spcrk

to Ku!r , d ic (13) Glc i l ) wuh rh i \ conr i r . i .c . I ' l l tc l l hcr o, $ ive ) , ,ur ring tonoroslwhat\ dre bcsr Inlc to crll?

rlNNtrlL I (1+) ... ... ('u/\ork) ii th. oftl.c ir thc onil\lr\ ... rnytrDe rftcr

No. Or sh. . rn .x l l l rc on ! r ! nr)b i l ( . , on 1)777. . .

Exercise 5 A D

04 Complele th6.r tce.bo!r the mag.z ne I ime Od by !s ng words f rom the l ls t below Decde whether toplt the verbs inlo the present simpe o. prcsenl coniinuous

€v/F look ior move want prov de try 1o

(2)

managem€.t time. Elliotr J$ h.s plds for

rh€ w€isit€, Tiheout-co6, which wag

laun.h€di!1e95ed(a)..--.-....,....-..,-...,,...,,,...infomation about hoe tha 30 .iti€s. Ir

{5).,....,........--........-........... o! adv€rrising

@€nui: d.l a sEaI uoDt of morcy fren

ti.&et sal6 lo 3wiv€. But as lir. OIl'

.hanges d.t qpanils, To.y Elliotr

3P..e on ih€ Int€rret site. ALo, he

11).,................................... the poddibility of

.h.rAing viditoB t6 th€ 3it. f6r a..€36 to

some inJonation. Derpite lh$€ e1pdsion

plds, Elliot saF that a fotation on the stock

mark€t i3 out of th. qledtion. H€

{3)..,,,,......,......................-. ao ke.p .onhol of

th. b8in$6 he lu3 built up-

Time Oufi time to e><1>a rrd-Tine Ott, tlr. Loldon .nl€rrairmeninagazine, h$ plan. lor €rpansion. Iialre.dy (1) .............q.b-.1;.......-..... tn€ no nlymagazirc P.ds ?adi6n, anil now it

other markels 3!.h I Arg.ntina and Japan,Tory Elliott, Titu O!f'r fou.ler, eF he(3),...,,...,,...,,..,,...,,...,........ local people toiriliat€ and m th. mtein6, as ?iruOrt's London of6.€ doedn't haye the cash o. in the printed v€Bion 10 tak€ more

ast t ime 1

A Past simple: form

Yaulwelthey werc tate.t / he / she t lt wasn't late.Yau I we / they wercn't lale.

wat l/he/she/n laE?Wete you /v\/e lthey late?

a The pasts impleof regularve.bs is form€d bydddng edtothe nfntve Vef tsending n €

simply add -d. common nrcgular vefbs dre listed on page 240.

check-checked: I decked the t'iqurestike liked: rhey liked his idea

lrfegul.r: eat-6te dtink dnnk ga went etc

a Negatives are for.ned with dlcl ,ot d nd the infin t ve This is contracted to ddn't n speech a nd

nformalwfltingtdidn't like his idea.l didn't 90 ta the neeting.

a Qu€nionsarc formedwth the auxili.ry velb dLl and the infintve Sho.t answeE to /es/roquenions repeat the arx aryA: Did you .heck the ftgures?B: Yes, I did.lNa tdidn't.

a Th€ verb to be 6 rregu ar and fo ows a different pattern n negatves there is no d/d n

questions there is no d/d and the sLrbject and verb arc nverled:

B Past simple: usesa We Lrse the pan s imple to delcr ibe act ions and states nacompletedperodof t ime.Weknow

when the actlon happened, and this may be meniioned or cear from the stualion.l.hecked the ligurcs very carcfuly iast week.I n sorry I wasn't in the aflice yestetday.

Akrtuan ISPJno design.d .al taa6. ohail vtuk. a nv rtulA( nDd tlu ontsonrccdrritrhi,tt dse. h lcased /br. li'xt.fto t d do.. t.updrk! d d hhed ort d5toitrt !.tui.c(BDsinesweek lvebs'te)

a The pan smple is a lso used to descr ibe habi tualac lons nthepanEvery evening we went out and ate in a different rcstaurant.

c Past simple: time exptessionssee unir 40 a T me expressons lsed with the pan simple ncludel

r,, r..: '. !r,.i ji! ar tuelve a,ctock/the end of the yeal

in the narning llune / 1998 / the sixtteson Friday/the sercnd of Aqtilno prcposition last week /yenetday I ago

tuk t n', 4ie rq d i@ t e d4td. o wttu.

3 PAST TIME 1 19

D Past continuous: formsee appendix 3 O The pan continuous is formed with the past ofbe and the -irg form of the main v€rb.lor sper ne ru es Negatives arc formed with the verb be + ,rot. In spe€ch and nfo.mal writing we us€

comraftonsl/ he / shel it was w)*ing yesterday. ll he lshe I it wasn't warking yesterday.Youlwe/they werc wofing yesterday. Youlwelthey weren't waking yestetday.

a Quenions arcformed by inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb be.short answ€6 to

)€slno quenions repedt the auxiliaryA: Was he wotking testerclay?B: res, he was.lNo, he watn't.A: Were they waking yestet)ay?B: Yes, theY werc-lNo, theY wercn't.

E Past continuous: usesa The past continuous is lsed to describe a situdtion in progress in th€ pan

I was waiting in the depafture lounge fot nore than wo hous.

a There can be several situations rn progress, happening at the s.me tirne:

Tl'e edtly 1970t Ms a tih. ukcn IBM uas belinning to lose its My a hd y lkiLltd Naplcwete learing to set ry thcn oM l,vliftltc!. Contpfiin{ uds dtering a kew d.q( (The'f ines

a The past continuous is used to give information about th€ backgrcund situation. The separate,

completed actions that happen duing or afterthi5 period are n the past simple:'I catn in to Otulc 6 it u'as fteoo.rinzron the &ssion oJ thc ed y 1990! Ttc busi e!! ittit I

joircd ha.l at1 azei'g ptudtct linc that uas d.ellning by 30 pu ,ent d yat i salet Wlthi a y?atuE cafiplctcu tsrneal thot un aro,id.' (Eurobusincss website)

lf we do not mention the background situation then the sepafate actions are in the past simple

in th€ normal way:When I a ved I rcgisEred at rcceplon and went straight to the confercnce hall.

F Past continuous: time expressionsa We can use whe4 wh,le oras with ihe pan cort nuous to mean 'dur ng the time that

something was haPPening':

Whilc Platner and Dietnar HW ud. devcloping the i6t redl-tine o 4 loesing tftteu 4lsAe aaus Wellent her pB Mitins thc jndntial sotware. (xurobusines website)

But if we mean'at the time that'then we only us€ whe, with the pa( sirnpe:He wasn t very hapry when I told hirr' the nevvs. (NOT *Hel-+d*hh ...)

G Past simple or continuous?a Sometimes the past simple or past continuols .an be used The pasi sim p e slggestr a

separate, complete aciion or event. The past continlous emphasises th€ duration oi the acion.we discusted the repoft and aqreed that Peter should prcpare lr.ne detailed flgurcs beforethe nert neenng.

we wete discussing the repott for over an hour Eventually we agreed that Petet shauldprepare sone detailed figures befote the next '],eeting.

20 :' PAST TIi'E T

3 Practice

Exercise 1 ffunderline the correct word/s.

1 A: Did you ge!/got the €maillsentyou yesteday?

B: Yes, thank, I oidlgot2 Hc\N you feltldid you fed when they to/d/did te// you about movinq offlces?

3 a: Did you tel//io/d him aboutthe change of plans?

B: Yes, l t lti.lldid.

4 1 d idn't see / didn' t saw rhe eason fof the delay, so I got I did get argry.

Exer<iie 2 H

@05 Complete the diaogue using the velbs from the li5t below in the past simple. There is a m xtlre of

affirmative, negalive and question forms. There i9 one negative qoeslion.

9€ take think sell lik€ have (x2) make (x2) be (x4) buy

DALE Hi,Jill.You (1) .......*q^J........ to the Milan Fashion Show iast week. didnt you?

(2) - - , - - - - - - - you - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a good n ip?

lrll, Yes, it'tv3s grcat.

D LE (3) ......................... you ......................... :rny usetul contacts?

lrr!, ',igel, therc (4) ......................... loids ofpeopie at the sho\ d I (5) ......................... . lot ofgood

contict but we (6) -.......... rly $ many orde.s as last yerr.

DALE oh, why was thrt? (7) ......................... rhey ......................... our new styles?

Iu, No, no, rhat (8)......................... rhe p.oblen.The shoes (9) ......................... rcally well, but we

(10) ......................... so successtul wnh some ofour other products.like handbrgs. for exanrple, ind

there (11) ......................... much more comperirion rhis year

lrLL we[, the Paul smith srand wa5 real]y busy.

DrE Oh, but his clorhes are expeniive ... Um, (12) ...-..................... people at the show

.. . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . our pr ices were too h igh?

ILL, Po$iblJr Bur we (13) ...............-..-....-. ....-.........-....-..-.. the authoriry ro lower them .t the rime.

DrE Oh, whar a shame. So it was a sEste ofa trip th€n?

IILL wel, not exactly ... I (14) ..................-...... this glEat pan ofPnda shoes and this Cucci h.ndbag

Exercise 3 ggUnde ine the best continuation of the conve6ations.

I A: What was she doing this morning?

B: She inANiewed/wat!fu?!!!!l4149 candidates fof the lales job.

2 A: How did Erenda spend her holiday?

B: Most days sh€ !rcntlwas goitg to the beach.

3 A: What happened after you laun.hed th€ prcduct?

B: while we promot€dlwere qonolng iI" ov main compelilot dropped /was droppirg their prices.

4 A: ldidn t see you ln the office last week.

B: Na,l wotkedlwas wo*ittg at home for a few dala.

5 A: What did Pat do when she saw the artlvork?

B: She called lwas (alling the designers and sa/itlwas saylhE it wasn t suitable.

5 A: Why did Renata take so long to g€t here?

Bi She said they mendedlu!€re merd,ing the rcad and so the rtaffi( noved/was naving \ery s owly.

3 PASTIIME 1 21

G1o"Exer.ise 4 A

Complete thi5 article about VN€ndi by pLrtl nq e.ch of the verbs

verbs are rreqllar (see Appendix 2)

n brackets nto the pan ! mpe. \.4ost oi the

Vivendi: 1-50 years of history

I 7 i \end i , th . F r .n .h u t i l i t i €s .nd

Y communi.'tion! Amup, hs . lonB

history going ba.k to r3$,ln tlat y€ar li€

covd"-e"r (1) -..S.I:-44''1.94... kr€ire)

compagni€ Generale det Eaui The

founders (2).,,...,...-........... (hrv.) rwo

obj€ctives: ro irigate rhe countrysid. for

faming and to srpply wnter lo towns and

In ',1330 a tRiry (3) -..,,,,,,...,,,,,.... G've)

Cen€rale des Eaur tha righl lo suPP,y

water ro Venice, and th.n Consl.nlinople

ind Oporto (4)............--..-- (con€) soon

iitei By the tine of tha .entcnary

ccl€brrtions in 1953 Ge.ettl. d.s Eaut

(s).,,,,,...,,,,,,....,,, (supply) wtter to .iaht

mitlion peoplc in Fran.€.

6 When he

I. th. 1960s and 1970s th. compmy

(6).......-.......---,, (beAin) actiYities in th€ aRa

oI ciwil .onstru.tion a.d (7) --........--....--.

(hild) a l.r8e tow€r hlock in th€

La Defensp b8incas dislrict ot P,ris.

Du.ing lh. 1930s C€neral€ des Eaur

(3)..,,,.,,.............- (join) with the Hav,5

nedia gro{p io .r€al. Cdal Plus, r Pay

Tv .hannel. Th€y alto (9)---------

( tak€) a .on l 'o l l ing s l .k€ in lh t c iv i l

engir€erin8 8iant, SGE. In the 1990s thcy

(10),,,...........,,,,,... (wir) majo. .ontrads in

th€ Asia P.cifj. region ,nd in Lati.

Jcan-Mari€ Messter (11t.- .- . .

(becom€) CEo in 1995 a.d o2) ....--................

(n.l the codp,.y along American liner'

He (13)...........--.--, (sell) $5 biuion in

ass€ts and (14) -...,-,,,..,,,..,..... (cut) the

workforce by10%. All thie (151.-----.----

lnean) thal an annual loss of S600 mmion

(16) ...,,,.,.............. (ttrm) into a Prcfitof$320

million, In 1993 h€ (17)..,.......-...---,

(.hange) th€ name or the grelP lo vivendi

and soon ailcr (13) ........-........,,,,, (nake) a

sdes of p.rtn€ships and a.quisilions in

lhe tele.onn!ni.alions indnstry

Operations in North Americr

(19) .................--... (8row) very qui.kly ilter

tiis and in 2000 Viv€n.ti (20) -------..

(buy) Seasrad lo become . trury

intemalionll m€dii and cohmuni.rtions

Exercise 5 B E

Complele ihe senlences by pltl ng the verbs !n brackets in|o e ther ihe p.st srmp e or pan cont nuoLrs

Somet mes lhe sarne lense s lsed tw ce; somet mes d flerent lenses a re used

I whar .. dld you eAt (ea0 whe. yo! ! ,q^1. . (qo) to Pars)

2 vth e w\t. ,'a4s-+..i1!]!t^4 (negotaie) rhe convact, my boss .... Fhc^ed (phone) me 1-

say thal he wanled .ompletey d flerent conditions.

3 The an t rne someth nq ke lh s . . . . . . . (happen), she . . (ca ) a

prcss conleren(e mmediately.

4 Anne . . . . (exp. n)her propoqa when Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( i . ter r !pt )her

5 W e n e v e r q o l l h e c h a n c e t o r n t e r v e w h m W h i l e w e . . . . . . . . . . ( n v e n g a t e ) t h e n c d e n t , r r e

. . . . . . . . . . . ( | e t 9 n ) .

say that he wds stLr.k in. trdfficjarn.

lclean) the pece ... ldrop) t by nr stake

(f n sh) read nq rhe adicle, he ....... ... (g ve) i to me

(wa 0 for ihe rneeting to beg n when he ...... (call) to

89 (nnd) lhe miss ing l le wh e . . . . .

10 When Tlm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (arve) , w ( te ) h rn what had happened.

see app€ndix 2L, rhe p*r pad. pes.i r€qu a, ve,bs

c

B

ast time 2

A Past perfed: formn The past perfect is fomed wth the auxiliary hadand the past partcpe.In speech and informa

writing nad is contracted to 'd.

I had (l'd) aheady de.ided what to do befote he called rr,e.

a Negatves are fomed with notand contracrions dre used (radr'i). Questions.re formed by

lnvert ng the sublect and had.At that tine I still hadn't decided what to da.Had you aheady decided what to do before he called you?

Past perfect us€sa The past perfect is used to show dearly that one pan event happened before anotlrer past

event. We use the p.5t perfect for the earlief event:

O" /n. NhrYork sro.l Er.r'dir. th. Nasdatl l"de' had opn.d hirh.t, hn Jell bd.k to 1,578 n1na 'nE tudi't.* (Ylhoo News Se.vice sebsite)

Compare these examples which desc.rbe exact y the same rituation:1 Sue left at 2 pn. We aftived at her affke at 23A. (both verbs in past s mp e)2 when wp aftived at Sue's office she had left. (ear er actlon in past p€rfect)

n example I th€ h4o actons are separate in the mind of the speaker In example 2 therc is a

stronger co.nection betlveen the two.ctons and lhe pan perfect emphasises which happened

a lt may not be necessary lo lse the past perfect if we use before or after to rnake the time clear

We can use lhe past simpe for both aclionsSue lelt/had left het office belote we arived. (both foms possible)we affived at sues affice aftet she left/had left. (bolh foms possible)

Many speakeE still prefe. to use the past perfect in thi9 case, to show . ltrong connectlon

between lhe two events.

a The past perfeci s often used with verbs o{ thinking ke tnoq reallJe, renenbet be sure,

David knew he'd seen her sanewhere beforc, but he cauldn't rcnenbet $herc.When 1 gat to the offi.e t rcalised I'd lelt all ny pape6 behind.Ellen wat swe they hadnt rcceived the invarce, but she checked one morc tlme.I thought we'd aheady dtosen the nane for the new product!

Past perfect time expressionsr The time expressions aftet, once by, aheady, just, neve4 meanwhl/e are oflen used wth the pan

perfecl. The word stl/ is often used with negatve torms.

Aftu"d 1993 Koreu cotpotdtion\ ttd etl tniiiq to Pdrk to aqtie tunpdni.s in the US ot

E tope. By this tine, he hait b,ih up etfr.ient tunta \ td ,elp rren. (Asi, Inc website)

4 PASTTIME 2 23

D Past perfect continuous: forma The pan perfect continuous is fomed with th€ duxiLiary phras€ had been and the -,ng lorm of

the main verb. Contractions are used.I'd been waking on the project for tuo nonths befare they decided to cancel it.

a Negatives arc formed with had not been and the 'ing forrn of the ma n verb

Questions are fomed by invedinq the subject and had.I hadn't been sleeping wel, so I was quite tied.Had you heen vr'aking ftn a long tine on the projecl before they cance ed it?

E Past perfect continuous: usesa The past perfect continuous is used to describe a situation th.t was n progress !p to a certa n

polnt in rhe past. lt often emphasises the duratiof of lime.

BeJot he l.Jt IBM Pktnd hctl hen pclin! togethq d soliuup I'd.kdr. Jot th. UK'bardclgnitdl.onvany tCI. He hdd beet wo*ing on thk ptoje.t dwr\ I97 t dhd 1972.(Eurobusiness {ebsite)

a The past perfect and the pan perfed continuous both look back fiom a po nt in ihe pan Thepast perfect looks back at an earller event. The patt perfect coniinuous looks back ai a situatonn prcgress.The economk situatbn was quite healthy. The centtal bank had lowered intercst 'ates becauseinflatbn had been fa ing steadily fot sevetal yea6.

F Used tolwould + infinitivea uied to describes a habit or state in the past. Therc is no present form (for present habits we

use the present simple).'hha dictat.s uhdt ttotoritt ptt itto leir pettul k ks. btt gfpeoplt !,lLo nsed to hare trcildoubts about dicrl Iron biolori.dl towces nre rcr, reg rces' , !oy! Dietet E en, r'|to orus arindep.hd.ntjling adtion id solthet Ce niy. (Frankfurter Rundschau website)

u5ed to normally suggests thal the action or situation is no longer true and so rnakes . contrastwith the present:I used to wDfu in na*elng (= bLrt now I work rn another area)He used to be realy enthusiastic about his job. (= but now he sn't)

O Nore t1ar used to is Jsed for hab.ts and repedted d(1iont. no( 5'9 e eve LsI went to the Milan Fashion Show lar the fist tine last morth. (NOT |u5€++€e)

a With negatives and questions used to becornes u5e to.Did you use to work in matketing? I didnt ute to wark in natketing.

a would is used ii the same way as used to, but it only describes repeated act ons iri the past,

In the old days we used to/wodd make three capies af a dacunents tor the files.our canpany used to belong to an American multinatiaraf (NOT,i^,€{ld$eeg)

Would is more common in descriptive wriiing lhan n speech.

24 4 PAST TIME 2

4 Practice

Exer<ise l EEFrounderine the correct words. This ex€rcis€ includ€s examples of the past perfect, used to, the past s mpl€ and

1 while I lookedl@@kirg for my ke!s, lsuddenly r€membered | /eitliaClht them at home.

2lnthosedaystheunionsuredto/hadusedrogoonnikewhenevertherewas/wasbeingaprobl€m.3 Ailet they were buyinglhadboughtthe company, the\J staftedlwete stafting ra make a lot of people

4 )ack used b havelwas hacirg a Maq but then he uied to changelchanged ra aPc.5 | asked about my package in reception, but they sardlrcr€ salng that it still hadr't anived/wasn't

6 | was sule that I used to l6kl had leked rhe doot lo my office art night, but it wa5lrad been open th is

mornin9.7l 'msu€thatthewinteEusedlobelhadbeen<olderwhenlwasachi ld. l rememberthatweusedto

walklwere walking to s<hool in the snow every winter8 | had gonelwent back to th€ €staurant to look for my umb'€lla, bul lound lwas findlhg that som€one

took/had taken it.9 When George sawlevas5ee,hg Diane at the seminar, he knewlwas knowing lhalhe metlhad n,et nel

somewhere before.10 While I had lwas haing hEakfast l loakedlwas looking at the financial pages io see the share p ces.

| sawlwas seeing that my original investment grewlhad grown by ovet 4O%.

Exercise 2 tr!JComplete the sentences with the ben form of the v€A tn brackets, In each sentence one verb willbe in ihepast simple (unit 3)and the other in the pan perfect.

1 After she ...........14d...Y4d.e-......... (m6ke) a few notes, she ............tJa1::tCd........... (start) writrngthe introduction to the Annual Repod.

2 Gary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be sure) that he .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Get)the alarm beforeleaviog the office.

31.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (cal l )mywifeonmymobi lebecausethemeeting.. .{nill not finish).

4 Once | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (speak)to him, | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( real ise)there had been amis!nderstanding.

5 Afte ' Jr l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (give) her f id presentat ion, s1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 'ee

rnlcn ress nervous.6 Eefore Edite ..........-----......................... (become) Michael Edwad3 persona assistant she

-. (already work) in the company for two years.7 | ...... (noi s€e) the figur.s befoF ihe nFFring, so rr

(p!t) me at a disadvantaqe during the discussion.I Sorry it iook so lonq. | ..............-.............-..----..... (have to) go down to the storc rcom beca!se we

.- -. (run out oD paper for the photocopier.9Iherain.. . - . . . . - --- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (stop)byihet imel--- .--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (getoutof l thetaxi .

l0 | . . . - . ----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - --- . . . . . . (bp) surpnsed to f ind thai she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (akeady eave).

4 PAST TIME 2 25

Exercise 3 B unit3

"- 07 complete th,s maqazne arlrcle by p!tl ng the verb in brackets nto eiiher the pan s mple or p.n perrect

In one case on y ihe pan perfecl can be !sed, in fve cases on y ihe past s nrp e can be used dnd n t x case5

both are possible

IHE DAI{ES SAY'NO'On 28 Seplember ?000 rhe people orDemark (l)....-v-D;!eQ.... ('ote) No rojoinine {re single European curency. theeuro. All rhe main polilical parlies. thelrades uDions, lhc cmployers dnd $emedia (2).................. kanPaisn) lbr a'Yes' lorc bcioE rhe releiendud. So Nly(3) ....... ............ (he Danes/rqect) rhe eu'o?

Ler's look lirn al $e econoDicbackgrolnd. For nmy yeas the Dehhceneal b&k (4)..................... (bd conrDined

ro keeping the value of lhc kronc slable

aeainst the Geman 'nark. md this policy

(i)..................... (be) very succe$rul in

nainlainin-q nability ald pros!€riry. Then

$c eurc sas launchcd in tanuary 1999. In

thc penod afier rhe launch lhe countnes in

rhe eurc zone (6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p€dom)

relatively well in econonic lems. How

€Yer by rhc time oi fie rclerendun the

curo (7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f rU) s iSn i f i can l l y

aS.insr rhc dollar, and nE cenrEl banks or

tbe USA md Japan (8)................... (be)

toiced ro inteNene in th€ foreign exchange

Bur rhe No ca'npaien (9).......... ...(f@us) on nlrional idcnrity. not economic

issues. ln the end rhc Dan€s (10).................(make) ihcn decision becausc theY( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (feu) ihar cconodic

inlcgmtion Bould eventuilly lead to polilicaL

inrcsfttion. Tley (12) .................. (wintl to

keep then indepeddence and freedon.

Exerc ise4 A B un i t3

t f ,Ot aun s ta lk lng aboul h,s I rs t lob tompelewh. thesayswththebenfomoftheverbinbra.kec Chooee

between the pan r rnpe (!n 1 l). palt continuous lunil 3) or past pedect

So.Alr ) . $1, \ d iJ \ot r ( lu i t \our h. t . t (nr :

Ar^N: Wcl l . .n i l le t i . I (1) !4 t W-o,CKl^4 hvdrk) is r in , r . .1r l . rU.er ibr i r , l , r t t , , i r t ior r . r l

A( .ourr r , ! , . \ lnn 'n i .ondon | ( l ) (bc) i i d l t sr ) r . .or r \ r l rv t ( ' $ iae vc, r \ .

rN rLr( \ r \ r r .R l los ( l )

, \ r^\ : J! \r , 'her I ( .1)

ftn. I (,ll (.tk,Dd ol Jobs rherc (7)

crreer opr lor tnni f l iar ntc .n I ( l r ) )

n)r nrv .legrcc. So | (l l) ..

So Nhr t (16) . . .

AL{N: wel, dre sirurrion Nrs rhs: I (17)

. ( !ou/s.O thcl(nr?(iiD,nt u.tr.$itr I (5) . (so) t{) i roh

(rlcd.lo $l,rt I\rnk\t n) d..!!l I wi\ i,,t.R\rc(l to rc. $4ri't

(bc) r dr. thtr.Whilc I (s)

. (.ne'rdv/r.ikc) u!c icornrin.-v c\.urs

' . , 1 r I r l . ' L r , ' " 1 :

.- -.......... (work) lbr,, pe^or vho NJs ver-v

nri;r,Driior on oDe ofrlt {rnd\ fur r l.,rsc nt.rdrriodil xc.otrDr,rtre) ti n. nt!.onc

(9) ....... (qno nr. iD .,pplid.trD lirrdr ro tlll rn. I droughr !hi\ nlqhr b. x goo.l

(icnd) ,r on:Thev (1-']) ..... . (intcnie$) Dre dre ibllo\!.!rg \!.ck rnd I goljob.

Ar t i r \ r , I {11) . . . . . . . . ( i i . l ) s [s i ] .d $rrh rhc job. but rs tn) . !v .nr b\ ' , t lur$

(15) . . . . . . . (ch.!gc) Dd I b.gin to h!t. \'orkins rhcre

d a , , , . | . . \ c r r d , , ' _ . i r r r . . . . t . c ' . , , F l L u \ r , ' r o , t \ r ^ l ' ' o

(becoDle) too rcperrd! dd I rcalh \r.n!ed lo do $nerhtrg rrorc crcxlik. So, d[rt wlry I

res isDed . . I (19) . . . 0ro! ha\ t ) aDolhet job to go ro,bur lkDc\ \ ' l

(20) (hre) to !nk. . chtrDs. .

Exer<ise 5 F

Complere the sentences wilh osed ta ot use.J talwoutd

I wth my old bosswe. $r.sd...:to-1rro..{1d.. have neet ngs eevera tim€s a week

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o w n a B M W b l t n o w h a v e a n M G .

3 Befo.e lhey built the new motorway i . ....... .... ... ... ... . ....... take rne an hour 1o qet to worK

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rhnkIwant€dtoworkfora arge or9.n 5at ion Now want to be sef 'ernpoved

A

see appendi! 2lor the pi!r Fft( pe: il r€q! ir re b5

B

yerlro quenions repedt the auxiliary

B: Yes, they havelNo, they haven't.

ast and present 1

Present perfecti forma The prcsent perfect is formed with the present rense of the auxitiary verb haye and rhe pasr

padiclpe. In speech and infomalwriring w€ use contrdcrions (,ye.nd 's).

lltjau/we/thev have ('vd oone.HAtshelit ha;(s) sone

'

a Negatves are fom€d with nott/ you I we / they have not (havenj gone.He/shet it has not (hasn't) gone.

. Quesrions are fo.rned by inverting rhe subj€ct and the.ux aryve.bhaye. Shortanswersto

B: Yes, he has/No, he hasn't.

Present perfe<ft usesa In general, we use the pferent perfed to t. k about a preseni 5 tldt on wh ch s connecled to

a lhere may be a present situation thal naared n the pastI've lived here far about ten yeaE.l've known Mary since we warked together in Spain.

a There may be a series of actions that happened in our tife up ro nowI've often been to Singapore.I've seen a lot of chahges arcund herc

a There m.y be a resuh in the present of a pasr event.Sary, I think l've lost the file.lly conputet has cashed

h ihis case we .re explaining rhe current irnporrance of the past eveni. Wh€n t happened snot mporlant and s not mentroned.

Present perfect time expriessionsa We lse ever and,reyerto ask and talk about our generat Je experence.

Have you ever spoken in frcnt of a brge audience? lin a you r tife u p to now)I've never wo*ed abroad, but next yeat I night be based in paris.

lf the answe. io ihe quenion s yes then we contrnue ro gv€ rnore iniormaton about the(pel IL eve^6 by u<ing vr'bs In I e p.sr {mp'e.A: Have yau ever spoken in front of a hrye audience?B: Yes, t have. Last yeat 1 went ta a sales canfeten e in Berne and tgave a prcsentdtion.

i Thepresent perfect i!often us€d with a/ready and yer.A/.eady is norma y Lrs€d n affirmatve

K]app, CEO aJ Us aLle .o,ryatry NTL, insis^ tltut NTL has dlrca4' ffiade 7 j% o.f ns ptdnnedi',att"an b delivd btuadbd for liobile phonc ty^. (Tetegnph website)

c

5 PAST AND PRESENT I 27

vetis used in quenions and negatives, and suggeststhat someth ng has not happened,

aLthough we expect it lo happen

Have yau finished the rePolt Yet?Sorry I haven't finished the .epott yet. (ll try to finish it this afternoon

Shaes ik the nn big teleconts storks Colt afld Eflctgis.adin e toJdll Neithet hat yet ndnafeti ta

con ine i v6to6 thdt they cM Ptu ide seruices nttbctile et@Wh to 4m n drcnt rctwh (Giardian

websire)

t we use ./ust to descibe something that happened a sho( time ago

Ite just spoken to him on the phone and he sals he'll be herc at 9 34 bnorrcw

a The p.esent perfect is ofien used with time expressions that refer to unfinished time In oih_ar

words the time period includes the prcsent. Common exprcrsions ate: this naming, today this

month, so faa up to now re<ently, dutittglin the past nonth aver the last few years, eI(

n1e F:ussidn Cennal tsonk dn'onft.d or'llu'day thdt ik rold a\d .une el Eset,.s ha"' in(nsed

in the past u'e.h by t300 t tilio, (Delovoj Peterburg websitc)

tn thc areo of Io"onn da.loph'.nt, th. Asia Padfu Erian hds rl.cecded ii ^thi.vi"r q)id rrar)th,uhkh hB ex?ed?d 7% a' tnly t*iry th. pastf.w lu'r. (Asia Prcific Econo,nj' Review

website)

a Some t me expressions can be used wilh the present p€riect or the past simple, depend nq on

when You are speaking:Have you sp*en to Sue this moning? (itis now 11am:the morning has not finsh€d)

Did tou speak to Sue this noming? (it h now 3 pm:the morning has i i shed)

a We use for and s,hce with the present periect to relef to pe ods of t me

A: How long has lon wo*ed herc? * He's wo*ed here fot thrce months i

B: He's wo*ed hete since the beginning of May

seeareo unii40 For desc bes lhe length of the time peiod since d€scribes the po ntwhen the tirne perod

started'Wc ha1'e be.t ir bdifest Jor 37 Yats, so tlft l tetnet to 4s n j'rst aNthcr av ofeolladi ! otdcts'

says I'ndt Er.ts' inteuational vke ple'ide k mybt (CNBC Busjne$ website)

UPS be6k? a wdd ide Otympis sroksot i 1994, aid sinee thn it has ha led the Atlatia

gonet i t 996 on.l tllc 1998 Japor u'ktet ra'hct (wolldtladeonline nngazine)

a Frequency adverbs that are used with the present simple can also be used with the present

see unh 1 perfect.Ihey've often given us good advke

Hollirfet has alpa$ b.d ideeeed if buyitg rcPsPApeR, and we tend to laok nt non thdt cone

ah to the tak t. (SundayTimd website)

D Eeerr (to) ani gone (to)

a lf we have been to a place, we went there and have now returned lf we have gone ro a pLace

we went therc but have not vet Fturned

She3 been to visit out supplies Eve!\thing seems to be AK (she has come back)

She's gone to vtst out supplie9 l hope evetything wil be OK Ghe is still there)

2A 5 PA9T AND PNESEI{T I

5 Practice

Exercise 1 nComplete the senten€es by putting the vefts in bta*eti into a form of the present perfect. Use contraciions

1 are you sure it isn't workins?.....1161e...)lSa...i{!Cd..... (youltry) it?2 | ..-.-..-......-....-....-....-.............. (never/see) such a boing presentarion.3 Luckily, our cunomers ... .. .. .... .. .... ..--- '. (not/complain) about ihe pr ce I se.4 We ......-......-....-............-............ (already/spend) quite a lot of money on this project.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . ( they/reply)toyourlastemai i?6 L.....-..................................... (not/get) the figures to hand -can tcallyou back tat€r?7 U nemployment ............................................ {9o/up) by 2 % since lanuary8 Irr sorry 9he3 nol here She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Ln/ leave)9 Their shares............................................ (fall) by 15% 5ince the merger

l0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {you/ever/ take)theEurcstartoBrusselsT

Exer<ise 2 ELook at the paked sentences below Match each one with situation a) or b),

1 lnflation has fallen by 1%. Lll a) Two yea6 ago it was 46,6. Last year it was:%2 Inflation fellby 1%. L41 b) Last month it was 4%. This month it is 3%.

3 l ihink rve lost the file. L-J a) I can't find the file. t wonder where t pui tt?4 Sorry | lost the file. L--l b) The file has gone aid t'll n€ver fnd i.

5 Has Jane called th6 morning? t-l a) Jane promis€d ro cal thrs mor- -g .t5 '1 ar16 Did Jane call this morning? L l b) Jane promised to ca this mom n9. lt3 2 pm.

7 Sales imprcved. L- l a) Last year sales were poor. This year they are better.8 Sales have improved. L l b) Sales were poo. initialiy. A y€ar later they were better

9 How lo19 have you worled here? L a) In 1999.10 When did you start wo ing he€? Lj b) Since 1999.

Exercise 3 l;Complete the sentences with a suitabletime expression from the lin below

ake€dy yet ever never just for sin<e always

l The goodswllbe with ybu soon. They've ........4!f9#dJ....... lefr ourwarehouse.2 l've ........................-..-.... had a great idea! Why don't w€ launch . new range of colours?3 We've known each other..-..-............-.......-.-... morethan twentyyears.4 l've .....................-.......-.. used my credit cad on the tntemet_ | don't think itt safe.5 haven't had a.hance to speak to Magda .........-...................-.., but l'm surc she'll a9ree.6 l've .-.........-.-....-....-..-..... worked in insurance, ever since leaving unive6ity.7l 'msorryhehasn'tcal ledyouback.HeSbeeninameetin9.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . . . . . . . . . . . . luncht ime.8 H.ve you ....................-....-...... be€n ro 560 Paulo? lt3 completely different frorn Rio.

5 PAST AND PRESENT I 29

aSot

Althoush lord (1)........|ret-.............X4d9..... operati"g

profits of over $Tbillion in its Ameri.u market this yed,

the story in Europe (2).,...,..-'---- ------..*, v€ry

d i { fe ren t . l r ' mr , lp r sh i re (1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

hom 12% six yeas ago to only 9'1, nos. The truth is ihat

rivals like volkswagen.nd Re.ault (4) ......... .............

.......,..,..,...,..,. much better over recent yeds. They

( t . . . . ( . { ' d n d ( 6 r ' '

.............-.,..,,. exciting and hiShly suc.esstul nes'models ln

conh ast, lord (7) ....... ...........- . ...... ................ its latge saloon,

E x e r c i s e 4 A B CRead th r text about the pe.formance of the Ford car company. Compete the iext with the verbs from the

st beoW Lrs ng the present Perfecl

rR.*e lall launch be have cut withdr.w spend iake periorm

Ford: the road to recoverythe S.orpio $ hich was not selling wel1. But Ford

(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a lo tmoresuc .essa l th€

higher end of the market. O!'er the last lew years it

(9 ) . . ' . ' ' . ' ' ' . ' ' - ' - - . - - . . . . . a lo t o fmon€y buy in8 brands

such as Jaglar, Aston Martin and Land Rovcr, and th€se

models hale mu.h hiEhe. profit margins. k

(10) ....................... ....................... some time io sort out the

prcblems at Jaguar in pdticulat butit's nolv a su.cesshrl

Exercise 5 C D

R€ad th6 emaiL f rom Steve. the Purchas ng M€nager of . UK mpo(etwho,s n Po€nd on a bue ness t r p

Comp ete the email by chooenq the corre.l alterianve frorn A, B, C or D beow

Sleve McGinLaY to: Mike ..'., l_1u r.u.- '

1

" . , [ , .

so i i v haven l can lac red vou i 1 ) P . l as lwee r . , bo t ve been ve rv b l sv l ve (2 ) . . 1o Ka towce i n t he sou th

wes t o f Poand (3 ) . . . . . . a r ew days , a .d i ve ( 4 ) i n Wa6aw r rom whe re Im send ing t h s

email lvisiled severa nrms when lwas in Kalowce and one or rhem looks quite promisns lve (5)

fa.lory. and Ive gol some product samples rd show you

Unfortunatery Ihaven\ hel th€ suy in charse (6) .... .... He wasn r th€re - he s (7) td cdansk,nd should be

so, the trip has been q! re successful (3) . .... Have yoL (s) ... b€6n lo cenlral Europe? Everyth ng rs

chano ng very fasl ve (1o) ........... seen so much bullding wo.k going on. Anvwav L enaL vou aga n rsrer . rh6

week to lel you know what's happening.

Regards, Steve

2 A qoinq

5 A yet

6 A t l n

7 A going

B sin.e

B been

B a ready

B a ready

B gone

B yei

B sin.e

c junC being

c l lnC beenC nowc b-.ingc jun

C ever

D so tarD gone

D yet

30

A Past simple o. present perfect?a The past sirnple is used to describe.ctons in a compl€red iime perod.

The present perfect is lrsed when the time p€riod ncludee th€ present Th s can be a s tu€t onwhich 5tarted in the pan and continles to be rrue ln rhe p€sent, feexperenc€untitnowor

the pfesent result of a pan actron.I lived in Milan nany yea6 ago.Ive lived in Milan since 1998

I've lived in both Milan and Rame

(.ompleted: now I ve in another place)(a stuaton that naded in the pan and cont nues nthe prese.t: I nill ve rhere)( ie experence: the tirne when I ved n these cltiess not m€ntioned dnd s not irnportant)

t've spoken to ny bass, and he's asrced. (pretent rcsuh of past acriof)

seeunit3 a T me ph rases lsed wlth the part simple fefer to a pa rt cular point n the pan: yesterda, /asrnonth, a few yeats ago, in 2042

see unir 5 T me phrases used with rhe prcsent perlecr nk the pan 1o the present this nanth, evet, neveralrcady, just, recently, since

Look at this example:

Lojas Awti6"ds, a cl'ii't oI tlill\a stot s ,t Btd:il, has hod d;fii 1ti.! since rha nid-1990s .Althaqh lr stotcs .q(nak arnl6 ttufr(, t)n)litdbility has beet had h1 d.lrar h&,r. ol . hwdr.titc ptthasc pti... In 1998 it begaa d tutiondlkat\n c[ivt. It rcdr.ed th! tun[( oJ uarcho$$did sold 2-1 t'pnntuitct !a6 to Cdn.fi\n (Fnrd. (ebusine$fonun $rbsn.)

a The time wod for refers to a period oi t me. t can be lsed w th eilhe. tense:1 lived in Milan for fou yea6 when I was at unive5ity (now donr ve there)thave lived in Milan fot fov yea's. ( stlll iv€ there)

(a pemaneft st.te - always live ihere)

a The choce of tense oflen depends on the stualDn and where our attentio. is:We've won the .ontftctl (recent news: the eveni s oresent in mv mind)We won the cantta(t. (te ng a nory: th€ event fees distant in my rn nd)

B Present gimple or present perfect?a The present simple ls used in two rnain waysr facts, and habits or stares n the prcsent. The

prcs€nt perfect makes a connection between past and present.About t\,\o nillion people live in Milan. la la.I)

I have lived in Milan far twa yeas. (l arrived there two yea6 aqo and si live there now)

C Present perfect continuous: forma The present perfe.l continuols i5 formed with the present perfect ol be, and the -/hq form ol

the veft. Negatives arc formed wth nor.t've heen (haven't been) waiting here far norc than an haurSh.'s been (hasn't been) waiting he,F all normng

a Questions arc fo.med by inveriing the subject and hdye.Im sotry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?

6 PAST AND PRESENT 2 3T

D Present perfect continuous: qses

I The prcs€nt p€rfect continuous describes an action or sluation in progress frcm the pdn !p to

'ndde bet\Een slove!'ia dfld the Ltkraine has beea irqssing steadilr sint 1992,.lhen it tatalle'l

ju\t Us$9 klillion. (SloEnia Busine$ Week website)

a The pesent perf€ct continuous often emphasises the lenqth oi t me of the action:Ive been trying ta contact her all day

a The action may b€ finished or continuing, we on y know by th€ stLration:I've been waiting for an hour! Wtry are you so late? (the waitinq is f nished)t've been wainng for an hour and he hasn t anived yer (l will cont nue waiting)

a The present perfect continuous can be Lrsed for r€p€ated actions:t've been phoning her aI marnins, but she's always in a meeting.

E Present perfe<t continuous: time expaeisionsa Typca tirne exp.essions that are lsed with the present perlect continuous include:a//day for

manths, fot ages, lately, rccently, aver the last few yea6, sin.e, far

Foreirk liJe n\urcR hdre be.n expaadit! then bBi'pss ir Japar bt ahbut 15% ainudlly oret thtp*st fo'E r.|rs. (Businesweek lvebsite)

F Present perfect or present peife(t continuous?a Olten there is very little difference in meaning betlveen the present pedect and present perfect

l've wotked/been working hete fot thtee yea6.

a The cho ce of iense often depends on where or.r allent on is, We lse the present perfect if ou"attention s on the present res!.r t.l've witten the repott. (the iinished rcport s in my mind)

We ule th€ presenl perfect continuous f our attention is on the acton in progress.l've been witing the rcport. (the act ol wr ting is in my rn nd)

Ih the slobal eaao'nn rbeh oJ ree,I yedts ia" eokryaties har. been eteated at dn astoblshitulata. Can?a es u,hnh hau bed opdatingJot flanf yats tuitha .ta ehi\ikr at. flaw cxploinrthe posribilitie'. (worldtndeorJine website)

a lf we give details of how rnany or how mu.h we do not use a cont nuous forml've wdtten thfte rcpofts this week.l've done a lot of rcsearch an this .onpany.

The E haolog.hea'y Natnaq index h^ beaJalliisJot tlwe ueeh\,41d b iou 3la.4lawet thd, iLtMath peak. Shnet oI .o,tpakies afl,ont'd,g paot fteLltr hare fallefl bt a thM or a hd$ aft(paft warnkgs. (wshhgton Posr lvebsite)

32 6 PA5I AXD PNESEIIT 2

5 Practice

Exercise I !lh4lerliDe the correct words.

1 yes'e.day t phonedl I've phoned the bank about my ovedraft.2 | wo* here/ have wotkd here since the end of last year.3 Yol.rr raxi has just anived I jun affieed.4 We |e enjoying ou. trip- We tave nadel nade a lot of useful contacts.5 /1€seen//sawHugh Hopper a few days ago- he s€nds his regards.5 We yv€ntlhave b€en to an intercning s€minar last week.7 Today has beehlwas really busy-and its only lunchtimel8 Today hai beefllwas really burjr lt3 7 pm - l'm going home.9 I'.rl af?id Pattizia leftl has/e/ithe offace an hour ago.

10 l'm afraid Patrizia isn't hete - she /eftlha5 /ert the office.

Exe.cise 2 I !Complete the sentences by putting the vefus in b6€ket5 into either the present simple, past simple orpresent perfect,

I The company js doing verywell. Last year sales ............*a..A-t-..$p......... (So up)by 15%, and so far ihisyear they .....h4y.9..4e1g..!r!0.... (go up) another 12%.

2 We ...................................... (op€rate) all over tatin Ame ca. Recently we ...................................... (set up)kenches in Peru and Ecuador

3 This ...................................... (not look) like the ght block. Are you sure we .........(come) to the right address?

4 ......-............................... (you/see) my laptop? l'm sure | ---'--''--,---'.'.... (leave) lt here earlier5 | ...................................... (ust/ meo Andrew f.om Sales. ...................................... (you/ know) him 75 | ...................................... (nev€r/speak) to him, but | ...-..'.'--------.- Gpeak)to his assistani on the

7 | ...................................... (wo*) for WorldCom now- | ...................................... (be)there for more rhanfive yea|5. ...................................... (you/know) Worldcom?

81.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (work)forWorldComsincelastyear,butnowt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (want)tochange jobs.....................-.........-....... (you/hear)of anyvacancies?

Exercise 3 !!l@to Complete eactr mini-d'alogue by putting the verbs in bGck€ts intothe correct form. One verb willbe in the

present perfect and the other in the prcsent pedect continuous. Use contEctions where possible.1 A: What3 the matier? You look worriedl

B: yes. I am. | .1.Ye...-he4t-\...k++!l{...41. tuok at)the (ontract in derait, and | .......:.y.*...|rP}if#-......{notice) a lot of potential problems.A: oh, su.h as?

2 A: l -....-......-.......-................ (phone) Ca.ol all day, butthere3 no.eply.B: I expect she...................................... (go) to Head Office.A: Oh, yes, I folgot.

I A: 'Tosca' is coming to the Opeta Hous€. ....-.......-..-...................... (you see) it?B: No, not yet. shallwe go? | .........................-..-......... (look foMard) to itfor ages.A: 50 have l. What about next week?

4 A: How long ..........-....-..-.................-. (you prcduce) cars at this site?

. B: Aboutfour years- We .-.-.....-..---'..--*- {inven) twenty million dollars in plant and machineryA: Oh, and how long willittaketo recoup your investment, do you thinkT

. A , ,

6 PAST AND PRESENT 2 33

Exercise 4 ACor.pete th s dialogue by pulting the verbs n br.ckets intothe corecl forrn ofihe pan s nrpe or presentperJecr. Use (ontracilons where possible

!r. roRrr Hi. suc. I (r) . ...114f.e1:t. tqql (ior. see) vou ii)r ascsll t i . r . 'o. l rn sor\r I (2) . (nd/ i re) in rouch Njrh anyone recenrly . . . I( - r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( b c ) r . . n ! b u \

lrcroRri ()h. \'lDt hale \ou beer up to dE?

\Vt l l . ror knos I ( . r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f lc c) nrvJob r iJ . r t r ,xr_v n) thr t I(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( . t rn) so t iec lancc as a g phi . Jc\ isrer?

! r , ( x , A Y c s l r c n , c D r t c r l o u ( . ) . . . . . . . . . . t J 1 k ) r l t ) t r l r u r t h r t l s r _ \ t r . l l o N i j . s o n r s ?

n r \ v c l l . , r ( 7 ) . . . . . . . t . ) x r e r l l ! d , r i . n l t v e r r \ o f t r I ( S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lrNo/do) rnrthng lik. (hr t).lbn' . . t\ nuch hrrder \rofk rh.rD 1 (1))(1r) rsr ' . ) ( l r ) ) ( \on. ev. r /br) 5cr f cn+, lo]cdl

v ( r o r r ^ N o . . e \ e r . r l r l N u s h I ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( o r i c n d r ! ) k ) r b o l r i t s o , r v h . ! h r \ i r b c c n

\ V c l l . r t t h c h c q i n r i n { l ( l : ) . . . . . . . . . ( h N e ) r K , o r r h . . . q o o , l c h c n t s r r d ,

ro! kno\ : rcor l . th t r r I ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . (krd\ ) n, . nrxn! ,v . rs . l ikcT n lJ icr .L.

And s in. . rhcn I (11) . . . . (h . , !e) x l ( , t or ' inr . rcs. r iorn d i lT(r . . t .on i r .n ics-

bu xnic of rh. r ) (15) . . . . . ( luom.) r . tU1. , , cr \ r . . , . r ! .\ { ' . . . l i r , r , , . .

I ( l ( ) ) ( . r l r ( . (h / ( l ( , ) dr . r l (17) . . . . . . . . h \1r) i , i . r ( ive| ' ( i i ,

I).!rr) Mord)h ., .o!fl. .i ! xrrh\ .rgo. l,ur I (ls) . ... (,ior/sro i|v rt|licr( )h. ,1. .n. \ .11. ( l ' ) ) t ,u t ) u t ) . , $eh\ i r . $ id) cM,| | I . \ ( ) i ! . r , \L{ t rk?

Y.s. l ( l1r ) . ( iu{ /h, , t rh) n \Vr , l , l ! { {1 r i ! , ) ,1 hrv, , i l r l l f , .k l (n ,k r r i l

.ur l tc l lnrc sh.r t vou th i rk of i t?

Exercise 5 A

?a 12 Loot a1 the qraph ..ri read the p.ssaqe abour technology no.ks Comp ete the text by pltt f! nre veros ,r

br.clels nlo rhe coiiect form of the pan ! mple or present peiecl

Europea invetors (1).........h4-v,e...1,.4'tllPd........... (watch) Us stock markeisneflously over the last few months. The preblems wirh US te.hnology ddteleco"trtls stocks (2) ..............................-.-.....-.-................. (beCin) lasi Mar.h, and since thenshare pric6 at.ompdia like lntel, Apple and DeX (3) ..(crash). ove! the sunner au thse gidts (4) .......................................................... (annoluce)lower thd exp!.ted profits, md tnvesios fear that delldd for PCs in the higliydeveloped US market (5) .... . . . .. . . . . - - . . ........... (peak). Now it's the turn ofEdopem stftks. On Monday stock in companies like Cemdy's SA? ddFinland's Nokia (6) .................... .... .. ..... (falt) sharply. sAP@.....................................................-.-.. (be) doM 3% in lrdkfln, md Nokia(8) --............-.-....................................... (drop) 7% in Helsinki

But therc was $me ged nes s fo. invetoF vesreday Yah@l

$295 mitioi! tp from $115 million a yed edlid. Yznel reIi6 on ornie advertising for most of iis ituome, dd this yed it(11) ...................................................--. (gain) sig.i6@! Mrket share in E@pe ad (12) ................... (manage) 10 achieve thepGition ol top Web'navigation conpdy.

Anatysts believe that the mdkei (13) ...-.-.........-..---*--,-.,.......... (noi/hit) the bonom yet. Edlier this year jnvestore(1.1) .-..................................................-. (buy) dy tntemet stels that wde available, catint a st@k mdket bubble- Now ifs jusr theopposite. Invstors (15) .............................-........................-.-. (beome) so nero6 that they are e]ling everythin& even if the company is soudmd the siock lools cheap.

34

uture 1

a wiWe can Lrse w// + the infin itiv€ (w thout to) to rcfer to the future. M// ls usua ly shodened n

speech and informalwriting ro'll.Ihe rcgarive ol willis wan't

We use wTto talk about future events th.t we see d5 rdcL5:ln June we will bring out twe new nadels.

'11'. sovonnut aill soot impose an oblirdtior all cl..ttkity ',ppU atnpdkas to buy a spe.A.d

p(entds. oJ thcit poln Jron rcfleunbt. sonrte'. (cua.dian websrlc)

We use M// to talk about future be efsl

Lyrth bdi.as tlnt fkbolsatioi aid .otsolidatio in th. tihiolosy sc.tat wiII crcat! d .qrcdt.ldqrdd.fu kw d"1 pdrefil ha66.'Sto.k ,fldtkets uill hd,. tl .ow t lot nor nd'F.t.aptali$tion and t d .r itd']{ltJ oiU ha,e kss of d tok'jd),r Lr,.l,. (Obscrvcr wcbsrtc)

We car add perhaps I naybe or probdbly to ma ke the b€lief ess certa n:

Ttu .li6t lda af job la$s futthn( ioh l'. ,nryets i, (;unan bdslnq will prcbably b. h tltCny oI lindot. @trsinssweck lvcbsire)

Notice thai probabt come! after wil/ bLrt before rvon'tHe'll prchably agree with yau.He probahly won't aqrce with you.

We can use nil/ wth an introductory phrase to 9 ve other mean ngs. For exarnpe, a persona

opinion (/ th,nk) or a hope (/ hope):

I think we'll prcbably open a subsidiary in Russia next yeal

I hope he'll agtee with yau.

ty,7 can be used ior instanl decisions and thoughis that corne into our head at the moment of

sPeak ngI' wait fat you outside.I' phone yau tamanaw.

B Going toa We use the ved be + gorng to + the i.finitive to m.ke a conneclion beiween the present and

a We use golrg ta for plans and intentions. These arc thlngs we have already dec d€d io do.

I belie,e thdt Cree'tpan is goins to lorpet bt.s.T'et dft tone tisr oJ liqtidny ptuh1effi in thededit ,1a*ets at hi\ pon tu 6ft, a i sntut enbal hanh ftsponds by easing oedit. Q'IewYotkTimes $'ebsite)

TLe l|nc In rre fLlure can be -ea or disunt.I'm going to call Fiona Cla*e this afternoon.We'te going to open a faatoty in Hungary nexr yeat

a We Lrse going to to make predictions when there is some evdence in the present siuationiBe Grefult t* 9oin9 to fa . (l can see it)I think weTe going ao |ose t/]ls dedl (l ve just he.rd some news)

7 FUIUFE' I 35

C Present continuousa We can us€ rhe present .ontinuous tense to ratk about th ngs we have arr.nged to do in the

future. There is nearly always a time exprcssion.Ann is leaving tonoffow norningHSBC are moving to new prenises next year

The affangemenls are oft€n socidl arrangements or dppointmenB.see unirs 1 and 2 What are you doing an Tuesday afternoon?

l'm seeing lack at tuw, and after that I'm meeting ny bank nanager

D Wilt or going to?a Wll/ s used for instant d€cisions Going to is used for plans and nienrions.

aK, t know what to do. fll .a/lane (an insiant decision)Da tou have the inlornation for Jane? I'm going to catl her rhls afternoon. (an intention)

a l4rl/ is uled for general be iefs, op nions, hop€! and th ngs the speaker tees as factsI n sure they'll like the new designln the futurc, narc people wi wotk from hone.

a When 'v/7 s used with a ph€se like / thirk and/or words like probab, rhen the belief/op nionbecomes less certain, like a prediction.I think you'll like this idea.The wo d wi prcbably end in about fi@ billian yeaE.8ut if th€e is ircng evid€nce in the prerenr situarion then go,inq to is usua y used for

Ithink it's going to Rin. (lcan ree black clouds)We'rc going to nake a loss on this ptoject. (t have rhe figures n tront of me)

a There are occasions when we can use either fonn:]n ny presentation I'll talk/rm going to talk about three maih arcas Fitst, ...Herc the speaker could see it .s a fact (w/, or an ntention Golrg ro).

a W;t s more usual in w.tt^g. llandgoing ta aE nore usua in speech.

E GoDg to or present continuous?a For furure pans and.nangements there is ofren lirtle d fference between golng ro and rhe

preeent.ontinuo!s.rm going to givelrm giving ny prcsentation on Friday.

a Golng to can slqgen that the detaih of the afiangemenl have not been fina sed. The presentcontinuous can sirqqest that the arrangement is more fixed, wirh a rirne and a pace.I'm going to meet hin nert week. (justa plan iimeand pace are siill ! nknown)I'm meeting hin at ten in ny o#tce. (a definite, fixed arranqement)

F Time expressionsa Cornmon time exprcssions for ihe fLrture include: tomoftaw, the day after tanarraw on Fiday,

at the weel,end. nen w?pk. n a htu ddk ine.

:F rFnEl

=-F

7 Practice

Exercise 1 llIl/atch sentences 1-{ with their uses aFo.

a) a future fact d) a future plan or intention

b) an opinion about the future e) a prediction with evidence in the present situation

c) an instant decGion fl a future arrangement

1 l'm going to ask my boss lor a pay rise next week. E2 l'm sorryto hearthat. l'll find outwhat the problem is right now n

3 l'm sorry but I won't be here tomorrc,w- l ll be in Paris. n

4 l'm meeting Angela for lunch. Do you want to join ut n

5 Their share price will probably rise when the market re<overs L l

6 with so mlch competition it3 going to be dilticuh to increase sales n

Exercise 2 | |underline the corcct words in each mini-dialogue.

1 Ar Are you frce next Tuesday morning?

B. Sorry, 1'll havell'm haing a meeting with Sue.

Ai oh, dght. well,,^hatabout Thu6day?

2 Ai What are your plans for next year?

S: We'I open/We'rc going to ope, a new factory io Hungary

A: That sounds interening.3 A: What do you think about their new ma*eting campaign?

B: I think ,?'/ probabt suceed / it! gobably succeeding.

Ar Do you really?4 Ar What about tomorrow at around live thidy?

gt OK, I'll see you then.ll'm seeing you then.

A: 8ye.5 A: So as you can 5e€, l've be€n thinking about this problem quite a lol

8i Yes, I see. So, #,at ate you going to do?lwlEt arc you doing?

A: Resignl6 a: ltwould be nice to se€ you next weel,

B: Yes, it would. Are ,1,u do irg antrhing lwill you do anythtng on Wednesday?

Exerc ise 3I l l l lcomplete the sentences by putting the velbs in brackets into the most approprlate flture form Choose

berween w,4 going to and lhe present (ontinuous.

1 Have you heard the news? vivendi .......it...4-o.ir4..Je..b4y....... (buy) seasram

2 1 .......-....-............-.-..-....-.............. (meet) Andrca at nine next Thursday moming outside ihe station

3 l've just had a €all Jrom Richard - he ..................... .. . . . .. . .. . -. . . (be) late

4 Next yea. -...........................................-....- (be) ihe companyS centenary year

5 This taxi driver is terible- He .. .... .. .....-.-. ..-. .. .... .. . .. . . . (have) an a.cident

6 ln the future videcronfe.ences ...-.. .........-...-............. ... (probablv replace) many intemational

meetings.7 We ........................................-......... (test) the new machine sometime next week

8 | ........-...................-.......-.........-... (go) ro Manchener on Fdday.. 9 would you mind waiting for a momenl? | ..............-'.'.-....-................... . (not be) lon9

@,t

7 FI'TURE 1 37

Exercise 4 !!!@ 14 Complete this dialogue by puning each of the verbs in bra€kets inio the future. Choose between Lail/ and

going io. Sometimes either answer may be possible, but decide which form is the most natura . Usecontractions where possible.

IoANN^, Pleae, come in, h.E . se*.Would you like a dlirl? Cofee? Minenl water?

oh, r (1) ...............:!!...b*ys.................. (lne) a cos€e please.

Jo NNA Lucy ... could )ru neke tm cotrees? (siglts) We , th3nk for comiry this morning. l(2) ................................................ GeD }lcu why I sked )ou here. Um, as you know, thde(3) --------..... ... .. ........ Oe) sone bis chmgs itr the company. In facr, {€(4) ................................................. (Gtructue) the whole depanment.

Yes. I ktrow.when (5) ................................................ (n/happen)?

lo NN^, Ererythiry (6) . (be) finihed by rhe sumer. Um, the thing n,

under the Ds structure you!job o) ................................................ (probably/disappeu).

Realy? Is that cEtain?

Jo NN^ well, we (8) ................................................ (have) a meering n€xr wek ro linalise all the plans,

and ofcou.sc I (9) . (leg you know what we decide.Anyway, you

dont have to uorry

oh?

Gotr€e alrives)

Jo NN^, w€[, a! I w:! s.ying you dont heve to worryWe 00) ...............................-.----- (oftedyou a newjob.You (11) ................................................ (har€) morc responsibiliry and rhe sabry(12) ................................................ O€) much bcncr.Thatl wondertul, thrnk you very much.\v}lat €)acdy (13) ................................................ (rhenN job / involvc)?

JoANN^ Wc[, wc (14) . (€xpand) the whole customcr scrvices arca.Ifyouaccept the job. you (15) . (be) responsible for the new team. Um,it (16) ................................................ (meen) a lot norc work, ofcoune.whar do you rhink?It sound! gre.t, but I (17) . (n€cd) ! day or two ro rhink about u.

Jo NN , Ofcoune, no prcblem. Look,I (18) . (nor/be) in the ogice 6rthe Dext few d4 -I(19) . (visir) our subsidi$y in Hungary.(20) ................................................ (you,/ha!!) an aiswer for me by next week?Yes,I (21) ................................................ Give) you lny decision on Mondala

Exercise 5 [ |Complete this emailfrcm a PAto her boss by putting the verbs in brackets lnto the future. Choose between!v,i/l and the present continuous. Use contractions where possible.

I ve booked your flight to Slovenla. You (1) ..-.I_z,..le4y!.64._ (l€6) on Tuesday 3rd at A-45 in the mornlng, so you

(2)........................ (arl€) in Ljubljana b€fo€ lunch. sonsn€ (3)........................ (be) at th€ €irport to me€ryou. Yourfret meetlng is with Alekaander P@kar, and you (4) .-,...--................ (s6€) him at 1 pm at our to@lotfie- He (5) ...-.....-.............. (prcbably/take) you out to luncr'- Afrer lunch you (6) -....................... (novdo)

anythinq untll4 ph, so you (7) ...,....,....,....,..... (have) time to qo to ih6 hoter. You (8) ,,...-....-....-....-... (stay) al theInterconrhental, which is in a very @ntral lo€tion. | (9) ...,..-.-.--.--. (go) to the travel agents to pick up thetickets rhis aftem@n, e I (10) -....--...--.........-., (give) them ro you tomo@.

uture 2

A Future: time expressionsa We use the preseni rmpl€ or the presenr perfecr (not w//) to refer to th€ future after these

wotds. when, after, beforc, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the tine, the next tine:when I see hec I'lltell het yau called.we I discuss it again aftet you get backAs soon as I've finished the rcpon, lllenall it to yau

Yau can wait here until she comes back

Not ce that a {ulure form (wil, car) s u5ed in the other p. ( of the 5entence

B Present simple/continuousa We olt€n use the present simple (or present continlout when we talk aboul evenls n the

futurc based on a fixed limetabe, prcgramme or ca endartim s plane leaves (is leavind at 12.15Our boss rctires (is rctinnd next yeat

C Future continuousa The future continuous is lormed wth w// + be + the -ing forrn ol the verb:

Ok. hn\ hdt is clct it lht tuat. aid laryn krhr.! arryofi.\ tuill b. ii'cstibg i Chi n atlithdt ttu na! lawn t't vill dllo', r/r,x rd. (Asixrvcck wcbshc)

a The future contin!o!s de5cr bes an activity in progre!5 in the luture

we often ure ii when we compare whal we are do ng now wth whal we w llbe do ng in the

fulure. There is neary always a lime expression.Next yeat I'll be working in aut Sao Paulo officewhere will you be wo*ing in slx nonthl time?

a The future co.t nuous 6 often uted to say that something will dei nitely happen:we'll be holding a meeting soon, sa we can make a decisian then.

D Future perfecta The futurc perJec( is formed with w7 + have + past paniciple:

8y the tine I retirc, nl have been in banking far ovet thirty yeaa.

By the yetu 2a20 fu ,ol ,tc o.fsoods ptodted by hadniotdl hantfadwinr ootdtide Mllprcbobly be at led\t luie ,t' it n hday. Brt ih tfu US, IIE nMre o.f na {a,tu s in CDe tuhnh

n sill oround lioA or so, will ha"e sh nh to 5%. (lndusrrvweek website)

a we lse the future perf€ct io look back from one poift in th€ future to an ear er evenl or

period of time. We oftef use byor by the tme with the future perfect:

By the tine we prepare our proposal they' have found anothet supplier.By the end af the yeat we'll have sold arcund 1,AAO units.

a r is common to lse. simple w;fl form in pl.ce of the future perfect, athough some p€ople

th nk th s is not grammaiic.lly .orrect:By the tine we've preparcd ou prcpasal thel find another supplietBy the end of the yeat we'll sell arauntl 1 ,000 units.

t We use the continuous fom of the future perfed to look b.ck from one polnt in th€ future .t

an aaviy in proqrcss:

Next year we' have been nanufactwing the sane nodel for ten yeats.

E

A FUIURE 2 39

Was going toa Waslwerc going ra 1s not a futue form. We use itto refer to somerhing tharwe panned nthe

past but did not do:I'n sorry lwas going to phone you this norning, but I had to see ane al out clients.

Other ways to talk about the futurea We often use modals and related velbs like shou/d, be likely A could, may, miqht ro rclet ta

the future. see unit 13.

O W-A use the verbs pect, hope, intend, would Iikq pla4 wara followed by an nf nitive (ro do)to refer to the futurc:

Cettflan dutot dket BMW b pldnniry to hciE a Wdftt ai pla in Cehtal .r Eatem Ewopeby the hiddle of2001- aid the Czecl' Republn is ho ng to get the oitb.t. (pegnepost

Notice the negative forms:lexpedlhope I won't ...We don't inEftllplanlwant to ...

We.an use the velb t,rink followed by '/l

I think/don't think I' change ny htenet Se"/i(€ tuavider

We can use be due to for thi.gs that w€ expect to happen:

Mrwckh, utb hit' CE\ 'flandatory rcfie,nett dge of 65 nert no th, hat btilt CE intn Anerna\Nd1o'npony in stock 'natket lalMtian. Hc k dle to nan thr ctt chdhhdn d thiclexc uit?

9f CE i the ncrt Itu ddys. (Wall Street Journ.l Eurcpe websirc)

We can use be about io for things that will (will not) happen very soon:

A laok dt It sto.knia'tet Mluatio'ts olbir tolxude hosys s,.h as Citeo and Onde show that thepo.e ofdtulopncnt i nct! te tulofy k not cboBt t6 doo (Fo$es.com websire)

h mod€rn English sha////r€...2 are used to make suggestions, not to fefer to the futLire.shall I open the window?shall we neet again nen week?

sha// is still used for the futurc in formal siluations, for example egal documenb.

"I uaja, going h nt,'w.4 I danr tub t . tuta. Bu|,ofa,,4r&natutt tuht.'

a

See unit 14 a

40 A FUIURE 2

8 Practice

Exercise 1 SSHUggUnderline the correct word'1 Iamotrcw nl inteNiewtrll be inteNiewing candidates all moming.2 we will have navedtwillbe molng to our new p€mises in August.3 We will have no\/edlwillbe mov,,ng to our new pFmises by August.4 What Ume doesJour trainlwill tov train leave?5 Don't forget to turn ofi the lights before you are /eaving/you lea\,p.6 We <an't send the goods unlil we've receivedlwe willre.eive a fim oder.7 we wil be rcpayinglwil ha!€ repaid the bank loan by DecemberA Uress theyle/they llbe more reasonable. w€ llhave to brcak off negotiations.9 I was going to witelwas w',rtng to them, but I forgot.

1A lhopellwillhope ro be able to speak at the press conference myself.1l Ou. visitors are di./e to affiveldue aniing ar 10.30.12 lhope lwon'tlldon't hope /7be late for the meeting.13 | think lwon'tlldon't thrl?k /7be late for the meeting.1 4 When the conrract ,i/wz be ready, l'll let you know15 Will t/Elshall we b'eak for coffee now?16 Sorry lcan't speak now I'lljust havell'n just about to haye. meeting.

Exercise 2 fiEnComplete ea(h senren(e l+ wth an endrng aFh)

1 Please take a seat until2 They won't accept our order unless3 Helen wants to see you before4 You won't see Helel1. 8y the time she arrives5 As soon as Helen arives6 | cafl waitl This time next week l'll7 l'll have a suntan n€xt time we meetl l'll8 Sorry aboui this. In a few moments l'll

Df Rihal is feady to see you.you' l lhave lef t .we give a bank guaranie€.have finished and w€ can tts k.i'llask her to phone you.havejust come back from creec€be lying on a beach in cfeece.

E a tn o r! o! a r! " rn oI q ln ;

Exe rc i se3mnHpComplete the sentences by putting the v€rbs in brackets into the right tense. Choose betlveen the present

s mp e (/ do), future .ontinuous (i7 be dolhq) and future peded lt'll have dane).

l Bythe time allthe p.pe6 are ready, the deadline ...-Lrj!!...k.v.g..MttreC.... (past.

2 The flight .-....-....-....-....-....-.........-....... (,eave) at I pm and ............................................ (arrlve) at 3.45.

I L ...............................-..-....-.... (see) Nick tomorrow so lcan give h m yo!r message.

4 This taxl is so slow By the time we get there the meeting ............................................ (finish).

5 Sorry | can't s€€ you on the 1 5th | ..-..-...................-.................. (play) golf w th . client.

6 won't do .nythinq until | ..............................-....-........ (hear) from yo!.

7 Huffy !pl By the time we affive, the play ......................-......-....-..-...... (nari).

8 what ...........-..-....-.-..-....-........ (you/learn) by the end of your course?

9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . (you/us€) theconfercncercomnexiTuesday?

10 When | . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - . . . . - . . . . - . . . . - (see) h im, l ' l l ask h im.

8 FUTURE 2 41

E x e r c i s e 4 A C D FAn economist hds prepared a sho.t rcpod about h s co!ntry next year Redd it, tlren choose the correct

alternatve {rom A, B, C or D beow to complete the report.

12 6onth e.onni. Iote@tThe Cennd Bdk (1) ...S....keep intcre$ nr6low next Ieaf nr orde. to $lmulte economic srowth,.nd so

ve {2) ......... the c.oroNr to continuc grc$ns rt about l%.Thi5 neans tbr mcnPloymdrt (3) .. '!

mon secors of the econonr,v next yer Exchange ntes ar vert difil.ult to lredicq bui the curency

(a) ......... cmain st.blc.

sonE nnporeDr events fe (s) ......... take pl,cc in thc poliricd neH.The President (6) .. Gll eledions

wirhin the next twele monrhs.and 50 by the nnddc ofncxt yca! fie election camPrisn (7) . The

sovcrnmenr (8) ....... . on i phtfon othonsty rnd.onPcicnce. rnd t (9) ......... int oducc rcfor$ to lhc

lcsrl sy*cD so ihdjldges.rn nr!€stiste thc mnuse ofprblic funds more e6ily.'When thrt (10) .. ,

inrc.n*ioml nNr$or co.ndence should incPse nPi.Iy.

7 Aw have begln

8 Aw be ioughl

B s l ik ng lo

I will beei f. ng

B wi l l probaby

B w be begun

B w be i igh l ing

C w t a n 9

C being

C w fLghtrng

D w i a l

D s prcbaby

D expecting

D 6 d u n g t o

D will begrn

D wl l have f qht

E x e r c i s e 5 A C D E

"F 15 The Hlmdn Resou, .es Ma.ager o l a . ,9e company s expla n ng the appra|sdlsvstem to a group ot new

employees Complele hE ialk by pun ng lhe verbs n brackets inlo the r ght tense Choose between the

p.esenr s mp e (/ do), lutu€ cont nlous (/7 be doi.q). lutu.e perfect (/'// have dore) ...) '|as going to.

'Yo!r appra sa ntervews(1) . . . . . .4 [q. . . . (be) !nf . /ar .h Er , rn sorry rhey (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . -

(be) in February blt we had io ponpone lhem Sorry abolt lhat Um, d!ring Febr!afy yoLrr ne manaqetr

(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (coLLect)a the in formal on they need f rorn you, and by the t me yo! mee! for

the in terveW they (4) . . . . . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . . . (prodlce) a checkl is t o f po nts ior d isc lsson

RLght Um, n the Lnteruiew you (5) . ... ...... ......-.-. .- -. . .. . (d6cLrss) your pe.forman.e dur nq the pan

year.nd any iesues reat nq to your future needs, et slch .s trarning By the end of the rneet ng hope that

you and yo!r l in€ manaqer5 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (agree) on yoLrr per50na oblectves ror nextveat

both n terrns o{ sales tarqels and profess onaL deve opment s that dear? Y€p, OK, qood Oi colrse there s

some f e|ibilty in the targets, n .ase any'lhinq (7) - , . (happen) to the rnarket that we

cannot pred ct We rnay aso have. budg€t foryou to do somet.a nrng. after yo! (8) . .

(come) back l rom yol r sumrner holdays bul before work (9) . . . . . . . (qet) rea ]?busJr in

september. ls that OK? Yeah. Good

After thai , lhe nent ime lhai we a l ! ( r0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (meet) aqain wi l lbe ln Octobet

when d like some feedback on yoLrr trd n nq, as by then any cou6$ that you do

( I I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f i n s h ) . l s t h a t O K ? Y e a h ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G e n d ) y o l r

feedback forn ' rs n€arer the t ime We , et un ess yo! ( r3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (have)any q les ions,

th nk that \ a . Oh, no Er , yes l {14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (have) a word wi th you dbout your ho ddv

pLans, but you probaby dont know th€m yet. Could you ema L me wlth yoLr reqlen as soon as you know

assive 1

A Forma To make the passive we use ao b€.nd a past paric plel

tntel produces nilians af chips every yeat

They have chosen the new design.Rasa wi give a press bnefing tananow.we.an arange a loan within six daysWe nay give you sone new sales taryets

Mitlions of .hips are prcduced every year.Our supplier is shipping the goods next week The goods are being shipped next week.The govenment nised interest rctes by lo/d. tnterest rates werc rcised by |ak.He was asking ne some difficult quesnans I was being asked sone difficult questians.

The new design has been chosen.A press biefing will be given tonanaw.A laan can be aranged within six days.You may be given sane new sales taryets.

a The object in the.ctive senrcnce (nillions of chips/interest ratei) moves to the front in thepassive sentence and becomes the subjecr

a We fofm negatves and questons in ihe sam€ way as in actve sentencesThe new design hatnt been .hosen. Has the new design heen choten?

B Uses: fo<us on important intormationa n the active senrences above the pe6on or organ saion who does th€ acrion (/rrel/Ihe

90v€rnrrerf /Rosa) ie imponant

. ln the passive sentences above ihe pe6on or organaat on who does the acrion s normentoned. t nr ight be

clear from lhe siiuation

Innead, rhe mponanr nfom.tion is e ther rhe actions (ralsedlchoser) or the things afiecled by

the adon (Mi bns of.hips/rhe goods/A prcss biefirg).

a Sludy these exampes:

A "ery

larye propottiot oJ wo d ntl ltodtuior it Sewtdted tu th. Nlihlle Ed\t. (culfBusinesMasazine wcbsrte.)

Here ihe writer wanrs to ernphasse the amount of o . Who did the acton (ge,lerate)is cear or

me North Aneiedn Frc. Ttade Arcd (NAFTA) uds cstahlished in 1993 b link the LinitedStat.s, Ca adr dtd 14.!ko in d fi.. rrdde asteene t. (LatjnTnde websrte)

Hefe the wr l ter w.nts io say when.nd why the ac lon happened Whoddtheact ton(estabrsh) is not rnpo.tant.

D.utstltc Post AC nill ofet ntush^ dtut prie di ot ts and bakr\ thdres .s lart aJ its plaa,ednfiidl p,blt ofe E. These i1'edtio* toill be ofercd n) EkiL ihre\kE in EU .ounti6 who nkea ertll \tliniptio . 0fi/a11 Sftet Jou.nal Eurole websne)

Herc the witer wantr to glve intonndton aboLrr rhe incentives. Who wittdo ihe acton (olfed is

nol rr.portant or not known.

9 PASSTVE r 43

C Uses: sysiems and Processesa we often lse the passive to talk dboLrt synems, pro(esses and procedures:

Tje bdnq, tvd to nnhe hzh ukisky tnkes dhort \oen nasths to gto ih the feld. Ia Auqun the

bo cy L' hdtrsteil d,,t then W tu ren fu d bryle al flonths.me nett ttzp is 'nallry', dh 4k i.nt

.hettnby Iull of ttatitiat. ]t rirc a i.h, watu fd,o"t to th. whisq dhd d'ses the s6ih ta ptud,ce

narh6, whnh oft eofwte.I to suSa6 at a ld@ ndge aJ th. po.e$.The tudhe.l bdtev k Bted Jolabort thtee oeclJ dlen gtowd htoiofi dnd pld.ed irto htse 'esteh ihn n is mked unh hot

utatet to 'ldk. a 'utott' .7 he tt@n is .ooleil, then dn into orothet vessel HM, yust is addetl' dn.l

the ttdth is tnned inta !.!art p@.l!.nE d deat liqrid cdlled the tuth' It i\ distilLdtian thdt nt$

this tudt\1 itlto ehkln. I'1 tlistilli':a, the liqtid Lt h@ted tntil the spi tutns to lnlatt' thett

.o"derced trdtk it o liryid. By \av, Scotch uhis@ nust 6e aged i" odk bardsJot nt leost thtee

y.d6 (Adapted frctu De!%r's Scotchwhisky {ebsite)

s.e ako unit4s a To show a sequ€nce ln a prcc€ss we use words tke: Fns ylfistof a , Then, The next step

Ne4 Aftet that, Fina r.Firtt of all the finished products arc .he.ked fur qualiry, then thev arc packed and sent out

fron ou wareholse. Aftet disPat h we allaw custanen ta lollow the progrcss of thetr arder

on ou lntr.,net. Finally, we get a digital inage af the signature of the pe,san wha rcceives the

qaadt sa that this can be checked latea if necessaty

D Saying who does ihe a<tiona In allthe passlve exampes above the pe6on or organisation that does the acton is not

mentoned. li we want to savwho doer ihe action then we use by:The goods are being shipped next week by our suwliet in chinaA press briefing will be glven tananow by our lnfotmatton officet Rosa Mendoza

Tt.fd'ton' it ttdfcd br thc loral people uho uorhed thele beJorc, h ai a awplataLf ditetul

,dJiJ. (Busnrcss News Atncricas lvcbsitc)

E Transitive and intrantitive verbs

seearso unit2r a Verbs which usually take oblecls.rc called l€nsitive verbs (e9: help) Verb5 which do not lsually

take obie.ts a€ called intransitive verbs (eq:/oot)

A: Gn t help you?

B: No, In iust looking.

Dctonaies show this information with T or L. Some verbs can be both transtve and

inilansitive. Only lransitive verbs can be made paseve

Raise A lnterest rates were rcised last monthlnsease (T/l) lnterest rates wete increased last manth

Go up (l) lnteren ntes *ereei6Ae-up la* nonth.

44 9 PASSTVE 1

9 Practice

Exer<ise 1 g

Complete each sentence with a passive verb. You may need a negative form.1 Somebody damaged the goods in tlansit.

The goods ...........-.L|ei:g...dA|$a4ed............. in trdnsit.2 Thousands of people see this advert every dal.

This advert _._...._...._............................................ bythousands of peopte every day.3 They will not finish the project by the end of the month.

The project.......--------......_.._._.._................ by the end ofthe month.4 They have closed fifty retail outlets over the last year

Fiily.etaii outlets ................ r rhe tast year.5 We arc reviewing all of our lT syslems.

All of our lT systems ...........6 We cannot ship your order lntilwe receive payment.

Yo!r order ,,,,...,._._.._............_._......,.,....,.,..,........ untilwe receive payment.

Exercise 2 g !tDecide if it is necessaryto lay who does the action. tf it is nor necessary (toss it oU. tf tt is necessary plt atick (/).

1 | don't thlnk your proposal will be accepted ry+€€pl€,2 The company was founded bythe father of the present chairman. /3 All olr machines are serviced by highly trained technicians.4 This machine isn't working againl lt was repai€d yesterday by a techni(ian.5 The conference was opened by someone fiom the London Businesr School.5 l'll be shown round the facrory by someone, and then t,lt rneet the sales team.

Exerc ise 3IEE! lRewrite these sentences using the passjv€ if it is possible. you may need a negative form. tf it s not possbe(because th€ verb is intransitive)put a cross L

I Our R & D department have discovered a promising new drug...4...Fr-qxiti14...^e.}|...d':$4...h4t .-bcs.^..dits-"J.g.!:gd*..,b.rx....'"!.c...R*D..deEa!:-t}4$:t.,.............;

2 The inflation rate w€nt down by O_5% lan month.

3 O.e of our best young desgneB created this line

4 l'm sorry we can't do that.

5 Something very interesting happened to me lan week.

6 We?e spending more than a million dollaG on advenisinq this vear

7 The Accounts Depadment may not authorise this paymenr.

8 | worked as a (onsultant for four veals afref mv tvt8A.

9 PAsSIVE I 45

Exerc ise4f$ [a marketing manager is writing a training manualthat explains how the company uses qu€stionnalres to do

rn.rket rcseaKh. Complete the text by putting the verbs frcm the in be ow into ihe prcs€ni s mple pastive.

d€5i9€ send bacl distribute otfer put outrource analise

Firn, we c.refully s€l€ct a sample of people to ask. Then the questions (1) 4!:g d,eti4^ed' . by a small

team within the department. Next, the questions (2) ..........................-..... into sequence and grouped

toqether by topic. Afterthat, we print the questionnaire and it (3) ....................-........... to everyone In the

sample Of cou6e, not allthe foms (4) .........................-...... to us, but we tryto collect as many as poss ble

Sometimes a small gift (5).......................-........ to people who rctum the forms. as an incentve. F nallv

we enter allth€ €sults onto a sprcadsheet, and the informaton (6) ...-............................ by lh€ ma(eting

depadment. lf we ar€ using a very la€e sample the dl(ribution and co ection (7) .-....... . . . to an

Exercise 5 n PHelen is narting her own busrness. Look at the extraci from her planning sch€dule, then complete her lefier

to a busin€ss advice service. choos€ either the present p€rfect passive (haslha!€ been done), prcs€nt

cont nuou! passive (,s/a/e beinq done) or a modalpassive form (e9:shou/dbe done).

Contact bank to affange loan.Find oiflce space.Equipment needed? order if necessaryPrint business cards, station€ry etc,Decorate office, order furniture, etc.Place advedsements in locai press.

Review staffing needs for Chistmas peiod.

I am wrifFg io arange m interiew with one of your business advi*F io discuss my busine$ sta.t-uP.

I've analy*d ihe market very cdtully and I believe thai I have a Sood buiness plan- I can give you a

few details of my prctress so fd.

I've had *veral meetinss uth ny banl, and a lod (1) i4'-..*f.n..4!.-r.-a*4C- (acute) l've fomd some

ofiice space in a Sood location, arthough some work (2) ........ . .... (will/need) therc belore I.an

move in. I've reviewed my equipment neds and in fact sone sPecialsed itens (3) .

(order) at the nom{t. My business cardsl4) .............-.-....-..-....-....-.. (fint)dd will b€ ready in a week or

60. This week I'mbsy decorating the offi.e, md I (5) .-.-.......-......-....-....-.-..... (shotnd/ 6nish) by the end of

I klow that roon l'l] hale to advertie in the lftal PIs, dd PerhaPs you co!]d advjse me on ihis matter

Iielly, I'd like some help plaming my stalfing neds - extra staff {6) ...-..-....-....-................... (might / need)

over the Ckistnas period-

Heler' Clradwick

assive 2

A Uses: linking to previous informationa The choice of active or passive often depends on howwe want io conr nue from the orevious

, -v!:!9 !9!!!!'\ o"e at ..rnany, best tna6n busne,5nch.lHe)founded sAp n te72 "helworking for tBM. ladive)

was founded by Hassa Plattner in 1 9/2 after he

B Usesi being formal/impersonala The passive ie oflen used n bLrsiness correspondence where the wrirer wanil to be impersonal

Compafe:

acnvE more personalWe orctercd twenty fitter units frcn you on the 1 6th March and the cauriet detiverco menyes@tday Unfartunatety, when we opened the package sameone had damaged two at theuni6 Au production depaftnent needs these ite|:ls uryentty.

PAss vE more rmpefsonaTwenty fitter units werc odeted from yau an the 16th Mar.h and they were detivere.lyesterday. Unfortunatet)t vr'hen the package was opened ttr'a of the unns had beendanaged. These itens are needed ueently by ov prcduction depaftment.

a Passives are frequeft in format wiring generaly, e9: repods and ]eg. docurnents. Otheranguage n fte text will a so be fo.mdr:

Cofhdd af E"rylryrctl

(i) Of.t afotploynutt.'tlt t)lflr Day h. exptesed ttn( y t it mat b. implied bf .and]|.. rlntrst be.onnt1tiate.l h rhc dttloye.'nt alf.t taa bc pithdhw at My trr. Lcl& aa(tj!di.(.() Wntc" Cotulitit B.Atct th..onha k na.t., oery orploys mnst he giren d r,i lr rrat.ifl1!ol tons r"d..iditio s oJ d'lor',a,r. (Busnc$ Lnrk lvebsne)

sleun,22 a P.ssves are used n phrases w(h lrto r€port wh.r peopte said n a fomatwayr/rrvassaid/agreed that... .

I Try1o fifd a balance between activeand passive forms Too many p.rsveforms can makealetter or report d tficLrlt ro undeEtano.

C Passive + infiniiivea The veds berbye expect know rcpart, say, thnk, suppase, undeatand dre often used in the

present s mple passive followed by an infinitive (ro do). Th s use is common in news .eporls:TlE Hngatidn to oDry is ex?e.t tl to erpatu! 6% ow &e kert ,uo yea6 as tisik! lteftBatta.tuts Euope lJaans de ord for lotdlly ptui!.ed .a^ dnd rejigaatas. Ca,sunet pti@, arc pftdictedto ti!. bt at onMl duerose o.f 7% 'text yeat. (cebd websire)

a To reier io the past we use betieve, exped, ercwirh ta have done.

Mahy i"vestnut bdnl5 arc helided to ha,e srnded tos6 ih the high yietd, ot,j,hk,, boatt'na*et h tMt honths. (FT-con websire)

a To rcier to an acrivity in progress at rhe momenr we use belieye, expe.t, etc wirh ao be dolher.En5soi k know to be lookiry at the pasibithy oJ outsoutinr its tao price, ehtry-teret phoaes in1i'ipar. (Econon;i vebsire)

D

10 PASS|VE 2 47

verbs with two obiedsa Some verbs have two objects. We can:

give / lend / offer / prcnise I sell/ send ltake something ta someboclybaok /buy / keep I naket pteparcl save sonething lar sonebody

a In activ€ sentences we can use thes-a verbs in two ways:

ABB gave a larye orderto u5 /dsay€ar (with fo)A88 gave us a larye otder last W. (without ao)

The form without tolfor is more usudl

o Each way cdn be made passive. One of the objects becomes the subj€ct of the p.ss ve sentence,

the other stays as an objed.A larye oder was given to us W ABB iast year \wiIh ta)we werc given a la,ge oder by A88 last year. \wilhou\ to)

again, the iom without tolfor is morc usual.

Have something dgnea When a protessional per9on, e9, a technician or accountant, does some work tor us, we can

vse have something done:we have ov a..ounts atdiffd by KPMG.we had out offices rcdecoratecl last yeatweTe going to have a new ai conditbning ststen ins|llled.Yau mun have you computers che.ked fot vnuses.

a We can lse get in place of have in mott cases This is mor€ niofmal.we got the contract che*ed by ou lawyeE.

F lo he borna Io be born is a passive lorm but does not have an obvious passive meaning.

I was bom in Utuguay

'Som€ people, Re|nlon, a.e t o.n to pU3h the enveloPe,.nd sorne are bom to llck h."

4a to PA5S|VE 2

10 Practice

Exercise 1 ff.Read each stater;nt 1-5 then choose which sentence.) or b)should fo ow pur a tck (/) bythe corrcct

1 Chevron and Texaco are goinq to merge via a S35 billion ofier by Chevron.a) Senior executives fi6t discussed it a year ago. nb) lt was flrst disclssed by senior executives a year ago. A

2 The process of economic union in Europe is proqressing quickly.a) A commissionef from spain called Pedro Solbes is dire(ing it nb) lt is being dkected by Pedrc solbes, a commissioner from spain. n

3 Pedro Solbes is Eurc'pe3 commission€r for economic and monetary.tfai6..) He s direciing the difficult process of economic unio". nb) The d tficult procest of economic union is being dned€d by htm. n

4 Novartis shares .ose by 32 Swiss francs in Zu ch yesteday.a) They are going to launch a new d.ug called Starlix later rhis year Ib) A new drug called Starlix is going to be launched by them ater thts year fl

5 Starlix is a powe.ful new drug for t€ating diaberes.a) Novartis are going to launch it later thisyear. !b) lt s 9oin9 to be launched by Novanis laterthis year n

Exerc ise2nFN#lblbdioq the correct words.

1 | had my cat be rcpaied / epa[ed yesleday.2 Profits are expected growlto grory by 1 0% in the next quarter3 | was bornlbarn ) a lil].le town just outside Dijon.4 We're getting the machines c/earedlb be c/eared tomorrow5 The Boad is thought to be denanded/haw denanded hi! resignation.5 We have the components assenblinglassenbled inJawan.7 Where exactly h€reyou bonldid you bonl8 She is supposed to been lookinglto be looking lot a rcw tob.

Exercise 3 g

Compete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning io the first sentence.1 Davld Gill frcm Marketing lent me this book.

......... . .....-.-1..r.41.-.1-e..^1..................... this book by David Gi f.om Markering.2 This sample was qiven to me at the Trade Fair

................_..... this sampte ar the Trad€ Fa r.3 They promised us delivery wiihin two weeks of our order.

we . .- . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. _. . . . . . ._. . . . . . . wi thin two w€€k of our order4 A 'Fxtile f rm nea' Milan m.de ih6 fabri( for u5

._.................... for us by a textite firm near Mitan.5 This order w.s sent to us thrcugh our website.

........_.._.......... rhis order through our website.6 lvy secretary booked the flight for me.

....._......._...... tor me by my secretary

10 PASSIVE 2 49

Exercise 4 B

+r16 Cornpet€ the report bv pultng the verbt in br€cketr nto the present perfect active (has don€) or passve

(har been done)

Bnzn (1) ....1!4t...b-a.-e.l..t$t..fQrled.... (,*-f.*t f,"n ao economy bded on sosi,r and coftic inro a

leatling industrial porver, and ths (r) ...... .lgt. !14rP?^qd.... (hrpp.n) owr a rhb,cb \hor omc penod.

o 'e , e .en , ) " r^ in i l Jho , , t . . . . . . . . . . . . b r rn" und. .onno l .J , ,d fo ,aL i d i , -c t

nMstDe ' r r (a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gncorms€) .

Thc covernncnr (5) .... . . . (privrtne) nDny srtc-owned companies, aDd they

(6) .... - - - ...... hho,/invest) r lot ofD,oney h .dvanced intosffuctue.In an attenrpt to

decenrahe the econoDry, CaDrpims sis chosen to bc B.rzil\ lT opital,.nd car production

(7) .... . . - .. .. (n,ovc) trlvr! fion rad,tion.l centres to st.t,\ s!.h rs Rio cnndc do sul

in the south . No one pe te , rd ' t l , ! t J I thc o ld p rob lcms (8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {so lvc ) , b l t BBz i l

. r inJ l , u l , r r r . r n . pL .c ' n rhe $or ld $cc

Exercise 5 C

Read the article about Manchener Un,ted, then complete rt w th the verbs in the brackets Plt the f,6t verb

n i h e p r e s e n t 5 m p e p a s v e ( t o b e d o n e ) a . d t h e s e c o n d v e r b n d s u t . b e i o r m o i t l r e n f n t v e ( r o d o , t o

be donrg. at ta have done)

Manchester United: just

,r, rt tu$oted to have

(supposc/h!!e) belween l0 nrillior and

30 million supponers throughout rlc world.

In Norway. for exanplc, onc ir cvcry 140people (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ._._._._._._-- -

Gay/be) a regislercd supponer Ticker

sales lnd merchandisirg confibure ove.

hall of thc club\ revenue, wilh

lclcvision corributing a funhe. 20./,.

a game of football?But scnior .rccutivcs

G). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(know/look a0 othe. wrys to geneatc

incomc ar rhe nonerr. Forexample, the

club (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(bclieve/dcvelop) c'conrnercc iniriatives

lhrouBh a se.ics ofalliances. Cosls at the

club conrinue ro jncrcasc. A few yeds aeo

the c lub (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

kepod/spend) t30n on a ple to expand

the capacity ofthe stadium trom 55,000

seats ro 67,400 se{ls. Bul this(6) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . ( th ink/be) u

good investmenr.s ir will generllc ncarly

!7.5 million in addiriond ornover annually.

The dain cosls rr fte club de the salarics ol'

the playen. Lrsr lelr the tem\ captain

(?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ur.lerstdnd/negotiate) a lburyear controcr

worth over eight n8urcs.

Exercise 6 B

The two emarh beow are v€ry s rn ar, but lh€ one on the rght 6 more mpersondl Compleie t by !s ng

. q b r o . I e r r . . e a d t . I . p . o " _ r o . 1 o J . h " p d . . r . e

Thank you for your order for Pcplus softwarewhich we received this morning. Our fulfilmentteam is dealing with your order, and we expect

ihat we wil deliver ihe package io you within

10 work ng days. have included our currentprice lst as an attachmeni, Please note we on,,guarantee ihese prices until 31 December Thankyou for choosing soft.com.

Thank you lor youf order for Pcplus software which(1) . . . . . . . . lJ4:. . I -elCiY-eC.. . . . . . . th s morn ng. Your order(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . by ouf ful f l lment team and we

expect that the package (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to you

with n 10 working days. Our current price ist(4) . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as an attachment. P ease note

t h a t t h e s e p r i c e s ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - u n t i l

31 December. Thank you for choosing soft.com.

odals and related verbs 1

A Modal ve.bs: tormI Units I1 14 d€al with modalverbs. Modalverbs ar€ can, could, wi , would, nay, night, shal,

a Modalverbs are followed by th€ niinitive wlhout to.

a Moda verbs hdve only one form. So there is no 5 in the thifd person s ngutar and there are nove.b t€nses wilh lr9, ed, etc.

a Questions dr€ made by putt ng the mod.l in ffont of rh€ subject. Negatives are made by puning

not immediaiely afier the modal(often shortened to -r'f n spoken Eng sh afd informa wrtrenEng sh).C a n L . . ?Coutd 1 .. ? tcauld nat (cauldn t)

would I ...? Iwau|.j nat (wauldn't)

Could you pass the salt, please?That could be difficult

t should nor (shouldn't)

a

Moda verbs a.e auxiliaryverbr- they are usedwth other main verbs two modalverbs cannot

Modal verbs have no n{ niiive form. nstead, we use olher expressions ke b€ rble fo (for can),have ta (lot nust) and be likely ta (lor nigh).|'d like to be able to speak beter french. (NOT #d-lik€+e+a€+p€sf()

Modalverbs show the speakerS atttude or leelings aboLrr a stuaion For exampe, howproba b e or necessary so.neth ing s. or thar ihe spea ker 6 ofiering or request ng someth ng

The lame mod. velb can be lsed in dillerenr ways and wirh difierent mean ngs. you on ykfow lhe meaning ircm the stlalion. For exarnpe, could:

lcould get to wo* in 30 ninutes in ny last jab. (ability: past rime)(Gquen present time)(uncertainty: fulure t me)

B Abilitya To talk about ability we use ca, and car't(or carror if form.lwitinq).

We Gn getthat informatlan frcn the NetCan you delivet in tu\/a weeks? - No, we can'I'IJ ue rahnot ptodre in ,Mre thdt both .dpnies thc e$er( oldk Hus.lian nntion dhd istonin.ilq,ller ath$t rillptoduc n i'B2dd'tiid Hufatid Prn e Minbtet Viktu A iiinhis\peth t.stedry. (Cennal Europe Review Nebsire)

t Car't s used for all th ngs thar we are not .ble to do.I can't speak Gernan

For the spe.i.lcase ofth ngs that are proh bited (noi attowed)by rutes or aws we can aho !s€

t n tott tau .an't/munn't smoke h th't drci

a We sometimes use be able/unable ta i,s\ead oI can Theyare common in wriring

Fo' tlt jr! trre nt yedn ue ate notu able to gene te gtueth iktetldlly, nat jrst thraughd.,trdirionJ. (IDterDitional HeraldTribune website)

11 MODAIS AND RELATED VERBs I 51

c Past abilitya To talk about qene€l pan ability (not limited to one occasion) we use could.

I .ould speak Fr ch quite well when I was at school.

a To talk about one specific pan action we use wd5lwe.e able to ard nanaged to.I was able to/managed to install the new softuare quite easily.

Congas nanageil to dn thbufh abott t900 billion aJ the btdtet sfiplus in the thtee nontht also leddirg ry to thit etutioi; thirh ofuhat it diqht do in 4@ led^: (NewYorkTimes website)

But to talk about a specific pan action with a verb of the sense! (see, f€e, hear undeatand) we

I could/was able tolmanaged to undestand mast of what he said.

o In negative sent€nces and qvestions we cdn use could, waslwerc able b atl nanaged ta.I n sorry I couldn't/watn't able to/didn't manage to cane ta the restauant last nightI .ouldn't/wasn't able toldidn't manage to undeRtand what he neant.could you/werc wu able to/Did you manage to deal with the prcblen?

D Wil and willingnesssee unit 7 a l/i// is an auxiliary verb used to refer to the fuiule. But w7 also has modal uses that can refer to

ror rlirr lQd I rhe rLrru* the oresent or the future.See uni t 13

ft/ o,r rspd nn nik nq aslnDr o"5 ah.!l a M// can be lsed for instant (omments made at the moment of speak n9.I think l' 9o hone now (a spontaneols decision)

see unft r7 t'll give you a ltft to the station. (an offer of help)t'tt give yau ny full suppon /h the m€eting. (a prcmise)

I'll have the rcast lamb- (ofdering food)

Wil/ can also be used in questions to make a request or offer something.W l you hold the lift fot r.,e, please? (a request)wi tou have sone nore caffeez (otfering someth n9)

a n many of these examples wherc w7 rcfers to the pres€nt it expresses the idea of 'w lingness .

"Here at JM Networks, we recognize hardnork and maybe someday we ll rel,vard it."

52 11 MODAU' AI{D REIATED I'ERBS '

11 Practice

Exercise 1 g

Unde ine the correcr words.1 Do tiu can/QD]9! @ne tothe meering nextweek?2 I can came / t can to come to the meeting next week.3 lwon't.an't/be able to come to the meeting next week.4 Satry kat I didn t @uldl I couldn't come to the meeting tan week.5 Sorry that / wasn'fable tol/ wasrt able come to the meeting last week.6 Do you wiIlWiI you shcl.v mp how to log on to the netwo*?7 What we can dolcan we do?a I hope to canlto be able to tly directly to Duss€ldorf.9 I must speak / I must to speak with Mr Rejner as soon as possible.

10 I nanzgied toll could speak ro Mr Reiner yesteiday.11 The hotelwas OK, bur / naraged to couH heat atot of noise from the street.12 I managed toll could take a boat trip on Lak€ Leman when I was in Ceneva.

Exercise 2 E!!Complete the lentences with can, <ant, could, <oudn't gr be able to.t h afraid | ..........S3A:1.......... hetp you at the momenr.2 I don't rhink t'll ........................_....... come to th€ meeting.3 The negotiations broke down because we ..,.,.,.,,.,,.._.,.,..,.,,,,.,., agree on the p ce.4 | ................................ see you were having problems, so I didnl interrupr.5l fyo!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .makeaf irmordertoday,weshoutd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .shipbyFriday.5 | ind Ponuguese very difiicult. | ........-..................._... understand it, but | ................................ speak it.7 Sory | .................-.............. se€ you next week, but I might ............................_.. make the week aft€r.8 A: Will you ........_....................... go to the training semjnar?

B: No,l ,.,,.,,,...............,.,,,,.,, - t'm very busy.9 l'm sorry | ...-..........................._ come to your tatk yesterday. I had to sort out a probtem.

t0 | ................................ ski rea y well when twas in my h,venties, but now t,m out of practice.

Exerc ise 3 lEMatch sentences 1+ with then uses of ur.4it.

a) ; future fact e/ d promEeb) a belief oropinion aboutthe future 0 orderinq foodc) an innant decision 9) a requend) an offer of help h) offering something

I I think sales will pfobably improv€ in the spring. E2 l'll give you a hand wiih your b.gs. n3 Will you give me a hand with these bags? n4 OK, l'llphone them right now. !5 l'll have the panjried fish. n5 l'll be there at six o'clock Oonr worry | won,t be late- D7 n the sping we'llhavetwo new producs ready to taunch. n8 Willyou have anotherglass of wine?. n

,I'I MODAIS AI{D RELATED VERBsl 53

Exercise 4 !!sl@

cood morning, ihe Tech Store, tlis is Jon speating-(1) ..8o..!.1C....1..r.re4k'..fe... someon€ in customer senices, please?

Er.Yes, of cou6e, (2) ........

@ ts Comptete tne tetephone conversation using phrases from the Tin below

can you send can I callyou can you hear can I help you can't see€€{fdr{p€ak*e rculd you hold could you rcpeat could you speak could you tell me

l'll need l'll put one l'll be on l'lljust 90 I'llwait l'll plt you thrcugh l'll qet back to you

Customer SNices, Mark speakirg, how (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

I'm calting about your n$ Sansung D\'D plalers. (4) ......... ... .. .. . . . .. ifyou ha\€

any in stock?(s) ............................................ and see. (6) .......................................... the line Please?Y6 no pmblem, C4 .........

Heno? I (8) ............................................ lny on the sheh€s. (9) ................. .. .... .. ... .. to

check th. order strtus on the compute. (10) .............-.-,-----......... back?

Certainly. My nme is Sira Hall and ny telephone number is 0582 1067.

Sorrv (l l) ............................................ up? Itt a terrible iine.

ls that better? (12) ............................................ m. now?

Yes, that's much b.trei (13) .....................-................ .... the numb€r Please?ofcourse. ltl 0582 1067. (14) ........................................ .. this number aI morning.

sorry I canl tel you ifwe've got any D\Ds in srock right noq but(15) ............................................ as soon as I have thc information.Was there anything else?

Ea ycs, (16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . me a copy ofyour latcst catalogue?

Ofcoursc, (1? .............-................ ........ in the Post to you today.Whatt your sddress?

It's 25 tudley t ne, Lowcr . . .

Exercise 5 EllEThis exercke introduces many ol the modalverbs covered in the following units. t!4atch each sent€nce 1-14

wirh a meaning al'n).

1 lshould do t .

2 | shouldn't do it.

3 lcan do i t .

4 L can't do it.

5 | mustnl do it.

6 | don't have to do it

8 l ' l ldo i t .

a) lil necessaryto do t.b) lt3 not necessaryto do it.c) sorry it3 impossible.d) lt3 forbidd€n-e) | have the ability to do it.

0 l'rn ofieing to do it.g) lt3 a good idea.h) tt3 a bad idea.

trn. nnnn

9 l ' l ldo i t .

10 | might do it.

11 would you like to do it?

12 Could you do it, please?

13 May I do ii?

14 Shal l l do i i?

i) l'm inviting you.

j) l'm asking perrnission.

k) l m rcquestifg th.t you do it.

l ) lpromise.

m) Perhaps lwll do it.

n) l'm making a suggeston.

nn!n!n

54

A

odals and related verbs 2

Necessity (obligation)

a To saythat somethrng is necess.ry we us€ have tc reed ta aft nun.I have tolneed to speak ta Jane beforc she leaves.We nust finish the neeting by eleven at the latest

O A three forms areverysimilar, particuldry in writing where they allexpress necessty

iob galion)

In sp€ech th€re ls a 5mall d ffercnce:

Have to aTl need to the sltldtion makes sorneth ng necessaryYau have to pay the invoice by the en.l of the nanth (th.ts the company tule)

MuJt - ihe speake. peEondlly feels som€thing ir rn portantYou must stap watking so hard ( mte nq you)'We nBt p.dll d lp eoiofl)' i\ l,ft o,. tlitt.rtio" .f |ift 6 d !,haL, Md it is lty tu Mcaa@tdi rlftt it is th( \i,Uk i'ott i'ipnttort ore'sdid Prntc Mfi6r.r Orr.ir. ((lerrrxl E{rcpe

To make a question we normdlly use have lo or need to ll we use nust for a quen on we cafsound annoyed, pdrtcu arly J we slresr must in spe€chUhtodunalelf; Imust/have ao/need to ^otl\ tms etervalDa you have to/need to wark this evening?Munyou work this evening?

Hdve got ta a.td 'll have ta are also Lrsed for ne.essrty. They .re rnore inforrnaYou've got to/You'I have to cantact them ds saon as passtble

B No necessity. pe.mission, prohibitiona When somerhing s not necessary we use dor't have to and danl need ta

You don\ have to pay ight naw We.an give yau crcdn (yo! arc free io choose)

a When someth n9 s pemitted we use can and be allawed taYau can park your car here at the weekends, but nat duinq the week.

a When somethinq is prohibiied we use.an'r, be norallawed ta and nustn t. Mustn,ti\ marc

usualwh€n we are telling someone whar nol to doYou le not a owed to pa,t ar a darbt. tetto \raYou mustn\ talk about politics if they lnvite yau to dinner (l'm tellinq you)

a Nolice that have to and must have eimri:r meaf ngs in their aff rrnaive forrns Gecron A above),but diflerenl meanings n the r neg.tive foms (rhis section).I have to/must leave naw (rt's ne.esrary for me to le.ve)I donr have to leave naw (it's not necessary | have a choi.e whether to eave)

(it's proh bited, cafnot leave)

C Necessity, no necessity, permission, prohibition in the pastO To t.lk about necessity in the pdn, we use had ro and needed ro There is no pan form of

I had to/needed to speak ta Enna about sonething, but Ive fargotten what t was abaut.

if To talk about no necess ty in the pan, we use d/lJn't have ta/didn t heed taYau didn't have to/didn't need to take a taxi t could have Dicked vau uD in nv ca.

12 MODAI.S AND RELATED VERES 2 55

a To ta k .bo!t pefmiss on in the pan. we use could was a//orved to.]n ny last iob I couldlwas a owed to use the phane for pesonal .alls.

a To td k aboLrt prohibition in the past, we use couldn't, wasn t allawed ro.tn my last job I couldn'tlwasn't a owed to use the phone fot peEonal calls.

D Opinions and advicea we use should, should not \shouldn't), oughr b and ought not te (oughtn't ta) Io gi\e an

opinion or recommendation about what s the ben thing to do.We shouldlought to invest morc heavily in naketing

Bf ttidnirht Kenn.d), had 265 electotdl "ates, i6t Jaw Jtot of dctary. Nixon wd,L't ludy ta

.ahede,tut he lturyht he shotld nftke sohe ki'd oJ notene$t b hn suryorkts i" thc balhoandounstdit\. Keine4, udt.hed this o Tv'why shotu lrc @tade?'K.nfledf sdid to hk aides.'IMrl/"'!.' (wahington l'osr website)

O When we use )lcu sp€akinq to someone else our opinion becomes advice.You should speak ta your boss. (its my advice ro you)

Note that advlce is like a weak type of necessiry (sect on A).You should/ought to go to the doctor (advi.e: t3 the best thing to do)You must/have to go to the dodot (sirong adv cer it3 rea y necessary)

a had beftet (not) it $ed lor st.ong opinions. f/ad is u5rJa y contracted.l'd better not inte upt him while he s an the phone.Ithink you'd befter ca then straightaway.

E Past criticismWhen we use the verbs in section D in the past (+ have + pan partc pe)we mean that weddnt do the rght thing and now we are making a c| tcsm.We should have seen the dan9e6 a long tl|r,e aga.We shouldn't have spent all the advettising budget on televisian spatsYou ought to have mentioned that ea iet

F lreed toa Ne€d to means ihe same as have ao Gections A/B).

You have to/need to sign this fom in tuvo places, herc and here.

y youre goi"S to jufltp into the LIK nn*et akd btune a, iflpottaht pldfu, ya, nee.l to hare wiben'ot rctdils in n'e 16-17 !/ie rd,€e. (NewYorkTines website)

a Notice the two possible negative lormsYau don't need.tolneedn\ wah far me I l cone along latet

a In slricl grammar the two neqative foms have different mean ngs in the pan.I didnl need to anive at ser€r. (we don't kfow when I arrived - maybe leven or ater)I needn't have adived at seL€n. (we know when I arr ved - seven - but it wasn't necessary)

But in everyday speech we often use dldr'r need ro for both cases.

56 12 MODAI.S ATD NEIAIED VERES 2

12 Practice

Exercise 1 !!!! !Match each s€ntence 1-12 with one of the format sentences a}-t.

1 lcan do it. tr2 lmustn't do it. !3 ldonl have to do it. !4 lhave to do it. !

a) lts necessaryb) ltS not necessary

d lts allowed.d) ltl not allowed.

5 lcouldnl do it.5 | didn't have to do it.7 | had to do it.8 lcould do i t .

0 lt wasnl necessaryg) lt was allowed.

!!!!

9 | should have done it.10 | shouldn't have done it.11 | shouldn't do it.12 lshould do i t .

Doing itwould be a good idea.Doing it would be a bEd idea.Doing it was a bad idea.Not doing it was a bad idea.

tt)k)

trnnnExercise 2 !Complete the sentences with must or have to. Both are possible each time, bui one is more natuElirj aspoken context.

I | -.-.........................._ remember to emait Stev€ and thank him for all his hetp.2 Sorry | ................................ 90 now, the meeting begins in five minutes.3 You ,.,,.,.,,.,..,......,.,..,.,.-. your tax lorm by 31 January4 You.,,.,,....,.,.,....,.,,.,.,,.,.. try to be more diplomatic when you,re speaking to Tim.5 L............................... go the dentist next Friday morning, so t,lt be a little laie.6 | €ally ................................ go the dentist_ t,ve had this awfut pain for two davs.

Exerc ise 3I I I IDecide whether each pair of sentences has the s3me meaning. Wdte I for identicalor neaf y identical, S forsimilar or D for completely different. At the end fiere will be nine of t, two of S and three of D.

'I You'd better go now2 We don't have to cut the budget.3 You should have a rest.4 You can't smoke here.5 We must sign the contract.6 You must be here before 8.30.7 You mustn't touch that key!8 You didnl have to give a tip.9 We have to work harder on this_

10 | ought to leave now.ll You shouldn't woay so much.1 2 | must w te these letters no\ /.l3 | couldn't use the email.14 We donl hale to decide yet

BYou should 9o nowWe mustn't cut the budget.Yot/ ought to have a rest.You're not allolved to smoke here.We should sign the contlact.You have to be here before 8.30.You don't have to touch ihar kejrYou didn't need to give a tip.We mun wo* harder on this.

You ought noito worry so much.l'd b€tter write these letters nowldidn't ne€d to use the email.We donl need to decide yet.

@,"

,I2 MODAIS At{D REI.ATED VERIS 2 57

E x e r c i s e 4 * S #Look ai thes€ notes that a Pe6onnel Manager wroie to expldin comp.ny rules. Th€n use the notes to

compete a briefing he gave to some new employees on th€irfir( day atwork Chooseftom have ta, dant

have to, can, tan t, should ot shouldnt.

'Um. Exclse me. 6ood morning. Er, good morning. I ve .alled you 10 this meeting to explain to you all some

of the basic h€alth and safety.ules that we have here Um, lLrsi of all. workinq hoLrrsr ts not our company

poli.y to make staft work excessive houls - it makes people unproductve and cdn endanget health Um,

manageE (1) ...........S44J........... make any of their naii work more than an av€rage oi 48 hours per week,

although anyone (2) ................................ volunteer to work more than these hours, but thev(3) ................................ sign a Ietter lrcm the company to say that they want to do this. Any member of stalf

who is worried ihat they are working loo many hours (4) ......... .... . . . . . speak to their head oi

um, a emp oyees (5) ...............................lake a minLmum ol thr€€ weekl pa d holiday per year, but yc-

( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t a k e a l l t h s h o l l d a y o f f i n o n e b l o c k . s t a f i ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . g i v e t h e i r h e a d o l

department as much notice as possible abou the I holidays, altholgh they (8) . .. . . . ... . sendther

holldav form ofl to persofnel until a few weeks before they 9oNext, er, f i redi lk. We havea f i re di l labout once a month dont ignore t .You(9). . . . . . . . . . . . .

e a v e t h e b u i d n 9 i m m e d i a t e l y t h a t y o u h e a r t h e b e l l , a n d o f c o u 6 e y o u ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . ' ' - . b l o c k i h e

I re exi ts. Fire not ces are posted thrcughoul ihe bl iding. Emp oyees (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . read ihese

notices regularly. In the case of a realli€, don't panic and fo owthe fi€ procedures

And lastly, for you smoke6, l'm alraid that smoking is not perrn tted anywhere inside the bu ding, although

yo! (12) ---,---.-----. smoke jun outside the front door.

think ihat cove6 eveMhinq. Does anyone have any quesuons? No ... Y€s

Exercise 5 F Ci@ ZO n f uslnesman is d€scibing lis trip to L.gos. Complete the iext w th hrd to, didnt have to couldn't, should

have ot shouldn t have Each phrase is used twice.

' (1 ) ...tlle$Jd...h4,v.4...- rravelled on the I 0 am {lisht, but when | got to the airpod lhev to d me that the

fighl was overbooked and l(2).....-.......-............... catch a later flight Th€n at the check'in d€sk they ioLd

me that (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . take both my bagsas hand luggage, so | (4) . . . . . . . - . le toneof

them qo in the hold, which was very atlnoying as I had my diary in t, and it deayed me by neafly an hoLtr at

baggag€ reclalrn al the other end. When I got on the plane lwanted to use rny laptop, bui oi cours€

(5) .........................-......- unril aftef take ofi. The fliqht attendant told m€ io turn it off .nd said that

(6) ........................-..-.... k.own not to use ii. To be honest 'd just forgoiten, and he (7)

been so rlrde. Er, it was quite late when I finally left Lagos anport, so t was lucky (8) . . .. - . 9o

to any meelings that.fternoon. And, looking back at what happ€ned, | (9) . .. . .. . . . traveled with

th.t airline they have a ot of problems with overbookinq. And my company was paving for the fllg hr so I

(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . choos€ the cheapest opt ion.

til^ letter 4b.i i !&rti{ hdrrt, Ie ve buildi^4 dw-iY fira drill

te^d lbliday {orr to perrouel iM*edi^tely

blu^teer to rcrk extrA t@Kt, +^kz 3 '.,eek, I'oliday,

,rcka out ide buildi^.1

v^ke t+-^++ w*- 164 b^rt, t^ke all lblid^y tila to42lt\2r

tFe r ID l\tAA o{ de+artveat ^t'.t^t zxczttiw l^o^rt, li'!zrctice to head o{ dept. ahout lolid^tt,.e d +ire Mli.zt

A

odals and related verbs 3

Degrees of probabilitya We can use modals and oiher phrases ro ta k about ihe probabitiry thdt somerhing wil hdpp€n

in the future. 5€e table afd following sections.l00% cedainty will, be ceftain to95-100% d€du.tion must can'taoyo expectalion siould, ought to, be tikety to, shoutdn t, aught not ta, be untikety to30% 70% uncedalnty nay, night, coutd, may not, night notao/"

Certainty and deductiona We use wil/ and bece,ran ao if we arc certain that lometh n9 willhappen.

The net! Jaquar will be launchell at the paris Motor Shaw.

a We use won'rwhen we arc ce(ain something w tnot happen.In mtry Christiane is on haliday She won't be back untit the 14th.

a We can use probab, and definitely wrh wittand wan,r Nore the word orderShe' p.obably he at the neenng she prcbably won't be at the neeting

a We Lse musr and can'r io show rhat sornerh ing is very cearain becaus€ t is togicat This soitencal led'deduct iof ' .Thete s na answer frcn het phone. She must be in a meetingBath the meeting rooms are enpry. She <an't be in a neeting

Note that car't not mu'tn't, s used here.

C Expectationa When we expect that somerhing wil happen we use shoutd, ought ta ot be ]jkety ta

They should/ouqht to anive at about 4.30.Our prafits are likely to imqove next yearLitbot shocld be a t"mkt poiflt it1 Ettopein uanotik poti.y. (Econonist website)

a When we erpect rhat something wiit not happen we $e shautdn't, aught not to ot be untikety ta.There shouldn't/ought not to be arry prcbten.

Mt Blai\ Usbai lrdtegy it .flihcv to he o'o rh ta haL tE ,tetoiaration it BitaitL's rcktiotlrhi!,"dr F!'oF. Gcononist websne)

D Uncertaintya When we are lnc€rrain we use na| night ot coutd.Ihe meaning is,perhapl.

We may be able to delver in tdo weeks.I might have some norc news for yau nert week.It.ould take a lang tine to arcnge the finance.

Thele is no impodanr difference beiween ihese modats in th s contexr.

a The negative forms are may not and night not.fiday is not a good day for the |r,eeting. I nay/night not be in the office on that da,.

see unir 1 1 Note th.t could ,oi is not used with this meaning.

B

E

13 MODALS AND REI.ATED VERBS ! 59

Degrees of probability in the Pasla For differcnt degrees of prcbability in the past w€ Lrse:moddlverb + have + past partc pL€.see

a Notice in the tabl€ thdt Wllelon't ha!€ + past participle is an assLrmption (you th nk something

is true although you have no pfoofl. For cerBinty in the past we iust use a norrna past tense

lik€ the past simple.

assumptlon You'll have seen our new madel. lt's in allthe shops

deducton Therc was no ansv'Er frcn her phone She must have been in a neettng

Eoth the neetirg roons wPte enpq She.an't have heen tn a neettng

expectation lhey shouldlought to have aftived by now I hope they haven t got tast

uncertainty Yes, I see what you nean now I .ould have heen wang abaut that.

weTe anly Iive minutes late. The talk might not have statEd vet

assumption You won't have seen our new nodel lt's not in the shops yet

Cjtisttr6 corld have b..fl dn snhappy oB latt rar afyo, odercd Wsents a,lit! Mdtv . stanos

uer still waitinrlot rilt to dftive lo'a dJt.t th. holiddfs hd erriel (Industr/Week webslte)

'Possibilittt'

a Be carefll with the wod 'possibility because lt rciers to two different ideas in English:

unce(ainty and ability. studythese examples:

uNc€RTArNry (there is a chance that something wiL happen)It's potsihte that the share prke v/ill rccover' l= lhe share price might/(ould r€cover)

A8ur (the mental skill or physical power to do somethrng)ttt possible fot ou factory ta prcduce 8a0 caB a nonth. (= our lactory can prcduce . )

For uncertainty see rections c and D of this unit. For ability se€ lrn t l l

a To talk about a pan possibility we use could + have + past pad c p e.t could have booked an earlht flight, but it left at 7 30 in the manlngThis is an oppo(unity that didn't happen.

To talk about a past impossibility we use could,1't + harc + pan particlpe

t coutdn't have booked the ea er llight ' it was conpletely full

/.4F

"Well we've tried everything else -

I suppose we could try and improvethe ptoduct."

50 13 MODALS ANO REIATED VERBS 3

13 Practice

Exercise l HngmUnde ine the conect words.1 Look at those clouds. I think it can/ellfulmust Bin.2 That3 impossible.lt can't betmustu't belnay not be true.3 Well donel You may belnust belmight be \lery pteased.4 Next Thu6day is a possibili\y. I night bet.an,t belnust be f.ee in the afte.noon.5 I'm not surc. l munnorbelmay not belwon t be abte to get there in time.6 lh.t can? be / nustn't be / nay not be D aid. He s aw ay ar a conf eren(e.7 Lisa isn't at her office. She can belmust be/mustn't be on her way herc.8 Lisa hasn t afiived yet. She should belcan be/.an't be herc soon.9 Theres someone in re(eption. tr can belcoutd be/mustnlbethe engineer

10 Satry,lcantlnay notln?hrcome to your pesentation. t,m busythat afternoon.ll l'm not sue where Sue is. She coulct be/nust be/ca, be at tunch.12 l'v€ ooked everywherc fot Sue. She could be/must belca, be at tuich.

E x e r c i s e 2 E A C EMatch each sentence 1-7 wirh a similar sentence a}{).

1 -rhey?e likely to do it.

2 They might/could do it.3 They're almolt certain to do ir.4 lhey'll definitely do it.5 They?e unlikely to do it.5 Theyle very unlikely do it.7 They deflnitelywon't do it.

a) rm sure thar they'll do itb) I m neaiy sure that they'tt do it.c) They'll probably do it.d) Maybe they'l do it.e) l'm sure they won'i do it.0 They probably won t do it.

O They almost certainly won'r do it.

tr!!n!!n

E x e r c i s e 3 H F E HComplete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the fi6t sentence using mun, might, can ot can.t,1 Deliver by the end of the month? yes, tthink it3 possibte to do that

Deliver bythe end ofthe month? yes, tthink we .............!_4t............ do that.2 lts possible that we will lose this client.

we .........-...................... lose this client.: 'm slre this sn t rhe ght road.

Th s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - be the r ight road4 l'm sue you work late mon nights.

you.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . . ._. . . ._. . . . work tate most nights.5 lt3 possible that l'll see you romorrow, but Irn not sure.

1 ..-...,.,...-....-....-......,., see you tomorrow6 ltb possible for the new printerto print 20 sheets per minute.

The new printer..........-................._._. print 20 sheerr per minute.7 l'm afraid ihai l'm un.ble to go to rhe Trade Fair this year

lm airaid that | ..............._...._._...._.... go to theTrade Fair this yearI suppose you are Kate Perry How do you do?

You ........._...._................. be Kate Perry How do you do?

13 MODALS AND RELATED VERBS ! 61

Exercise 4 E FMatch each sentence I 8 with ls mean ng aE)

1 Hewon' thavearrvedyet . g

2 He' have arrived by now

3 He can't have arfrved yet

4 He rn ght have arved by now -

5 He cou d have arrved by now -5 He should hrve.r rved by now

7 He must have:r rved by now -

8 He couldn t have.r rved ye1.

a) 95 100% probab ty of hie arrival

b) 80% p.obabl ty of h is : r rva

c) 4M0% probab ty of hi5 affival

d) 0% probab ty of his arrval

(Rin(e the be8iMins of this year

\runemployment has fallen from

2.s million to 1.8 million, and

trt......!1...1i.ts9!y..-te.... arcp urow1.s million by the end of the yeai

Thi6 (2)........................................ be

good news for the govennent ag

unemployment i6 a very imporlant

idsue in the country at the momenl. By the tine of the next

ele(tion unemptoyment (3) '.*-........-.--------. even

falt betow I miuion - it all depends on the wodd

I i^ ""

E x e r c i s e 5 A B C D

Cornpele the arlkle wilh the words and phr.ses irom the hst below The graphs and deas n the t€xl w

dei nitely won't i5 a mon certd n to r..]*€t-{€ s unhk€y to rn tht will definitely

e(onony and is impo$ible to

predict with any cerlainty.

Unfo.iunately inflation b Soing tlP

steadily. Ii (4).............'.-'.'.-----

reach 6% by the end of the

year However the Sovernmenl(s)..................,........,............ iake pani(

measurcs as inflation is sinilar to

th.t of its tEding partie6 and {6) ,.,,.,,,,,,,,,,..,..........,..,..,.,,,,

rctur to levels of the 198!s when rates of 30% o! 40"/. a year

E x e r c i s e 6 A B D E

Ma.t n and Anne have anved at.heck-in at He.lhrow Aiporr. compeie the r dialowe wrh nust, night,

can't, must have, night have or can'r have Use ea.h word once on y

N,^rrN ()h Do.l crni fird lrv prsport.

You'rcjoking.

vrr r r r No, real l l : ts not 1I r Dr- \ 'br ic tca ie.

well. ir (1) ......Yqtt ..... be i! vour othe. bas. Qui.k have r look.

\BRIN I!\ nor lhere.where otr errth is it?

Wcll, I dont knorv Do rou rlrink rou {2) .............. .... . leli rt it home?

M.rr rN Thats nnpo$ib le I ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . done. I checked I had i t ur th ne fof f t lncs before I

leli the housc.

OK, ciln do\rn.wlut about .he.king lour .oll pocke$?You never knov, it

(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be rhere

^or{rN, No. it snt Thl B ridiculous.We're soins to miss our flight.

Look.-vou (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be Iookins in the r isht p lace

Ercuse me, sir. ]s rh.t \our pasporr there on the ground?

iNrrN, Oh, ,ves, so r ! s . Ah, I (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .droppedi t rvhenIqslookingfor thet ickets.

odals and related verbs 4

A Dir€cuindirect languagea Choce of langu.ge often depends on rh€ sociatsruaron. D rect tanguage is rypicatof nfomal

situatlons, for exdmple conveGaiions betwe€n col eagues Indirecr ta ng uag€ s typica of lormasituatiofs, fo. example lirst meerings wh€re we have ro be po te. In gener.t:- prere.t fonns (cd,, wil4 are more d rect than pan forrr's \cautd, wautd)- sho.t lonns (Cdnlou)are mofe d rect than tong forms ltwondet if yau cauld)

I Requestga To make a rcquest (ask someone to do lometh n9) we use can, coutd, wil, woutd.We can aoo

the word possrbt to make the request more potite.Could you (possibly) apen the windaw, please?Will./Would you give ne a hand with these suitcases?

Qtstio : My ptoJ.siok ii,olres nt so.ial6iar vith iddL^tpp?rclds !!ottc. Cat y"/ecotnn.rd d ltd book i road nodm di cR afld ctiqr.a.: (TheTines websue)

unn 15 a we use an indirect question to make the rcquest more po te.Do you think you .ould open the window?I'd be gftteful il you could apen the windaw

a We can reply by agreeing to or refusing a requesr.Agleeingt Sure. No prablen/Yes, af couse. lYes, cettainly.Retuting: Actually, it s a bit in.onvenient ight how/t'm sorry but that,s nat passible

Requests with mirda We can make . €quen wth Would you nlnd ... followed by an ,lrg form.

Would you mind rcpeating that2

a Questions with nrlrd mean ls it a prcblen far you? So, to aqree ro a request we say,no,.A: Would you mind opening the windaw?B: No, ot caurse nat.

To rcfuse we use a phrase keWell, Adually Io be,,ronest and give a reason.A: Would you mind opening the window?B: Actua y, I n feeling quite cold.

c

' i \

I

&

.h@Pe'*i '@@gbFftab*

14 MODAIs AND RELAIED VEFBS 4 63

D Permissiona To ask if we can do something we use .aD could, mav

Canlcould/May I change mY ticket?

lndgine d Natia,Mt Ilealth SeMce in uhkh patknts dle qftet.d dt the doot ith d snile dnd ' 'har)

ma! I hetp yot?'Fd t6y? L n'dy not I'e s.fdt dtudy os yo, rhi,k (Guadian website)

se€ unit 16 a We can lse an indircct question to ask for permission

ts it all ight if I change mY ticket?I wonder if I could change rry tkket?

a We can aek for permissianwilh Do you mind if I ? at would you mind if I 7

see unir 17 Notice the fom oi the velb that follows.

A: Do yo! mind if t smoke? A: would you nind il t tnoked?B: No, of cause not B: Adually, l'.1 rcther teu didn't

o We r€ply like n r€plies to reqlests. We often repeat the modal in the replv' but notice that

when we €py to Could/... 2 w€ sav can not cou/dA: Can/could I speak to yau lot a mament?B: Yes, ot .ouEe You Gn

E Offers and invitationsa To offer help we use Can/Couldlshalll, Wauld yau like ne to,l'llal\d Let ne

Shall I nake a caPY fot You?Would you like ne to give You a lift?I'll give then a ing if you like.Let me gtve yau a hand.

a To ofler things we use Wooldyou /*e or short phrases with choices We r€ply by express ng a

At woutd you like tea or coffee? A: what would you prcfer?

* t'd rathet have coffee, please B: I don2 nind.A: Antthing to dtink? lea ot coffee?g I'll have coftee, P|ease

a To nvit€ somebody to do somethlng we use Would you like to . ?would you like to cone with us to the restauftnt tonight?

a We can rep y to offers and invitatlons by accepting or relectrng them.

Accepring Thank yau very nu.h. llhanks I'd apTe.iate that lThat s very kind of you

Rejecting: That's very kind of yau, but.../Thank| butl(an nanage

F Suggestions.a To make a suggestion we use Cauld, ShaI, what abaut, How about, I think welyou

should/could and let3. Notice the diffe.ent forrns:we could/l think we should/Le* have a shon brcak now (staterneni)

What/How about having a short break now? (quest on + v€tu with _ng)

sha we have a shott break naw? (qLreston)

a We often use ihe form of a negative question

Couldn\ welwtry don't we/lrlhy not try ta rcnegatiate this part of the contract?'Dsoibirs n1t l!t'e takes hots. tYht dot\ lot! bq the busiflIvschoal use histary dbout us?

E ery*irg is thez.'- Nieols Hark, CEO oJ SMnh (SundayTimes website)

a We can reply to suqqenrons by acceptLng or reFdrng ih€m

Acceptinq: vet / rrlrt L4€ rhould da that. lThat s a good idea /Yes, let s da that

R{e.rlng: I' n not really sure abaut that- l That sauntis like a good idea, but ..

64 14 MOOALS AND REIATED VERB' 4

14 Practice

Exe rc i se l *mggmUndedine the coffed words.I l'm very busy. Would you .r'ind b givelgjrizg ne a hand?2 Would yau/Should you help me .arry these boxes, please?3 Da tou likelwould tou like some more soup?4 May llwould laskyou a peGonal question?5 Ho abourwe blkltalking to another supplier?6 Arc you havlng problems? Will t/Shall I help you?7 Ale yo! having problems? let mel/ sha// help you.A Would llcould lbonow you. copy of ihe FT?9 | rhink you should/you can spend lesstime playi.g golf.

10 Ercuse me, could you lmayyou tell me which nreer this is?11 Do you think could /// corld open the windowT12 Do you mind if I openlopenedthe window?13 Would you mind lf loperlopenedthe window?14 Wauld tou signlPbase to s/it, your name he€?

Exercise 2 XMatch the forms l-3 with the uses aF<).

1 WoLr d you like a/some ... n2 Would you like to ... n3 would you like me to ... t]

a) offering helpb) otfering someth n9c) inviting somebody to do something

E x e r c i s e S F H H *Match situatons l-6 with ouestions aFo.

1 Mak n9 a request2 Asking for pemission3 Ofiefing help4 Offeing something5 hvting somebody6 Mak ng a suggestion

Efnnnn

a) Would you like a coftee?b) Would you ke rne to carry your coffee for you?c) Would you iike to come with us fo. a coffee7d) Could you gei me a cup of coff€e lrorn the canteen?e) Shall we brcak for coffee now?f) ls it all right if I help myseif to cotree?

Now match situations 7-13 with replies gtsm). Yo! can look back at the questions in rhe previous p.rt tohe p yoLr.

7 Aqreeing to a €quest8 Refusing a request9 Expressing a prelerenc€

10 Accept ng an off€r of help11 Accepting a suggestion12 Rejerting an offer of help'13 Rejecting a suggestion

g) Adually, I think 'd rather have water if yoLr dont mind.h) Of course, no prcblem.i) Actually, l'm really busy at the momenr.j) l'rn not sure that3 a good ldea.k) OK, let3 do th.t.l) Thanks, l'd re.lly appreciate that.m) Thank, but I can manage.

nnnnn!n

@,,

,I4 MODAT.5 AND REIAIED VERBg 4 65

Exercise4f f iHHlSceorge is vlsiing Fernando in sao PauLo. Complete the diaogue wlth the phrases from th€ llst be ow.

+e++Fe shall we I should would you like would you lik€ to woLrld yor.r like m-" to do you m nd

vyould you mrnd I do'r l mind of cour<p o'.oJae -ot I d dppr€cicte .hd(

I s N o . P l e * e . c o m e n . ( l ) . . . . . . 9 - e 3 . Y 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . u k e y o r r . o i i . l r ' s g o o d , o , < " y o u l

Itt rery nice ro be here in S:o Paulo.Thanl you so m ch for yo11r invitaiion to come ud

see yoor company.It was very ki!d.

FRN^mo Not at el. Itls my pleasure. (2) ............................................ some coffee? Or mineral wter

I d prefer nineral wter. please.

FlrlN^Mo, StiI or spa.kling?

oh. (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , e i ther would be f ine. (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i f Ijust ruke a quick c.l - I didnt 8ct . chance earlier.

r4RN.Mo, (5) Go right ahea.r.

Oh, rheret no sign.l. Never nnnd. Un, yotr heve a wonderfrl building here. It looks re.Iy

nnpressive lion rhe ourside.

FEkNANDo, It's very nev - we only moved in lasr year. It's designed by ouc of our most famous

rrchitccB, Ce$r Pelli. (6) .................-.......................... show you .round l.ter?

Tlunk. (7) . .

r.EnN^NDo, Now rhen. (8) -------- --, -,---- set down to business? (9)

teling ne . lirde rbout your int€rest in our mxrket?Whrt exactly rre your long+erm

objecrives here in Brazil?

Er, perlmps (10) ............................................ begin by expl.inins i little.bout the history of

our conrpany. I have a sbo* presentar ion on my hptop. (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see i t?

RNANDo, (12)

Exercise 5Sffi[fffiRead the fo owing mpolite dialoque between a hotel recept on n a nd a guertRe(eptionist GuestI Give me your nam€. --rr- 2 lt3 lessop.3 Spel ir t-- 4 lt! !E-s-S-O-Pr Le.ve your pasipod. 6 Ol w.nr an Farlv rornrnq call? Of courre9 lt't lrcm seven thirty until ten. a/'> 10 Also, lmust leavea rnessag€ fora colleague.

11 Doyouwaniapen? r+ 12 Thank you.

I Give me your nam€. 2 l t3lessop.

Now rewrte the following lines frcm ihe dialoque. The words in b.ackets will he p you.

Lin€ 1 (May/have/name pre*") ......14+.v...1...ku*...yegr...a4Ng,..ele4t9.?.............Li le 3 rco- d/spel l / rhdt /Te p leosel . . . . . . . . . . . .

Li1e 5 rwould/T _d/your pas>port)

Lr1e 6 /Do/rr'nl/book me/e.rly nor^ n9)

lFe 8 f l wonder/yo, /Lel l Te wher) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L e l0 lwould/l _d if l/mes5dqe/colleague) .

uest ions 1

A Yeslno questions and answersa Questlonswth the dnswef yes or no are formed wth an aux ary velb + sLrbject + main verb.

The auxiliary cdn be do, be haye of a modal verb llke can, will, wauld Short answers repeat the

Present simple A: Do yau speak Frencha B: yes, I do./No, I don,t.Present continuous A: Arcyau staying at the Metropole? B Yes, tam./No, I'n not.Past simple A: Did you .he& all the invaices2 B: Y6, I did /Na, I didnlPast conlinuols A: Were you living in Rome at the tlnet B: Ye| twat./Na, twasn'tPan pe.fedr A: Had you already left when I phoned? B: Yes, I had./Na, I hadn't.Present pedect A: Have you seen my new PalnPilot? B: Yes, I have./No, I haven't.Wlll A: Wi yau be back befote lun(h? B: yes, I witt /No, I won,t.Can A: Can you spe.k F.ench? B: Yes, I can tNa, I .an't.

Haft\ik\ duJlkrtidr bectt tishtt rN tlr $t etpl. tl tkns? Do you d..ept yalk n o ydtl.tBA t olrdfi pirh,tt ary ttork.V.tic.t(? Cat yot Sit. rlt'litdr(. ort dtluitt dt th. h6t uuttol flni'r lh.ld$hip!? (tsusinessweek rvebsue)

. The ma n verb be comes belorc the lubject in a qlest onls it time for the meeting? Arc you rcadya

B Question word questionsa Quenion words are: what, when, whete, which, who, whose, why and haw

'|fu kt), t. tk'dKtuu h th,lnrn. eill ht ta ".^hit. Oi( dod ,ar l).!tu ,,ith th. qBtirt'Whdt

do I na ?'drd ktr'How do I p.tsrdde lt.! ],Ntlt? Ou l\h |ith ttu qAtnu'tt/hat dothq, pant?' rrd thot 'Hotu &n thi\ be uatu h).fu i'na .n a\Mnu larya!? - t.nr D nku(lDdusrrvweek stbsirc)

a After the quenion wod we use the same sirucrure as a yeslno quenion: auxilafy veft +s u D t e c l 4 m a n v e r o

Present s rnp e When do you usually leave wo*?Present cont nuous whi.h prcjeds arcyau wo*ing on at the nanent?Past simpe whose cat did you hottow?Pasr connnuous Where werc you living at the time?P.st perle.t How nu.h rcsearch had you done befare the prcduct taunch?Prelent periect Why have yau decided ta cut ba.k on tnvestnent this yeat?

Can

c Question phrasesa We oft€n Lrse what.fd '?h,.h wth a noun:

What time arc you aftiving?What areas do we need ta cover in the neetinq?

Whdt settorr laak ptuflti\itlr dt tlti' ti'ft? I hat impliutiots u,otttj there be if the price oJ oit.a.l.hua to ri.? (Busines week website)

When wi yau be ba*?What languaget.an yau speak?

'15 QUESTIONsl 67

Whtlr is rnore usual with people and organisations, and when there is a imited number ofpossible answe6:Which .ustoner seryice rcWsentative were you speaking to?which couier seNice did we use last ti.r'e?which way is it?

a we can use v"hich ot ot Mich one:Whi.h ot the Woposals dtd you accept?Whi.h one did you accept?

We cannot use wrafin this wdy

a We can mak€ phrases wilh haw: how many, haw nuch, how old, how fa, how often,

how long, how fast.How often do you travel abroad an business?How long will the meeting last?

Hop itnportant dft thc tttnicipdl clcctions? IIou nr.h $11the Bn;i1iot rarant gtotr ext ydtond h1 il,dt ote6? (LatinT.rde websitc)

D Question words as the subjectO Sornetimes the question word is the rublect of the sent€nce:

Who did you neet in Argentina? (j,ou is lhe subj€d)Who met yau at the ateo.r? (who 6 lhe subj€ct. ),ou s t1e object'

a When a question word is lhe subject of. queston do not use doldoesld/d.What happened? Who work hete? (What and i4lho arc the subjects)what did yau do? Who do I pay? (you and / are the subj€ctt

a Note that auxilia es other than doldoes/dld can be used, but there is no subject pronounbecause the question word is the lubject.What has happened? (NOT Wh€+;t+a€-)what wi hawen? (NOI v/h€+.it+ ,ill-...)

E Negative questionsa We !9e negaUve quesuons to disagree politely.

But dofl't you think that dfercflt etietiet have d difefttt appetiE fat so.ial cohaslo| al so'ialdkryrtion? Isfl't thct a liuit i| uhat o . .att ittnods.e ion tte US ta Eutupa in tem! of the neu)eord,"r? Gconomist websire)

a We use neg.tive questions when we expect the answer to be '.o'. In social Englirh this makes teasierforthe other person to reply poltely.A: Do you like Japanese food?B: No, not really. (rhe answer seems very strong)A: Don't you like iapanese food?B: No, not really. (the answer seems mole polite)

I We use negative questions to show surprise.Don't you accept Aneian Express?

6a t5 QUEST|ONS .t

15 Practice

Exercise I [$!Undedin€ the conect wods.1 Spoke you/Di!!&!J_5,4"k with Lata yenerday?2 What did lata say/said when you spoke to her73 Ar Do you like Scotch whisky?

B: Yes, l like.lYes, l do-4 Ho\\ wo*s this nachine?ldoes this nachine work?5 Who set up l\,4icrosofttdid set up Mkrosoft?6 When set up Micr6oftldid Microsoft set up77 Who ditl telephone nelte/ephored me this morning?8 Who tou Elephonedldid you re/ephone this morning?

Exercise 2 [b(pand the AndyouT questiontro make futtyer/no questions.I ve seen the news today. And you? 'HAye..le!.a...le.s^'the_. AcIr.{ ,te,dAy?2 | work fiom home. And you?3 lcan lndeBrand German. And you?4 l've a ready had lunch. And you?5 I be back in time for lunch. And you?6 l'm enjoying rhe conference. And you?7 | ag€ed with her And youT8 l've never spoken to Pierre. And you?

Exercise 3 EExpand the,Androu2 questions to make full quenion wod questions.1 | know Jim from university. And you? .89.w......d.e....tn .."k^ew-'Jj}.3..... ...... ........ ...... .............. .....

Exercise 4 EWr te . questiof for each ansvrer.r ............!{.irer...d.e...y.o..g..4-e!...!e..r.c!:k?z3

5

6

7

I

G€t to work? At about 8.30 usually.Donel I h.ven't done anythinglThe report? I put it over ihere.Here? stay here because rhe pay is good.Yesterday? lwas fee n9 .wf! .Staying? 'rn stayifg .t the Ritz.Reporl to? | repon to Bob TaylorThis bag? think it! Hel€n3.

'r5 QUESTTONS 1 69

Exercise 5 ffSRearrange the words in each group from the list to make questions. Then match them to the answers belowto make a complete dialogue.

y€!-bs4p,esehe.e-afe-€* you did do that wh.t before ale for how you naying onglke whats it been how have long there you workinq arive did when yo! yo! what do doto is f rsi this Lyon your visit staying you wher€ are involve travel n9 job does much your

1 A: Are ye$ herg .e^-...,b*tiMt;,?............... 6 A

B; I work for a urdl biotech company- B: A couple ofdils aso.

B: Yes,I'n here on a sales rrip.

B: About four yea6, I suppose.

B: I was in pharmeceulicals.

5 A :

B: No,I ve been here once benrre

B: Unnl Friday. then I go back to tle UK.

B: At the Hoiiday Inn.

@

B: Yes, guhe i lot. I orvel all over Europe, B: It's vcry confortable acturlly rnd thebut especialy in France. restaunnt is good.

Exerc ise6f , f i f24 Complete the dalogue with qleston words and quenion phrases frcm the list below

\^,baf*jFd-€+ how often how far how long how many how mLrch

what (x2) wh ch (x2) whose

So, tell me about your newjou. (r) .......W..h6J...Kind...ef ...... *o.L ; ir:

JoE: Itl, in siles,like my lastjob, bur it's a bigger company.

Really? (2) ........................................... people rvork there?

JoE I suppose rheret about 60 people in our oftice.

Oh, yeah.And (3) ............. . . .................-..... holidly can you t ke a year?

JoEi Twenry-four days a ye.r plus public holidays.

oh, rtDrt much bene. rh.n )our lar job. And (a) .......................................... is it frcm your home?

JoE We[, ir's reelly nor rhar f,r and I dont hrve ro carch the irrin to work every morning, which

is gieat.

Oh.lucky you. So, (5) .......-.......-............................ does it rake you to get to work in the

'norning now?

loE Abour 20 minures by c.r

Wow.lr soun& perfect. (6) .........................-....-..-......-... time do you start work in the morDings?

JoE About nine. But sometimes I have ro go on sales rips tt the weeken.ls a well.

Oh? (7) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . idea wr that?

JoE, I dont knoq ir's Just somefiing yoo have to do.

And (8) ....-.......-....-..-.-............-.......- do )ou have to do it?

JoE: About once a motrth I thinl.They'.e going to give me a company caJ.

Realyl (9) ............................................ model are rhey going to give you?

JoE: A Go]f,I rbink and I cd choose dE colour

oh, and (10) ............................................ colours de there?

JoEi well,I can choose berween black ud d*k biue.

only rwo! So, (11) ............................................ one do you prellr?

Joli well, ddk blue sounds berrei rhan b]ack-

B

uestions 2

A Question tags: forme A quenon tag is a short ph.ase at th€ end of a natement that turns t lnto. quenion. lt invites

the other persof to rep y.

a Queston tags ar€ tormed using aux iaries (do, be have or a moda ). An aff mative staternent

usually has a negaive t.9, 3nd vice-ve6.You speak French, don't you? You don't speak French, do you?You went ta the conference didn\ you? You didn't go to the canference, did you?You can meet him tononow, .ant youa You can't ,'eet hin tanonow can you?He5 here, isnt he? He isn't hete, it he?

Question tags: use. Here are five poss b e uses ot quenion iags presented n a dialogue:

A: You havent got the sales figures yet, h.ve you? k€quest for nfom.ton)B: They don\ have to be readytillftiday, do they? (confirmalon)A: You'rc not going to leave it until the last minute again, are youT lattack)B: Well, I haven't had any tine, have l? (defence)A: 5a it wasn't yo! gatng hame eatly yestetday, was it2 Ga(asm)

a lf we use a negalive nal€ment wilh an affirrnalve tag, we often erpect ihe answer to be no.A: l'n going to need an interpreterB: Af couEe. Yau don't speak Frcnch, do you?

This form car be morc po te because it ir easier for the olher person to repy noA: Yau dont speak frcnch, doyou?B: No, soffy, I don't

a A negative naternent with an afiirmative tag can also be us€d to .sk peop e for things in a

Yau couldn't give ne a hand, .ould you?Yau haven't got any change lot the pa*ing metet, have you?

Question tags: other pointsa lf the m.in velb in the ltatem€nl s nave, you make a t.g with do.

You had a neetlng this noning, didn't you?

When have !s the auxiliary the tag is with haye (as norma):You've just been.ta Austria, haven't you?

a lhe r.g with I n/l an )s aren't.I'm a faal, arcnz l?

a The tag wth tet3 s dral/. This is a sugqeston.Let's brcak fot @ffee naw, shall we?

C Atter an mperative we can $e will you? at wan t you?Have a seat, wi you?Give me a call latet, won't you?lt the imperative 5 a req uest we can use c., yo u? ot 6uld you?

Hold the lift fot ne, can you?Pass ne that file, .ould you?

c

16 (luEsnols 2 7l

D Reply questionsa we can Lrse a short question to reply to what som€one says. we do this to show interen,

surp se or uncertainty. The meaning s like Rea/r7 or /5 that rrue?a: I went ta Head Office lan week.Br DtdyouT (interest)a: I .an't install the new softhzre.B:can'tyou? (sumrise)A: I think they're atwing at ten.B:A/e they2 (uncerta no

a The rcply question uses an aux Liary vetb like in a questjon tag, but there is no change of

dffnrnauve to negative

E Indirect questionsa We can be morc polite or lentdtive by beginning a qLrenion with a phtase like Do yo, know

Do yau thinklfue|, Da you nind telling ne, Could yau tell ne, Could I ask you, l'd like ta knaw

t was wonoennq

Do fosJeel tit ns! in i"tcf.st k o f.rtt oJ injcated rc.ditinr? Cat p" gi'e neYak\ prcfLle lalthe Cl6s of'99 (ic n'inority, ion-Us,Jusdlc)? Abo, ya, Mtioftd thatloLe hds b(n 'otkilq hdto xqnghe lt ittctuiN po!tunt. Could yol tell m. a bit more dhoxt uhat the sthool k doin!o, //rdr fio{r? (Businessweek wcbsitc)

a The word oder of an indir€ct question is llke a normal siatement.

diecl: Could you .all ne a taxi? lrd lec1-: Do you think you could call ne a taxi?

diecl: How old arc you? ^dned Could I ask yau hot\/ old you ate?

o wher€ there is no question word or modal verb we $e if ar whether

dke.r Does Jane stillwo* herc? indned Do you know if iane still work herc7

F Prepositions in questions

a The prepositlon comes in the same pace as in a statement, lollowing the ma n verb, and th s i5

ollen at the end.Who arc you waiting for?What are you looking at?Whete do yau cone tuom?What wete they talking about in the meeting?

G what is it for and what was it likea we use what... for? io ask about a purpose. The meaning is'why'.

what is this switch fat? {= Why s this switch hele?)

a We use wi,af ... ,1e? to ask it something is qood or bad. Ihe mean ng s 'how'.

what was the confercnce like? (= How was the conieren.e?)

72 t6 QUE5T|O|{S 2

16 Practice

Exercise 1 E tAdd a qlestion tag to each sentence.

1 Wete nearlythere. Arsa:t..we?2 You know the Brazilian ma*et. .........-.-...... ?3 You w€nt to Brazll in March, .................. ?4 You haven't been to B€zll. ................ l5 He's never been to Srazil, .................. ?6 You won't be late, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?7 Harry isn' l going to ret i re, . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . ?8 We had a good meal last night, . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?9 Im late,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? Sorry

10 Letb meet again soon, . . . . - . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Exercise 2 IMake a question with a question tag.1 Ask a colleague if he sent the fax. You expect the answer to be 'no'.

you .....d!C-r\.:t..r.-?^C..tig-..t4r,,..CiC...yqf.?.............2 ask a colleague if he sent the fax. You e)(pect the answer to be ,y€s,.

YOU. . . . . . . . . . . , , . . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . ?

3 Ask a stranger at the airport if his name is I/r Peters. youte not sure his name is Mr peters.YOUin4me... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , . . : . . . . . . . . . . ?

4 You rccognis€ someone. You are sure his name is Mr Pete6.Your name.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , ?

5 You g-ess rrat Brotec have can(elled ther ordeEiotec.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

6 Yo! are very su@rised that Eiotec have (ancelled thek order.

Exercise 3 EUnderline the corrcct words.'I Couid you tell me what a/e yout terns of paynentlwllclnjgLpAl@gLarE?2 Do you know whee th€ na*eting seminat istis the narketing seminar?3 ld ke to know how can welr€ can finance this proje.t-4 Could I ask you why]€u leltldid you leareyoLJ tasriob?s Do you think could /// could use your fax machine?

\tu,zre are "an aoi*a lo2-2 f'or who did ger you the inlormanon ...... .3 ln which funds do invest you4 like what the weaiher was in Sweden

Exercise 4 [ IRearange the wods to make quenions.1 io wherc .re going you

Exercise 5 SS$

@Zs compete ttrese aialogueswith quenion taqs.

A JoHN, Hi, Martha, rve re due to meet next week (1) .......^fg$:..!P-........ ?wen,l'vejust

remembered that l'm on holiday then. Can you mk€ another time?

Yes, when are you free?

JoHN: Um,leCs meet a foitnigh! on Tusday, (2) ............ . .. . .. . .. . .. .... ?

Let me look in my diary. Yes, rharl 6ne - a fortnight on Tuesday.

B DAN, LDn wi]l be lrrivins at the omc ar two, (3) ...................... . . . . .. .. ?

No, at thtee

Oh. right.wel, he! been herc before, so he shotld know how to find the otrLce,

(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

But th.t {tl before we moved bundirys, (5) ..-................................... ?

oh, yeah. I'll etuil him with directions to get here. then.

C srer, There desigrB need to go to Norton Snnthit ofiice in Cuildford today They ve got a

fu nachine there, (6) ............................-.... . ?

Yes, but it's not working. I'll send the document to then by first cla$ !ost.I tA be quicker i fyou sent i t by couier , (7) - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Oh,yes.I'll sort that out nov.

D uRIDcEr This guote for the parts is much cheaper than the other one we had,

(8) "" ',

Yes, 'ruch. It! very stnnge.They havent lbrgotten to include delivery costs,

(e).................................. ?No. everything i' included rn t})e prre.

Real ly? I t a I look roo good to be rue, (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Um, yes, wel,lett give rhem a rry !nlv.y.

Exercise 6 IChoos€ th€ most likely reply in each situation. Put a tick (/).

I lf go to ltaly, l'm going to have prcblems with the language.

a) Of coLrrse. You speak ltalian, dont you? n

b) Of course. You don't speak ltalian, do you? E2 In rhe maering you said thar our compet to's hao a o€n€r p od-cl tr'.' ur

a) Whatl I sald that, didn't l? L l

b) Whatl ld dn t say rhat. did 1? n

3 haven't seen Ann for Eqes. lthink she3working abroad.

a) Yes, thatt right. She3 got a tob In 5parn, hasn'i she? n

b) Yes, thatt ight. She hasn't got a iob in spain, has she? n

4 Ihe d€adline lor the pfoject is Friday and there3 still so rnuch work to do.

a) tS not lookinq qood. We rc going to make the deadline, aren't weZ n

b) Lt3 not looking good. we're not gong to make the deadline, are we? n

5 Do you mind jf I help mysell to some more cous(ous?

a) No, of cou6e not. You like Moroccan iood, don'tyou7 D

b) No. of coLr6e not. You don t like Moroccan food, do you? n

6 We have to be at the aiQort at nine.

a) You wil be late. won tvou? nb) vou won't be late, willvou? n

t6 QUESTTOI{S 2 73

ondit ionals 1

A Conditions and results

I tf we setl .,, (always true)a when we want to talk aboul th ngs that are always or genera y trLre. we use

tf/When + p-€sen\, prcsent simple or rnperaiive

a Compdre these sentences.lhe 1f...'cl.lse is the condiiion, and the other p.rt of the senrence

1 f sales ir.rease (gen€rally), we 'rake nare prcfit.2 /fiales tncreas€ (next quanet), we' nake norc prcfit3 /fsal€s increas€d (next q€net), we'd make norc profit4 /f sal€s inffeased (last qu aftet), the Dire.rot should be happier5 tf sales had indeased llast quarter), t e DiTe!.tor woutd have been happtet.

it seftence I ir about somelhing that s always true See secrion B beowSentence 2 s about sorneth ing that is reasonably l ik€ ly to happen nrhelurure.SeesectonC.sentence 3 s aboLrt rometh ing that is imagin.ry or Lr n lik€ly n rhe future 5€e sect on D.

a Senrences 4 and 5 are aboui the pasr See unii 18.

a With a ltypes of conditionak the /fc ause can come second.we' nake nore prcfit il sales in.rcateWe'd make nare prcht if sales in(eased.

(res! t)

In th s type ot condiliona we arc not rcfering to one specfc event

IJ tr.plc ,nd.rstand tJnt d1n!. k k(6sdry, thcy hare a" apt.tit( .l't h . V yo" do"'t gct tfuI'.n $aplc i o r tanrydry, ),an Wdr sgcts. 0lusincs wcck uebsite)

a n the condirion claute ther€ can be a variely of prcsent fom!.When you fly business class, you get nuch more legrcon (present simpte)ff interest :ates arc ising, bahk loans becane more etpenjlve. (present continuous)When you've finished the @u6q you get a Gnificate.

In ihe res'rlt clauee there..n be a preseft iirnpe (tast eramptes) or an tnrperativewhen yau fly business class, don't dink taa nuch of the tree alcahal

a Norice that we .an use e ther tf o. ,vhen wh€re the meaf ng is ,every i me,

C ff we sell ... (likely future)' r ..:. L. " a When we wanr io talk about future evenis rhar w I happen, or are Itkey to happen, we use:

/l+ present, tltlre or mperatrve(cond ron) (resut)

{ tle .o,1ptu' ne dedl fails, tuho k ot8 !'har l,l'ilt hap?efl at Eq,itabte Lifa? (.leleg^phweDnrel

a ln ihe condition clause ihere can be a variety ol pr€sent foms.lf yau incrcase your orde, vrE ll give yau a bigget dis.ounr (presenr s mp e)lf yau'rc meeting her at thrce, I ll join tau tater at abour four (prererr conr n!ou,ff I've made any mistakes, I llcone.l then tater (present pedect)

'r7 coI{DtTtoNAls 1 75

In the rcsult clause 7is common (last exampes). We can a so use other future forms or an

lf yau increase yaur otdet yau'rc going to get a bigger discount.t he doesn't gEt the job, he'll have done a lot af wotk fot nothing.lf anyone fron Head affKe calls, say I'n in a meeting.

a The examples above are about tlvo actions in the future.lf ihe resu t cl.lse refers to lh€

present we us€ a present tense.lf anyone call, I'm in a neeting aI norning.lf you need ne, I'n wo*ing in the raon at the end of the cotidat

D lf we sold ... (imaginary future)ihs5or ter .aeoa 'e .ond.ord1or a When we want to ta lk about futu re events that are imag nary u n l ike ly or m possib le, we use:

f+ past simple or conlinuous, vnuld/couldtnight + infinirve(condition) (rcsuh)

'ortsoutt s n hc orly sohnion. If oe dd alL oJ nis st"f ouseLfts, we wo"ld hot'e to hd't dt

I.dn 1 ,000 p.apl. uql]3ins hcre,' cstinnxs Atddi. (Busincs Wcek website)

a h the condition clause we can use a past s mpl€ or past continuous.lf tau wanEd a quantiry discount, yau'd have to ordet at least 1,000 unitsff tou werc sti speaking aftet an hout, the audience would prcbably be borcd.

a Note the past form n thecondton clause, butrhe future tirne ref€renc€

E Unlessa Unle55 means the same as /f... not

Polith rttittdcs at dok'inatcd by tl'c bclicl tltut nless Poland joiks th( E,bpeah Unior, thit&sean o,ly let uo6c. (Lc Monde DiplonDriquc lvebsuc)

Compare these sentences whrch have lhe same meaning:lf he doesn't anive soon, he'll niss the statt af the ptesentatian.Unless he anives soon, he ll n'ks the staft of the presentation.

F Other modalssee unit 13 a The modals lsed in this unit are mainly wll/ and would. We can Lrse a other moda s like can,

cou/d musr etc, wilh lheir normal meanings.

'On va',t tbansb. &z! anat n iflk UME

76 l7 COtVDtTtONAtS.I

17 Practice

Exercise l HUEEUnderline the corecr wods.1 )l wgk/we would be tate. thev tt start/they d naft withour us.2 lI we will Ekeltake a raxi. we'I aftivetwe anrc soonet_3 f we workedleloutd work to( ADC. we'ltgetlt\e d ger a better satary4 When inflation wlgolgoes up. iherc wooldbel6 usually prcssure on sataies.5 tf we don t hurryl$/on,t hurry, we woutd belwe'tt be tare6 lf yau changelarc changjng yov mind. gire ne/you will give ne a mg.1 Unless yau clkk/woutd.ti.k on that icon, /tditntrtvlon,tprint out.a ff yau ardeted I otder on rhe Nel we atways wir serdljerd an emait confimation.9 ll I lend / wi| lend you rhir book, when do you rerur, / wil,ou return iI?

l0 lf you heardlhear anything in ihe next few days, /et me/tefting ne knaw.

Exe.cise 2 E ERead these sentences and decide if the events are tikety or imaginary Compete the s€ntences by putting theverbs rn brackets into the prerent simpre + q4il or the pan simpre + vv'uld. use contracted forms where possrbre,

I lts not far. tf you .........f.o.1Jp.y...... .. (fo ow) this road, you .......11!..Serg...... (comelto the st:ion.2l l | . . . . . . . . . . .WAt-. . . . . . . . . . . lbe)onrheBoadotthis(ompany,t . . . . . . ' . .d. . .4! ."44e.. . . . largue)againstrhe

mercet: l f you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (hav€) any quesrions, | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (dea ) with ihem ar the end or my

4 l f the col ] l lc i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . (ban) a caB from the ci ty centre, there . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( fot be) so

5 At I have no idea what the oth€r side a€ going to propose in the negotiation tomofrowBi Neithef do t . t f | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (know), | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( te ) you.

6 A: Mytrain leaves in forty minutes.B: l t only takes ten minutes to rhe naion by taxi . t f you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( teave)now you

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (catch) i t .7 A: ls that the time? | really shoujd be going.

B: l fyou.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (wait) a momenr, t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (give)you a t i f t .8 A: Would you like to qo to Engtish evening ctasses with .ne?

B: l 'm sorry but tcan,t . t ,m rea y busy. t f | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (have) mo.€ t ime, L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(love) to.

Exercise3ffifrlSComplete ihe sentences with the orrect pan of possibje forms, a) of b).1 lf the bank lends us the money, ...4... it in oew mdcnrnery

a) we ll invenlwere going to invest bJ we'd invest/we wete investingZ When ......... a tot of orders, we atways emptoy exira staff in the factory

a) we'I gettwE got b) we getlwe ve gat3 lf ........ this project again, lthink t'd do it differenrty.

a') | was statting /t started b) II stad/rve statted4 fthe computer €rashes, ......... someone from rhe IT departmenr.

a) Wu'd.al/you ate calinS b).a\|/tou I have to catl

@ru

17 CONDlrlONAlS l 77

Exercise4lEEgElPaula, a marketing manager of. .ar manuf.cturing company, is ta k ng to her coll€aque Luis, a production

manager Compete their conve6ation with the wods from the list b€low

will(x2) won'r (x2) would (x2) wo'rldnl unless (x2) be is isgoingtobe don't ddn't

PAULA Lu;. Arent )ou worned aboDt the proposed srrike?

LU,s, WeI, sure ...

ura You see, ifthe factory workes go on strile, we 1r1 ..............i.!!............. t"'. ' loi ofprcducrron.If

we lose prcduction, we (2) ............................... be,ble ro $pply all our customers.

Yes. I kno\ but . . .p uA And iflve (3) ............................... supply our customen. they'll probably buy other makes ofcr

Ifthat happens, our nrket share (a) ............................... go down.ltl not lookitrg good.

we[, that's rjght. but ...pruu And whatt more, jn niy experience, when workers go on strike there (5) ............................... a

brd ronosphere for norths afteruatds.

huLA So, (6) .............-................. you can come to an ag.eemenr with the workerr soon, there

(7) ............................ a lot oftrouble ahead. llyou wanr my advice, (8) ......................... rry caelirl.

Look, dont vorry

hula Dont 1vorry?

Yes. Look, dre workers k.ow that the success ofthc company depends on this new modc-.(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they 'e srupid, they (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so on st r ike.

r lLA Oh?

No\nJust imagine - ifit sold really wcl, lve (11) ............................... increase otrr rnarket shan

and our profiK. Ifth.t happened, we (12) ............................... need to nuke so tuany job cuus.

And i f we (13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h .ve ro cur jobs, rhe tade unions (1a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be

Druch happierp uLA \ve[,I suppose you've got a point.

Ex€rcisesHglHYou ae talking to a iiiend about your new job. Use yor.r thoughts to complete the sentences you say. Put thevelb n brackets lrto either the present simple, pastsimpl€, mperatve, w7+ infnitive or would + infintve.

You think: People iay thaf hard work usualy rcsul5 in prcnotion ih this campany.You say: (1) Th€y say that if you ..!9fK.. (work) had, you .49!. (qe0 promoteaYou think: / want to show then that |'n good at rny job n that I can have norc job se.uitl.You say: (2) | hope that if | . (do) my besi, they ............................ (give) me a permanentcontract afte. a few monrhs.'You think: /'ye bee, /ate rn the norning a few tines. lwish lcould work at the Leiria site v/hich is nearcr

You say: (3) l'm sometimes late for wo.k. lf | ............................ {work) at the te r a ste, it

You thinl|j One thing wori6 l.-le. I had a healk ptoblen a fe ,ea. ago, but irc very unlkely that it will reoccurYou say: (4) lwonderwhat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (happen)fmyhea1thprob1em... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( rcoccur)7You think: Maybe /t3 not a problem. ln general they seen ta be very rcasanable abaut illness.You say: (s) Acrually, if you ...........-.............. (mis, one or hro days because of illness, they.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not seem) to mind.You think Goodby-.. / hope t see you soon.You say: (6) l fyou.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( fancy) a dr lnk o.e evening, just. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (give)me a r ing.

onditionals 2

A ff we sold ... (possible past)a Wh€n we wdni to tatk about pan events which possibty happened, we lse /l+ pan strnple tn

the condirion ctause, and any tense or mod:J in rhe resutt ctauseff you went b the neeting yesterday you probabty heard the news.tf you missed the M pragranme tast night you can bonow the rccording t nade.

B tf we had sold ... (imaginary past)th , ! l'pn .a .Lr ; rh d ..nd r o j a when we wanr ro tark about past events that are diff€rent ro whdt realy happened, we use:

/f+ pan perfecr, would + haye + pan pafticiote(condition)

IJ Clr di a,d Cop hdt 'uon the ctc.tioi, they aocti! haoe prcnote.t ie hddc qqnetkfiL\ wnhotho nrtion! in the sd,t vd), dr a,,/.. (yahoo Busnress Nevs website)TheF ,s oflen a suggenron ot crli.isn or regrerlf the ecotlomic situation had been befter, we woutdn,t have lost sa nany custa',es.

a A conlracled ? in speech caf be /rad in the cond tton or w?u/d in the .er!tt.lf t'd done an MBA, t'd have h.d note oppottunities

a The €xamples above a€ aboui tlvo acttons in rhe pasr. frhe rerutt cause refers to rhe presenrwe use would + infinilive.ff I had done an MBA, I woutd be on a highet satary now

C Conditionals without ifa We lse lltor somerhing that might happen in the fulur€, or somerhing maginary We use

whe, tof something that we know wil happen.lllcallyou if t get a chanca (t,rn not sure if I wi phone you)l llcal you when I affive. (twill definttety phone you)

We can use either tor evhen where the meaning is ,every t me,.If/When anyone rings ny nobile, I get a photogaph of the pe6an an the scrcen.

a In intormat lpeech we sometimes use Inaqlne or juppostng in ptace of litmagine/Supposing you had a mi ion do ars, how woutd Wu invest it?

a we can use proylded rhat, praviding, an conditon that as tong as and sa tong a5 for empnaes.The meaning is, i l . fd onty i f , .As tong ar tte s.,au te.lnrotosy, b"s tant, ril bntin,e to he i deuo .t. (SlndayTinesNebsire)

a We c.n use ln .ase to tatk about doing something ro avoid a poss b e probtem tarer The resuttctaLrse usua y.omes first and often uses golrq ro.1 n gotng ta qive you ny nobite nunbet in case you need to canta.t me

see unit 17 a we use unle$ to meaf fnoa

1a coNDIflO ALS 2 79

D wisho W€ use / w;h to exprcss regrct or dissatisfac(ion.

a For the pesent and future, use / w,sh follow€d by the past simple or cont nuousI wish we didn't have so nany neetings.I wish I wasn't working next v/eekend.

a For the pasl use / w6h followed by the pdst pertectI wish we had advedised on teleisian-I wish I hadn't eaten the oYsters

a i the wish is a good one, use / hop€ tollowed by the present s mp€ or wil/I hoPe you Prcsentatian goes wellI hope the neryPr wiI be a success

a lf lhe wsh is about doing tomething that is difilcuh or imposs be, lrse / wsh /.ouldI wish I could contad him, but he hasn\ got a nobile phone

a We .an replace / wrh with /f ont for €mphas s. W€ stress ort in speechlf only I hadn't eaten the oYste6.lf onlY I .ould <ontad hin

E Modal verbs in conditionalssee u nns r r r 4 a The examples in unit 1 7 werc with tafl. But other modal vetbt ke can, could, nay, night, nust

and should are common in conditional sentences and have their norma mean ngs.

If fot d.al oith t]t! Mi.ldle Edtt lou mnst be d'dilable ta yout tttsto ett an Sdttrddvt dttd

s',,/q6 (overseas Tnde m.grzine)

IJ th! ctto veft Mdk i" thc lo,E tcnk,.ohrya,i4 f,ight 'Lau do.tat tcit tltitc to iluclte

pradtui'itf dr.l lo,oniots,night pu ttc btake oi then ltnttrral rcJonnt (Le Monde

diplomarique webs'te)

Co"tpaq CEo Mnhocl Cdpell.ts QnnE cd on th. rceflt decLine aJ.\ot.a .fnD, 'hkh uav sa

potnlat a, the U.S. sto.h 'hd*et r.fat "to!'tht

ara 'Ifra't dott't har. d towd lrutinett plan' lou.annot s'e.eetr.' (lnrerMrional Herald Tribune website)

a We often use present fotms lke Mand ca, with likely futlres, and pan lorms ke would( d)

and could wnh Tagrndry Iulur's

]f yau sign nov/, we'll/can delivet by Fiday. (likely future)

ff yau signed now we'd/could delver by ftiday. (imaginary fLrture)

a But it is a so common to find mixed tense s€quences becalse modals keep thek norma

meanings:

If Hrngaiai Ianrds r'pond to .omPetitio, bl itryto'iflr pnd$tieiry dnn b.o!flins ,lbr ennie"l

at ndthctifls, hey .otlil ha'e .t birzet ttture oJ the u1*ct. (Business Cenlnl Europe website)

with a prcsent fom (respond) we might exp€cl can However could k used here wirh is

normal meaninq of uncertainty (can does not exprcss unc€rtainty)

F fi I were you, -.a w€ can use /t/ evere in place of f/ war ln im.ginary futLrres, parlicular y when we give advice

wlth the pftate lf I were you.ff | werc you, l'd wait until tonurcl /.l'd be nore carctul, ff I were You.

a0 ta coNDtnoNALs 2

18 Practice

Exercise 't EEffiUnderline the conect words. This exercise includes revision ot imaginary futures.1 tt yau phonetllhad phoned ne yesletday, t had toldl@lLfuE_ildyou.2 lt you tooklwouki have ta*en more exercise, you mtght feellhad felt better3Ilimwauldhavelistenedlradlineredmorecarefutty,hewouldnthavenade/didntnakelhat

4l lwedfaundlvvefoundsuitablepremises. 've?hayemoved/wehadmovedeat iet .5 lf people keptlhad kept their offices morc tidy, it m/?hi pre5ertlpr€jent€d a better image to our visirors.6l f l 'dknownltwouldknowabourtheir f inancialprobtems,Iwoutdntdolwouldnthayedonebusness

7lfoutsidehadbeen/wasbetterprepared,wesucceeded/coutdhavesucceededtrlthenegotiatons.8 | weuldn tl won't wotry if I am / wete you.

Exercise 2 !Complete the sentenceswith the words lrom the list betow Each word is used twic€.

when as long as in case unless

1 l'll speak to you again ....._.Jif!!9.n...... l've looked at the contEct in detait.2 Leave your feturn flight open ....................... rhe negotiations rake an extra day.3 We can start the project nextweek....................... everyone agrees.4 We can start the prcject next week ....................... anyone dilrgrees.5 The Board wi l lbe happy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ourshare pr ice remains high.6 Keep your.eceipt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you need to return rhe goods.7 The new stock will arrive ,,,,.,,,,,............. the Ch stmas sales are finlshed.8 We'll probably make a loss this year ....................... rales imprcve tf the last quan€r

Exercise 3 EUndeiine the cofiect words.1 | wish I ha9lL3tklllk/didn t d/,ink so many whiskies tast night.2 Theres so little space in here. I wish t ha!€/had a bigger office.3 | don't feel weJl. I wish I could *aylwill nay in bed this mofiing.4 | hape yau enjoyedlenjoy yourselves at the theatre tonighi.5 l've b€en waiting thirty minures for the bus. t wish I took / had taken a iaxi.5 | mun get in touch with Sue. lf only lknolknew ner numberl7 I'm not a good typisi. I wish | rculd tpetwoutd type betlet.A I wish )im didn't intenuptldoesr't /hterrupr 50 often in meetings.9 | have to finish this €port by tomo.ow tf onty tuvoutd havelhad -r]o?time.

1 0 Enjoy your holiday. I hope you havelcould ha€ a good time.1 l That presentation was a disasterl l wish l could dolevould do ii a agajnl12 l'rn disappointed Wth this camera. Iwish Id,?n'abtylhadn t bought t.

@,,

18 COlrlDlTlONArs 2 8l

Exercise4Sff ip lPatrck and Jurqen arc discussing a negotiaiion thatwent wrong. Complete the dialogue with words from

the list b€low

1+ ds lonq as n case unless (x2) ll 'd (x2) .an would hav€ 'd hdve woLr dn't h.ve

pr !N( Jurgen, (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ . . . . . . . . . . . you ve gor a monent , (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I have a word wi th

J@GEN, Sure. (3) ........................... ir doesnt take too long, I've got a meeting in five minutes. ls it

about that contracr that we lost?p,trnrcr Yes.What went Imng? Do you think we (4) ........................... got the deal if ve

(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o t rered a bef te. p. ice? Maybe we (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . losr the

.r -N No. l doni th int the prcblenr uo the pr ice.pArRrcK No?Well,ws it a poblern with the delivery time? lr we O) ............ . . . givm a

shorrer deiivery time. (8) . ................... been nore succe$ful?

JURGEN, No, the delivery tine w.s OK.p aRrc( Hn1n. th;is s$ange.We realy should find out what vent wrons (9)

situation I'ke this happens in rhe lirrure.You know. (10) ........................... we learn frcn our

misrakes, wc (11) ... .. . .-....-......-.... iose morc orders. NosrJurgen, tell ne what do yot.

think could rcaly ha1,€ happe.ed?

JURcEN, Well, nothing, (12) ........................... they didnt like out sales rep.

JURCEN, Do you know who it was?

Mr'{rcR Er, n was he.

Exerc ise5SSt f f iA supp er s thinking about a negotiation in the futurc. t\,4atch his thoughts 1-4 with his words aFd).

1 We'€ likeylooffer; lower pricelf we do, success i9 possible. E

2 We'€ likey lo offer.lower picelf we do, success i9 certain. n

3 Perhaps we'll offer a lower pri.e.

tf we do, success is possible. n4 Perh.ps we'll offer a lowef pice.

lf we do, success is ceriain. t--l

a) lf we offer a lower prce,we'll gel the contrad.

b) lf we offer a lower pr ce,we mrght get the contfact.

c) lf we offered a owerprce,we'd qet the contract

d) lf w€ otfered a owerprce,we might get the contract.

The same s!pplier is ihinking .bout a n€gotiation in the past. Match hjs thoughts 5-8 with his words eFh).

5 We otfered a lower p.ice

That's why we slcceeded. n6 We otfered a lower price.

That's probably whywe succeeded. n7 We d dn't offer a lower price.

That's why w€ falled. n8 W€ didn't off€r a lower price.

That's probably why we failed. n

e) lf w€'d offered a ow€r pric€,

we'd have got the contract

t lf we'd otrered a owef price,we might have got the contract.

g) lf we hadn't offered a lower pice,we'd have lost the contract.

h) lf w€ hadn'i offered a lower price,

we might have ost the coniract.

A

erb + -ing or intinitive 1

verb + -inga Some verbs dre iollowed by an -inq form. Some of the commonesr verbs Jo ow beowl

As nrnrfd.ttte6 .oisidet aqtornating tun iinihnior dan ek, thef \hotld not late tilllt d tL.

{e.,itaiett of p{enal @ntact. (Indusr,vweek websire)

A a n1dirli1.1!e6 aE .onernc,t cownterc nill postpone hryinr 6$ ,rtil dJi! r.ttJ,r, )hetn1e a,aet 22% s.te' tdx a, atuas B erpe.ted b JA . (Busines Reiew Weekly websrte)

Vd,i det Hoeue, CEO oJ Royl Altold, rp.nds 5A pet ,e t aJ hk tihc ,arellirg dd geuirg ontoth. les.lloar a! Mrh 6 posible.As h. erplans:'I a!'a|y ger a good frl.fot the lon as I watknrol,d'. (Eu.obusnress Nebsire)

sayf9 .nd think ng admit", considet*, deny*, descibe, inagine", mention,, suggest'liking and dislikins dislike, enjoy, fanct (not) nind*phraral verbs carry on, give up, keep on, put affphrase wilh car't can't beat, can\ help, cdn't rcsist, can t fa.e, can,t standother common verb! dvad, delay, finish, invalve, keep, mist postpane, practise, riskcorn rnon prr rasee tt s not watth spend lwaste ttne/ money ...

Thete s no pant ttn)

Some of lhe verbs in the list can also be followed by a noun. The5e inctLrde: admlr, deryinagine, suggest, dislike. enjoy, fancy, keep, nind, prcctlseThe Minister admifted taking a bibe. and The Minister adnitted his nistake.What do you fancy doing this evening? and I fancy a nice, caid beer.

The group of verbs wth can? can aho b€ folowed by a noun.I can't bear avant-gatde jaz

We Lrse mnd in queslions and negative sentencesA Da you nind waiting a noment?

Go and come plus -,nq form are ofren used for sports and outsde.ctvtes.I often go skiing in the wintetDo you want to .ome shopping wth nez

Some vebs and v€rb phrares have to ds a prepos tion. These n. ode taak faMard ta, abiectto, be used to, get used ta, rcspord to. Prepostons are always followed by rhe,lrg form.t'n looking fotward to seeing you ,ext week. (NOT {€-!ee)After a few nonths in the UK t got used to dtiving on the ief. (NOT t€-d+ive)

B Verb + to + infinitivea Some verbs ae fo lowed by ro + nl nitive.

'PCCW has opo4 \tdkd tl1t it aisha to becone tl| bigett braadbdnd ptaq ik A:id,' tdt'Rnhahl Fe{'son, a tele.a aulyll nt Hon! Kang ,Ihat hEdtlt it .annot dnoi b stand stilt.'(AiaNeek s€bsite)'And bt r,o*iry torether vith t rufs at lBirl, Kaddh d,d to on, tue'E a.t,d r manatin! toiaprote rhe loal tpply kse Jat an o.f t\.' ilys ldrn. Reys, heal af Hfute -pdekdtul\ pnnktote,atio,i (clobalBusiness Magazine $ebsire)

C verb + obiect + to + infinitiveO The fo lowing verbs are followed by an objecl + to + infinit ve.

advise', alow ask,.ause, encourage, exped, fahld, farce, help, invite, otder, pay, prcfe,peEuade, renind*, teach*, tell', tQin, want, warnr

Rtsid dll ask th. Patu Club oJ ercditots to postpofle lte sir tq oJ biLatutl drftt lnts at t.npaltnur of dtbr. (Delovoj Pete.b!.s webrre/

Li dko pelsraded Jour banks, i".Lt.lrtg HSBC Holdtgs aid Bdtk oJChihd, to lend hnn

811 I'illion, o rcco l ii Ho!'r Ko'9. (Asialveek trcbsire)

'19 VERB + -t\rc OR INFI |rIVE i a3

pltsn! and decisions ain, arrange, chaasq decide*, intend, plan', preparc

€xpectations denand*, deseNe, exped*, hope', want:, t",/ish*, wauLl like

promises and reflsak fail, guarantee, affer, prcnise*, rcfuse, thrcaten

other common verbs agrce', .an I can't affotd, lean*, manage, pretend*, seem*, tend,

ttatn, wai

a Nole that verb + to + i.finitiv€ is also uled in these cases:

1 To explain why we do lomething (the 'infin tive of purpo5e')

l'n Glling to find out if you stock spare parts. (NOT i€++€Ji"d-€s+)

2 Aftef a quenion word

Gn you show ne how to get on to the lnternet on this @mputer?

3 \Nirh used to, be gioing to, be able to, be allawed ta, have to, need to and aught ta

Make and leta after mate and /et we use the bare intin tve wthout to.

I made then che.k everything very.atefully. (NOT l-fid€-lh€tr-+€-€h€€k)They let us have all these frce sanples. (NOT Th€F€l-*+€+eve)

Verb + that clausea The ve6s marked with an an€iskr in sections A. B and C can ako be followed bv a that

ca!se. In everyday lpeech we can leav€ out the word lhatI suggened speaking to Elia about n. t sugqested (that) we could speak ta Eliza abaut it.

D

E

We de<ided to cancel the neeting. we decided (that) we would .ancel the rr,ee,ng.rhey tald us (that) we should wait.

"Gentlenen, l9e ca ed this meetinglo discuss abs6nteabm.'

a4 i9 VERB + -lrVG OR lNFl|{lnVE'l

19 Practice

Exe.cise 1 g g

!4ledi!e the corect words.1 We canl afford to ml$/m,sehg this opportunity.2 Do yo,J fancy to qolgoing for a ddnk after wo*?3 Are you waiting to uselusrng the phone?4 lt's not worth to spendlsperd,i?g any more time on this.5 We decided to c/ose dowrlc/osing down the factory in Belgium.6 You prcmised to deliterl derr€fli?q by April, and it! now Ma',.7 | cot\sideted to calllcalling him, but I decided it was better to write.8 if we don't decide soon, we risk to /oiel/os,l4g the whole contract.9 she agreed to prppar€lprqpan?lg some figures before the next meet ng.

I 0 l'rn sorry there seems to belberng a misundeBtanding here.11 ls Mr Messier busy? OK, I don t mind to waitlwaiting for a few minutes12 He 'el.Lsed to signlsigning the contract until he'd spoken to his boss.1 3 [,4ay ] suggest to postponelpostpor,l4g the meeting until next week?

Exercise 2 E EComplete these sentences with the verbs frcm the list below. Choose either the -,i,?9 tom or to + infinitive,

git€ write fly feceive make recognise advertise help think speak

I They ageed ........1S..r!\4....-.. us thirty mo€ days to paythe invoice.2 He pretended.. .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m€, but ldonl think he knewwho twas.3 There5 no point ............................. this brand on ry it would cost too rnuch.4 Wete o(pecting,,,,,.........,,,.,,,,..,,,,. some more stock early next week.5 l ' l l jo in you later I need to f in ish . . . . . . . . . . - -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th is repon.6 | learnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portuguese when lworked in Brazi l .7 I work in public relations. Myjob involves ........................-.... contact with the media.8 | cant help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . that something is going to go wrcng.9 | canl afford .......--.-.................. business class allthe time.

10 | can't p.omise .-......................---.. you with this problem, but t'll do my best.

Exercise 3 trComplete the following sentences with verbs from the list below. lnclude an obje( in every case.

€dvi5€ remind peEuade expect help encourage force

1 l'm sorry | missed wo* yesieday. rhe doctor ...44.v. j.tgd..-yg..19... stay in bed.2l tr iedto.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . .comewithustonight,buthesaidhewasbusy.3 Could you ........---.............-...-----. call Head Office later? | miqht foEet-4 lf you employ a ecretary it will ............. ......... dealwirh allthe paperuork.

contact m. $rre time today.6 didn' t feelvery conf ident, but she.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . applyfor ihejob.7 The fall in demand has ...........................---.... make some of our best workers €dundant.

19 VERB + -t tG OR ll{FlNlTlVE t E5

Exercise 4 Eg E

My computo's (6hed.It keeps 0) ....d9..'.1X.... (do) it.I have ro sare my dodments every

few minutes or I rtuk (2) .................. (los€) all th€ mrk I'vejust done.

Have you got enougb dtuk space?

Yeah,I hare. I really dont know wbatt causing it (3) .................. (cnsh) so often. Look,

you'rc good at computen.vlat do you advise ne (4) .................. (do)?

wel,I don't krcw.I ha!€nt been t rined (5) .................. (fix) them.You'I hew to ask an

IT recbrician (6) .................. (come) and have a look at it.

Han.You knova there's no point CD .-................ (cal) a technician - rhey'I be ryes and

L.. I really cet .fford (8) .--.----- (waio a day for someone to come, I'm ffily busy.

Why don't )ou phone $e helpdesk then? They'f advise you shat (e) .................. (do)

Oh, yeah. I supporc sq

And ifyou're rEdly thac busy, heE you €onsidcr€d (10) .................. (esk) Sophie ro help

you, she ha$'t got a lot ofwork at lhe momcnt.

Oh,ha$tshe?Th.r 'sgreat . I 'askhcr(11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( r }?c)upth isrcpor t .Thmk.

@ 28 Complete the mini-d:alogue by putting the verbs in brackets into the rcffect form, using -tng or ro +

Exercise 5 I Ecomplete this email that circulated in a company that makes mobile phones. choose a verb from the ligt

below and use the coffect form, -ing or infinitive with fo.

if{eA,i€rv be pay pretend €ceive refer show take talk worry

all stetl in Production d

um€lkt.bout h€alth rbks trcm mobll6 phonoa

AJoumalkr r.om th€ masa2n6 Tochnolosy R€viM wants (l) ...,.i,Q..i\t4djg|!'.,,. 6om6on6 trom Prcducrion aboul h€6lth

dsks ior moblle phono u6€6 rrcm radialion. lt wirl hvolv6 (2) .................,,....,,,..., to him ov6r lunch on€ day nei week.

H€B o f ie red (3 ) . . . , . . . . . , , . . . . . , , . . . . , , . . . . . . -anyrc lun tee6?

In myopinion its nor wonh (4) ..-.....-............-......-, too mu.h about lhb a6lh6lat66t r€a€arch 6hoE rhat th€ n3ks seem(s)...........-............-..... minimsl. Buton the oth6r hand its no sod (5)...--..........--....--....--. th€re'3 no p6bl€m at alr. I

would suggastsimply (7)....-.................--.....- lo lho E@nr €porl trom lh€ Nalion.lsafBty Board.

An,e6y, hes kindly agreed (a) .--...--....--..,,,.......--.. us lh€.rlicle bsfo€ its publish€d, and hes pomised

(9).....-......-......-.......... a bslatrcod vi4. I l@k foMard to (1o).-....-......-.....-......-... your@mments on this matter asap-

A

erb + -ing or infinitive 2

Verb + -ing or infinitive: change in meaninga Some verbs c.. be followed by -ing o. ro + infinrtive and rhe nreaning of the vefb changes.

a REMTMBER AND roRcET We use renenber/farget dotng for memores ofthe pan(rhe aclonhappent b€fore the remembering). We use renembe./org€r fo do for act ons sorneone s/wassupposed to do (the rcmembering happens befor€ the acron).ldefinitely remember posting the lefter. posr + rememoe.Imust rcmemher to post the letter .emember - oostl'll never foryet flying into Taipei airpoft. ftying + forgerSotDl I fo.got to tun o{f the lights. forg€t - turn otf

a REGRET We use regret dol:ag when we ar€ sorry abour sornething thar ha pp€ned n the pasr.I rcgrct saying no to the job in Paris.We ute rcgret ta informlto te// whef we are 9 v ng bad newst fegfet lo inlorm tau that we ate unable la

a rRy We use try doing when we do sornething and seewhat happens. We use rry ro dowhenwe make an etfort to do somerhing, blt don r necessarity succeed.l'lltry talking to hin and ndybe he'llchange his nind. (t, do it and see whar happen!)l'll tty to talk to hin' but I know hes @ry busy taday. (l may not b€ succesfut)tast Scpt.ub.r, Bt ur tri..l to nc$oian a aldt-lnti J ,tcry,/ of D. \.h.\ Md Dt!,ttkt,! tttdilopmtiott. Howw, hc uds t s!.alJrr. (Businesweek Online webritc)

a srop We u9e stop doing when we end an action. We lse jtop to do when we oive the reason

We stopped buying fran thar suppller (now w€ don,t buy from them)lnoppeclto buy sonething fot ny wife. \t stopped n o.derro buy someihing)

a MEAN We use mean dolng when one th ing rcsutts in or invo ves another We use mean to do \oexpress an lftention.Glabalisation means being a<tive in every major natker (= invotvetI meant to phone you, but I forgot. (= tnrended)

ra 60 oN We lse 90 on dorng when we continu€ do n9 sonrething We use go on io do when wemove on to do something else.They went on tading even thouqh they were nea y barkrupr l= d d the ,.me thinq)Altet leaving IBM he went on to staft his own companJ4 (= did sonreth nS e se)

B Verbs of perceptiona Ve|bs of perception lnclude: feel, heat tisten ta, norice see wakh. These ve6s can be fo oweo

by an object + -ng or a bare infinitive (wthou o) and rhe m€aninq of th€ verb chanqes.

a fwesee or hearonly par tof the act ion, or i t cont inue! , we usethe -h9form. fweseeofhearthe whole action from beqinning to e.d, we use the bare infinttve withoui ro. Compare:I saw her giving her presentatianI saw het give her presentation

(ltaw part ol the presentaion)(l saw th€ whole presenrarion)

I heard the machine naking a nrange naise. (t heard the noise and r cont nued)I head the nachine make a sr.ange ,olse. (lheard th€ noise dnd itnoDoed)

c

20 VERA r -rlv6 oR INFINITIVE 2 87

Verb + -ing or infinitive: little change in meaninga Some vefts can be followed by -rr9 or to + nfinitive andthere is litte chanqe in meaning.

These include: begli cora;aue, intend, stat1.What do yau intend doing/to do about it?

ln the re.ond qudttet, ahu the nd*et began to go doM, ue befan s. in!, drcppiry oft eqritfposition in thejtnd to otos\d 70% and holdinf the Enaintu in ath.Ihis tof,I ttdt dble tol"ininize the inpa.t olkc dolzt'ft. (lsiaweek websue)

Tlt nsfihe/ of Cennn jobles @ inced to Jd in Febntary. (wal Streer Jouinal website)

a We oo not urually hdve tlvo.tng fo'Ts logetrer.h was na'ting to get da*. (NOr *a*l€g-g€{iig)

Tfu busitrs .onrttrity i dgdir natting to pal ,ery dote d ention to the cartutry\ ebrcni/ledrd. (Giobal Business Magazine vebsire)

a The v€lbs /ike /or€, prefet hdte can be followed by eiih€r form. Io + infinitive suggests

somethlfg is a good/bad idea. Th€'tngform shows your feelings.I like to do ny tax rctutns eatl)t but I don\ like doing them.

When we use the modal would with these vetbs we must use to + infin t ve.t'd prcfer to do it nyseff, if you don't nind.

like followed by to + infinitive (an mean thatwe do tomething because we think t is a good

idea, even ihough we don t enjoy it.tlike to w te seveBldrafts befote lwite the finalrepott.

Passive forms: -ing or infinitiveO Unit 19 gave llsts ol verbs that are followed by either an -ing form or to + ni nitive. Only th€

active iorms were given.

a The passive iorm of 'verb + -inq' i5 verb + being + pan part ciple.lf the share ptice falls any note we sk being |.Eken ovet by a laryet conpany.

a The passive form of 'verb + to + infinilive' is verb + to be + pan pad c p e.I think t desefle to be given a pay nse.

"Actuallt the boss is away on vacation - but he likesto rcmind evervone hers still in charee."

D

aa 20 VERE + -rrVG OR lNFlt{lTlVE 2

20 Practice

Exercise I 5Underline the corrcct wods.1 t'n sotry | lotgot teplu cal/r?g you, but I was ea y busy_2 I stopped in Pads for a few days to neet / neetng Henti.3 We've stopped to m€€t/meeting so often. tt was a waste of time.4 Lea.ning a language means to belbeing intercsted in the cutture as w€ .5 | neantto nakelmaking some more photocopies, but tdidn.t hdve time6 Please remembef to speaklspeakrig to Josie when you see he.7 | don't rcmember to saylsryr?g anything tike that.a I ried to openlopening rhe window, bvt it was too high to reach.9 l tied to open lopening rhe window, but it was still too hot in the rcom.

10 I ne\et lotget to giwtgiving my fi6t presentation to the Board.l1 Donl foEet fo /ook atl/ooklng at the audience when you speak.12 We regret to an ouncelanrourcing the death of ourfounder. Mr Obuchi.13 rcEe\ to quit/quifting my t1/8A (ourse.14 The new prcduct i5 doing rcallywell. tthink we shoutd 90 on to je///se//tng it for anothef six montns at

l€ast.15 FiEtl'l saya littleaboutthe historyof the cornpany, then I'[ goon to descrlbe /descibing ou ne\,

range of producls.

Exercise 2 !Match the situations a)-d) to the sentences t-4 below

a) I heard pad of your conversation.b) | saw yolr whole presentation.c) lsawthe whole tourd) I passed them in the coftidor

1 Sorry to intefiupt, blt I heard you tatking about €-books. n2 I hea.d you talk about e-books at the tnternet seminar n3 | saw Barbara showing the v'sitors round the laclory n4 | saw Barbara show the visitoG our new prcduction tine. n

Exercise 3 !fComplete the sentences with bFing ot to be.

1 enjoy ....hgi^,... taken out for expensive meats.2 The Minister denied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g iven a br ibe.3 The lVinister refused ................. questioned about the bribe.4 | expecr ................. asked some tough quenions after my prcsentation.5 Do you mind ..........___.... picked up at the anport by a taxi?6 How awfull lmagine ......_.......... asked to give a presentation on a ropi. ike thatl

@,"

20 VERB + -rrVG OR INFINITIVE 2 A9

Exercise 4 S pComplete the m n -dialogue with the correct form ofthe ve.b in brackets. On two occasions both forms are

rHoMAs, Hj, Crla.I've b*" -*"i"s (1) ..1."-..tP94k... Gpeaking/to speak) to you aI day.we're

trying (2) .............-........... (booking/to book) a table at that new Chinese restaunnt tonisht.

Would )ou like to come too?

Oh, rhaDk,lA re,Iy like to, but I was intendins (3) ......................... (stating/to staro work

on my monthly sales aport tonight.

rHoM^s, Re,lly? Woul&t )ou preftr (4) ......................... (coming/ to come) out with us? Just this once?

Of cou^e I wanr (5) ......................... {soins/to so) out wlth yon ronight, but I leally have to

get this report done. I m sor.y it tneans (6) ......................... (nrissing/to nis) dinner rvith you

gu)s tonight.

rHous, WeI, pcrhaps next time dren.

Yeah. And next time dont lbrget O) ......................... Givins/to sive) tuc at narch notice as

posible beforehaDd so I can keep the evening 6ee.

rroM^s, Oh. the trouble with you, Carla, is that you never srop (8) ......................... (wo.kibg/to work)

You should remembcr (9) ......................... (havins/to have) sone fun sometnnes.

crma, Look,Thornas, you knov ld rcr ly love (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( jo in ing/ to. jo in)you,but lJ$t

rHoM^s, Ivell, ifyou so on (11)......................... (working/to work)like y do 2t the momcnt, you'll

srart (12) ......................... (gertins/to gc, rc.Iy stressed, rnd then you'll regret

(13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (nrns ing out / to mns ou0 on your socia l l i fe . I t happened to i Giend of

mine - in the end he wenr on (1a) ......................... (having/to h!ve) a .ervous bE,,kdown

Oh, come on. Stop (15) ......................... (being/to bc) so drrnutic. I don't enjoy

(16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( rk ing/ro txke) work home, i t ! jusr thr t I l ike (17)

(finishins/to finnh) 'ny rcporis on ome.

Ex€rcise 5 ifr iWN9,complete this Letter by putting the v€rbs in bfackets lnto the coiiect form, -mg or to + nfinitive.

I am wnring ro complain about the p@r senice rhar I received when I wa! in your s|oe ld( week. Rec..dy you decided

(1) ....t9..fe.$.o.Y9.. Gcnove) lisening i&ilnier i. your soEs, and your sales sr!fr encouaged cuslonds (2) ......................... (hke)

hone rheir choice of CDs wiihoui (3) ...............,.,..-.... (hce) rhen nst. You invit€d us (4) ...........-..,,,,.,,,,. (Etum) an, CDs thar we

did n6t like. a. lone s ve kepi rhe eeipt s pmf or pmhe. ln ny opinion rhis wts m excelle policy as n allowed .Dsione6

(5),..,.........,..,........ (risk) (6)......-.................. (buy) things thar wec a liide ditrerem.

A consquene of your lolicy is thi cn$omen will buy n@ CDs. Md this nem (7) ......................... Gerun) noE that they don r

like. In iact l6t week I broughl b&* eight CDs, nom lhe fouie. I had bought on ihe previons vbn Your salesne retusd

(8) ................. ....... Gccept) such a la4e nmbet sd accused ne of(9)..,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,.,..,.. (ure) the CDs bone jus

(10) ....................-.... (copy) rh€m.I stunsly objecred ro (ll) ......................... (b€) teat€d lre this a I had enenbeed

( l2) ..,.......,.............. (lriog) the Mcip6 wiih ne ed my dio6 PeE wirhin the Ems of your Eudmlee.

I canl help (13) .,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,,.,..,., (thi.L) rhai tou *ill lose a lot oi bnsi.ess il you $ttr go on (14) ......................... (behave) in this

way,andIadv iseyou(15) . , . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - (d in )yours t3 f r (16) . . . . . . . . . (dea l ) w i th cn$ones h a noE pox te mmner

A Repoied speecha We often r€ll peopl€ what other people have said. This is ca ed rcponed or indircct speech We

very rarcly tryto rcportthe exacr words rhat someone says. usually we give the g€neralmeaning with a slmmary'Laak l've been phoning all day and he's atwap jn a neeting. Can you te hin that I'tt give hirr'a cal sanetine nextvr'eek, p/ease?' (actLra words)) Sandta phoned. She said she'd call yau next week ltepon)'Fran v'lhat lcan see, the advellising campaign is a grear srccess., (actualwords)) He said the canpaign wat a succel'. (report)

a Note the chang€ of tense in rhe above exampt€sr r1,// to would and i5 to was.It |5 not always necessary to change tefses. tf the sratement is n true we can keeo the sarne

He satd the campaign was a grear iuccejs. (the carnpa gn is finished)He said the canpaign is/was a grear iuccess. (the campa gn i5 ni happening)see secUons 8 and C beow for more detaits.

In wiiing we can .epeat the exacr words using lpeech marks (, ... ).'l have no futther connent to nake at this stage,' said the canpany press affjcer when hespake to out rcporter yestetday.

This unit uses 5ald as lhe reporring veA. See untt 22 for other feporting ve.bs.

Tense changesa When the verb tense changes it 'moves back, in tim€

B

'l'mwotking for lgM''l've worked fot tBM

'I had wo*ed fot l?M

Report (lndirect lpeech)She said she wo*ed far tBM.She saii she was wotklng fot tRM.She said she had wo*ed for tBM.

She said she had wo*ed fot 18M.OR She said she wotked fot tBM.She said she had wo*ed for tBM.

'I've been wo*ing fot IBM' She said she had been wo*ing for tBM.

a

a

'l'm going to wotk fot lEM. She said she was going to wotk for tBM.'1 can/wi /nay work for lEM. She said she coutd./woutd/ni9ht wo* for tBM.Khwi, a Vicnta-based teleans .onpaty, sdid oi Ftiday ir uas enteing tha Czth tufthet byaferins {hupet vone ierui.{ through ttu l\tet,et. (c,echioday website)Ed ier h thc oe.k, d ldbot u4io4 ttpott soid that 751 dedths had ousnd 'an tha job' in rta\durins tl'e f,tt six toflllj of thn ycar, aptotu 521 Jot the sltue p{iad Lst yat. (Intermiion,lHer,ld Tribune website)

The Shodhq ALh'inht Industry Co. \d d l6t ueek t uoatd issre 1 60 tui ioa shates .fot tilti.arok rhe Shot'slzi StMk E .hdnge. (ShanBhei Daily wED'rc1

There is no change fof musC mi1ht, could, shoutd, would.

Note that ifthe.ctualwods werc in the pasi simple (worked), ihe repo( can change or nay

Note that there is no.hinqe for rhe past pedect (had worked).a

21 REPOR|ED SPEEOI 1 91

C No tense changea We do not need to changetense if the inform.tion is st Ltrue.

'The sales team are doing very well at the moment.He says/said the team arc doing very wel

O We do not need to change tense if we repon something which is. ways true'Therc is atuvays a peiod of uncstaintl afu a meryet'He says/said there is alwats a Wiod of uncertainV after a neryet

D People, places, times and thingsa In rcpofted sp€€ch references to people, places, tim€s and thlngs otten change, because the

point of view chanqes.

ntseevou herc tomonow satd Sue l @,ead you rcpad abaut this ptqe.r het.id

\ ---.'--=. --r= --\ )---\ l\

stre 5ard she? s€e rre ahere tne next day He satd he d reao my rcpoft about fie prclecl

a The examples in ihe previotis paragraph show some of these typical changes:

) n v) thete, at the office) the4 at tha ime) that day, on Monday) the day befote, the prcviaus day) the next day, the following day, on Monday

this aftenoon ) that aftemoon

) the week belore the ptevious week

) the week aftet the follawing vr'eek

a few days ago a a few days befare, a tew days ea iel

Th ngs: this prolect ) the prctect

'Rln.flbd ubd I t.id I uB goirg ,o be bon6ttuitbyqJ8 Thattut d bi&frt ti."

92 2I NEPORIED sPEECH 1

21 Practice

Exercise 1 RWrite the actualwords that each peEon says. Use coritractions whele possibeI Anna said that she had akeady finished.

(af nas actudl words) ..J.:v.e,..alr:ea.dy..fi rsi.:lred2 She said he would be back after lunch.

3 He said she was goirg to contact rhe printe6.

4 Paul said that he wanted to make a phone call.

(His actual wods) '

5 she said she was meeting the bank managerat eleven.

6 Pieffe sad he had found(Pieffes actual words) ' .

olt about the prcblem a long time ago.

7 David sald he had to be back in the offi(e by three rhirty.(Davldl actual words) '

8 Jan said she would let me know

Exercige 2 g

Look at the actual words spoken. llhdedlle the correct words in the report€d version.1 (HelenS wods) 'l won't do it until tomorrow.'

Helen sald //Iie wouldn't do it until the previoustfollo$/ino day.2 (PeterS words) 'lt3 very busy in herc. t'll call you tater.'

Peter said it was very busy herelrhele, and he'd c.tlme/him tater3 (The sales managet wordt'We received your order lan week.,

He said they dlwe'd rc<ei\ed ourlthei order the week afferlbefore.4 (l\,4e Bowen3 words) t'm sorry about the detay, flt deal with th s now,

She said 5he// was sorry about the delay, and shed deat wirh it rbht then / latel

Exercise 3 E ;Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Use contractions whe.e polsibte.1 'l won't p(,t it in the s?les because it3 sellinq very weii, she said.

she said .thE..ralald^:.1..ei,ri...it..i^..ille..r.^le{..bes4,{r.E...it .w4:..r.Ellili4...,ve!-.y..r.e[,.........2 'l've read the rcpod and I don t undeEtand section 4,, he said.

3 'When I finish my presentation, l'm going to have a drink,, he said.He said that when .-- . . - . . . . . . .

4 'l'm p€paring the figures but I won't be long,' she said.

5 'l like playing tennit but I don't do it very often,' she said.5he $id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 'l'm going to visit our Polish subsidiary but t m not sure when., she saidShe said

2I REPORTED SPEECH 1 9'

Exercise 4 B CRead the words spoken in a confercnce pr€sentatron about the rcle of lhe Chief Executile Ofiicer.

Jatkwebh, one oJ the nostJa'hous CEos oJa tine, was head oJ ceneral Ele nfot twenE

fea$. But he was an exreltion. InJad, iooahnds o.f all najor eonpanies uorldwide have

rc!|arcd theb CEO ow the latt frv years. What's lhe rcaton? The rcaton k that et?ectations

of Cno pufornawe areJar too high. Boads ofconpafties laok at the, CEo as a kind oJ

*pethao *ho ran nlve all ke conpany\ probkms.This prceess stdted ifl the 1980s, ard the

prolotve uAs Lse la.oca, "the nan who saved Chrysler Corp".Then in the 1990s, w had

CEOs fron the tednology sertor, like MictosoJt\ Bi Cates, or Cisto\ John Chanbers, uho

nanaged to produce cottantly lising share pftes. But the lituation is uery dffercnt now dnA

ecoflonit growth is slopihg down.'

Now look dt ways to report the words to a co eague By each rentence wrte P/Ic (if the sentence 5

Pos5 be because oi lenre Change rules). P/sT (if the senlen.€ s Possbe because it is 5t ]ru€)or (ii the

sentence s Incorrect).

The speaker sa d that

I lack Wech was cEo of ceneral Eectic lor twentyyears .P ITC..

2 Jack Wech had been CEO ol GeneralEeclric for twenty years ..

3 Boards ol companies ook ai lhen CEOs as superheroes

4 Boards ol companiee ooked at the r CEOs as superheroes

5 Boards of companier had ooked at the r CEO5 as superheroes

6 Lee laccoca narted il a in the 1980s.

/ Lee laccoc. l'do ndrleo rl a In IhF 1980-

8 FF l.((o.a l^.d bee. srdrled . in IhF 1980'

9 The stuaton ls d i t ferent now . . . . . .

10 The s tlation was ditferent .ow

Exercise 5 B D

On Frday morninq you had. meeting with someone lrcm yoLrr advens nq agency at hB ofices The wods

he spoke.re on rhe left The next week you tel a coll€ague aboul ih€ d scussion Undenlne the corr€ct

The advedisino oersonl words:

'Did you get my email lrent yesterday about lhis

campaiqn we ve been working on? L hope so l'm

sorry io ask you to come here .t such short nolrce,

but i t 's qui te l rgeni . The st la lon is th is :we use an

outsde pr nr n9 company, and a few days aqo the

workers there went on strlke. I m having a meeiing

wth a union representative th s afternoon, but

rhouqht shou d talk to you tirsl.

What vou say to vour colleag!e:

'He raid he (1) hopeslboped l'd got (2) hlsltry -ama

that (3) he'd rendlhe'd Jen t 14) yesterday /the day

berroreaboui(5) fhelthls.dvertsing campaign

\6) they've/we've beer wotk ng on. And he

apologised for asking (7)melyou to go

(8) herelrhere ai such short notice - he sard t(9) /J/r17as urgent. Well, apparently a lew days

(10) aqolbefore the pr nlers they use (11) have

sonelhad gane or \rnke, and he (12) lslwas

meet ng thern (13) ahli/rhai afternoon. He sa d lre

thoLrght he sho! d t.lk io (14) melyou abolt it i rs' '

A Say or tella We saysomething and we te//somebody.

Sinon said he was .onfident abaut the su(ess of the Beta prcject.Sinan told me the projen was going well.

l, We never us€ to between te// dnd the objectHe told me what happened in the neeting. (NOT r€td-r6-rae)

We c. n u5e ao alter 5ay, especially when the actud words are not epoi(ed.What dtd he tay to you?lthink the boss wanted to say something to Susan

other reporting verbs. There a€ mdnyverbs to repon what people say. Each verb h.5 one or more possibe patterns

B

Common repod ng verbs include:

Verb +'lng form (unit 19)

Verb + to infinitiv€ (unit l9)

Verb + object + rc infinitve (Lrn t 19)

ddnit, deny, mentian, prapose, suggestaqtee, ask, denand, de.ide, offet, prcmlse, rcfuse,

actuise, ask, canvin.e, encou?ge, invite, ordea

Petsuade, rcnind, tell, warnadnn, agree, annauncel ahswer' claim' complain'canflrn, deny, explain, nention, pronise, prcpase,

ddvise, assurc, convince, infarn, natify, petsuade,

Prcnise, rcassure, rcnind, tell

Verb + object + rharcause

They denied doing anything wongI suggested changing au expotT agency

She prcmised to call me tomoffowfhey rclused to lowet then price.

He advised us to wait untll ne\1 yealThey inviEd me to come far lunch.

They agreed (that) they'd wait.She prcmised (that) she'd call ne tonanow.

1 rcninded then (that) they had to pay a 25a/o deposit.I told him (that) I couldn't nake the meeting next week.

O We use the same tense change r! es as in unit 21.

Cre.k t.l.ott fidltt O'l'E rbi the yiratbatio, toitta vith RohTabtun. OTE pomised thal70 !( tut of np ftlepho,t sy\te uotld be dUitdL ii tll.. )dd^. (Buch,rsi tslsinesweek

a We can .ko rcport what people rhink or know. Verbs inctuder krow nodce, think, reatise, ek5o y, I didn't rcalise you were busy. I thought you had finished.

22 REPORIED SPEECH 2 95

C tt + passive of a reporting verba We use /t + passive of a reporting verb + ihat to repot what peopl€ n qeneral fee or believe.

This s a formal use, fo. exampl€ ln a newspaper story a sci€ntific rcport or a witten summary

of a meetinq

It w{t affiowced at the atferc ce that Aryentifld w6 lasinr Pesos $,0A0 flillian per onian angtuin plies .ottpdfttr with the ovetuge ik the L^t tet yus.It uas pistetl out that ihkrkationalptk6 hotl &t inptulc.l in two yeoR, but this eability hatl allouad dn inctedte in prcdnetiah.flarinTnde website)

Verbs that are often used in this way are:be agteed, be announced, be believed, be dained, be canfirned, be cansideted, be decided,be estinated, be ererted, be feared, be lela be found, be pointed out, be praposed, bercponed be tumourcd, be said, be thown. be sugge5ted be thauqnt

D Reporting questionsa The wod order in eported questions is llke a nomal statement (this is the same ru e as for

ind rect questions in unit 16). Tense chang€s follow those glven n unit 21'Wherc is it?' ) He asked me where ia war. (NOr v/h€r€-r.€.+)

I Whe. we €pod quenion wod questions (whe4 evhaa v/hy, where, haw, e\c) we uselheq!enlon wofd.'When will the goods ative?' ) They asked ne when the goods would aftive'Why have you sales gone dowh?' ) I was ask-ad why out sales had gone down.'A year d{0, I wd! atkcd hoa thit tro efsl nceer bctuen Daihtler and Chryslet uo"ld uotk,ord I toid I wds &'nitiirfof the nturyeltonal prcblehBThey aete boufld ta haryen, as awcxpcnenccs uiith Seat had sltotln.'- CEO oIvolb|aSen (Der Spiegel website)

a When we repon yeslno qres\ions lDo you, Did you, Are yau, elc) we ute if ot whether'Do you speak Ftench?' ) She asked ne if I spoke Ftench'4rc yo! going to W in cash?' ) He asked me whether I was going ta pay in cash.

a Notrce in the examples that reported questions have no queston mark in writing.

E Reporting commands and requestsa Commands .re reDoded wiih rel/ and the infinitive.

'Take us to the airyoft. > she told the drivet to take us to the airpaft.'Don t wotry l ll dealwith it. > She told me not to wotry.

a Reolests are .eooded with ask and the infinitive.'Wauld you nind waiting fot a moment?' He asked ne to wait'Please don't wait far '],e, I'll .ome along latet' He asked us not to wait.

95 22 REPORTED SPEECH 2

22 Practice

Exercise I GUnderlin€ ihe correct words.

1 Sal y rold / bltLqe Ihat she had lost the catalogue

2 This is confidential, please don't saylte// anythinq about t.3 This is confidential, please don'i saylte// anyone aboui t.4 Chris saidlsaid me he mun leave earljr

5 | saldltold them about the meal, and th€y iaidlto/d th€y would come.6',You see,', told/saldsteve,'l always toldlsaid you'd get a promorion'

T You see,' told/sald steve, 'l alwaJ6 io/d/sald yo! you d gei a prornot on ,

I Look, l told ta / said to her,'why don t you te///say m€ whar you medn?

Exercise 2 gMatch the actlalwords in sentences l-12 with the rcported nat€ments aFt)

1 'Wel donel You've done itl2 'Who me? No. I never d d it.'3 'l m really sorry | didn't do it - I just forcot.'4 'lf lwere you, L'd do it.'5 'Would you like to do it?'6 'Don't forget to do it!'7 'Oh, | lee that you've done it.'8 'Oh, by lhe way, l've done it.'9 'Ohl I thought you hadnl done itl'

10 'l realy wouldnl do it. lt could be a disaster'11 'l'll do it, you can count on me.''12'No, I wontdo i t . l t 'soutof the queston. '

a) He advsed me to do it.

b) He apolog sed fof not doing it.

c) He congratu ated rne on doing it.

d) He invit€d m€ to do it.

e) He denied doing t.

f) Ne nentioned that he'd done it.g) He didn't realise 'd dore it.

h) He promired lhal h€'d do lt.

i) He noticed lhat l'd done lt.j) He €fLrsed to do it.

k) He ren nded rne lo do t.

l) Ne warned m-. not to do t.

trnltrnnnnltrnn

Exercise 3 El FffllRewrite each s€nr€nce in reported speech.1 'A€ you on holiday for the whole ol A!g!n?' she asked me.

sh€ asked me .if-lrlhelhcr...!...r..,4{..e ..h.olid6} fer:..lhe..r.}ele..ef..Ara4r:i,2 'Whai do the letteG 'URf mean?' I asked him.

I arked him

3 'H.ve yo! preparcd theJigures? my boss asked m€.My bot t dsted ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 'When is your b dhday?' I asked Frances.a.

l .sked F a^cescd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 'Did you femernber to back up the file?' she asked him.

S'e asred hrr r . . . . . . . . .

6'Why have you turned off the airconditioning?' Ell€n asked rne.tller asled ne

7 'Do you speak lialian?' th€y asked me .t the intervi€w

They asked me at the inreruiew8 'How much did you pay foryour car? lasked Pabto.

22 REPORTED SPEECH 2 97

Exercise 4 c

t430 Re.d theedractfrom a meenng,.haired byClaudia. Then underlin€ the rnonapproprate report ng verbs n

the written summary below

cLADh: Oh, hi. Take a seat ... Unr, I d like to hear your vie$ on the t.lks wele havins Nith BCP

$o!t the possible merger. Do you think we should go .he.d with dre discusions?

Well. Do a.tu,Iy I donl lhiDk \re should. Our comparry cultues are totrlly ditrerent. and I

can't see nrany opponmiries ro cut costs in a combined openrion. I'm sorry but I m 3gainst it.

But, Nigel, can't you see th,r wer roo smalt to stand rlone in the global economy.Theret

going to be ratron lisation in our narket and nN ls the right tinle to act.

cl.{uDr^, Un, right. How iong do you think it rvould trkc to integr:te the nvo conrpanics?

Ptubably about sL\ months, naybe oorc.

ThaCs six nonths ofcotrrplete chaos and frlling nrvestor confidcnce.lti just too *ky.

.LAUDTA Well,I dont thini rvc have enough irfonrnrion .t thc momcnt. Pclhaps we colnd $et !p !

task force b look into the vhole isuc h more detait?

HDur.

oauon Tony - $ould you bc willing to chair rt?

OK, I I ch.ir r rask forcc, but I II need reprcsenBuves fron rhe other depftnents as rvcll.

o-^u, ^, Thar sholldnt be a problent.When do you thn* you'll be .tJle to set fie report .lotre?

Un,iD rbout six weeks.

Six rvcekslTh.Cs ridiculous.

OK. {'e'll rry to get aI rhc ufo..ution togcdrcr in fou. $ccks.(]a!ir^, llighr, thiCs sellled.livc'll mect:r$in x month frcm todin srmc tnnc s.rurc p].cc.

1 t was estimatedlannounced that il would take aboui six months to ntegrate the two cornpanies in tlre

event oi a mercer

2 twas rumouedlsuggested that we could set up a task force to produce a report on the imp cations of

the merger

3 l\ was prcpasedlclained lhat the task fo(e would be chaned by Tony, wth repres€ntatves irom other

departments.

4 l twasshawnlagteedIhal thetaskforceshouldproducei tsr€port in fourweeks.

5 lt was clainedlde<ided lh.tthe nexi meeiing would be on luly 28th at 9am n the rna n conference

E x e r c i s e 5 A F , DNiqel(lrom Exercse 4)is ta krng to a colleague about lhe sam€ rneet ng ater n the w€ek. Undedine the

corect words in his report.

'Claudia asked us {l ) tbat rar'e g'vetagre our opinions about the merger ialks. | (2) told tlemltoldro then that I thought the whole thing was a bad idea, but they rcfused (3) to /tsten/rnenln9. Ofcourse Tony disagreed, as usual- He (4) ioldBad thai we w€re too small for the global ma*et.Then claudia asked how lo1g 15) would itlit would take to inteqate the two companjes, and Tonyclaimed it would {6) iakelto rdke six months. Claud;a suggested (7) sefttng uplto set up a t.skforce to look into the whole thinq. ldedded {8) not sa]alnglnor fo ray an}th ng. Tony offered

19) b chairlthat he would .ha,7 the task force. He prcposed that the task force (1 0) reportlnglshouldreporf back in six week, butllll) rcninded them that/rcminded tharwe'd need the rcport much

sooner. Anylvay, we decided {12) to rD€etlmeetng again in a monrh.'

A

hrasal verbs 1

Undergtanding phrasal verbs

a Verbs are often 1o Low€d by particl€s ke back, oft througi up, etc, (ihe word 'pa rt cle' rneans

adverb or preposition). somelimes both verb and partce havetheir nomra mean ngs Olher

t mes there is a new meanrng when the verb and particle are put together Cornpare:

It taok 20 ninutes ta 90 through passpatt cantral. (norrna mean n9)

Can we go through your proposalagain?

The term 'phrasalverb is used forthe second type, wherelheverb + partlc e togetlrer hds.

special meaning. Phrasalverb5 3re common n informal Ens sh.

a Sometimes a phrasal verb has lhe same meaninq as a one_word verb

find out = discover 90 ba.k = return 90on=connnueThe phrasa verb i, usually more informal than the one word verb

a Ol ten one phrasalverb can have several d i f f€rent medn ngsand the correct one sonycear

from the situat on1 Danlwarry rn dealing with it naw (= taking the n€cess.ry actlon)

2 We deal nainly with Taiwanese campanies. (= do business with)

3 The rcpart deals with au. future strategry (= rs abouo

Separable phrasal verbs

O With some phrasaj verbs we can separate the two paris and put ihe oblecl belore or after the

could you fill this fon in, please? OR Could you ti in this fom, please?

Illwint the sprcadsheet out now oR l' pint out the spteadsheet now

i\,lrtio Mrrti, tlx Ell\ a\rycrti{t, atrtr6Jnrt(a rayr ,c ltilL o! ELI ntl!: ta k.cP d\rrrxt l,fle\dopn .fallowin.t ttu 'nxrchrk' errs Fid.l:at 3C l;.trttt nr trl,?. (hrterltiorxl Herild

Tribune Ncbsrre)

a When the object s a prcnoun (me you, lr, etc) il mun come belore lhe parucle

Could you fi itin, Please? \NOI t*a+)

I ll Nint it out now (NOT p|+€f€sf'1)

a When the objec( is a ong ph rase it must come afler lhe partic e

Cauld yao fill in the lorm that3 over therc on the desk, please?

t ll p nt out the sqeadsheet with lan month's tales fiqurcs now

a He,e 5"h r o ' .o I non $parable phrd.a lv€rbs

Have you ha.ked the data upz (= mad€ a copy on your computen

Wl you back ne up in the rneetlng? (= s!ppo'1, provde evdencefor)

They had to.ut thelr advenising budget back (= spend lers on)

Our lav/yeR v/ill draw a new contra.t up. (= ihink about and then wr te)

Can you drcp ne off at the rtationT (= take me n yolr c.r and eave m€)

Cauld yau li this forn in, pleaJel (= complete by writinq informatlon)

I n trying to give smakinq up. (= stop do ng lt, quit)

The centralBank istryinq to keep inflation down. (= controlit to slop t increasing)

They had to lay 1ao workeB olf lan nanth. (= dismiss, make redlndant)

tlooked then nunber up in vel/o'" Paerer. (= searched for t in a reference list)

can tou pick ne up at the Jtaiton2 (= coliect me in your car)

t ll pint the details out for you. (= pr nt from a computer onio paper)

I need to ing/call the prinrers up th;s afterroon. (= telephone)

(new r.eaf ng = 'ook at carefu y')

B

23 PHRASAL VEFBS ' 99

we ve set up a subsidiaty in Estonrb. (= established)We're tryjng to sort it out now {= olganise jt, put it tighl dea with jt)

He3 n/ess€dbecause he3 taken on too mu.h (= a((epted r€sponsibilty for)H6 son will take ovet the firn when he retues (= take contrcl)Ihe new cEo will be taking ovet in lanuary (= taking responslbiliry)can t throw this newspapet away now? l= ger tid of ir' dispose of it)we tuned down then offer lt was toa low (= €fus€d. said 'no' to)

c Inseparable phrasal velbs

a With some phlasal vefts w€ cannot separat€ the two parts The object must come after the

panKre.

E lca, Qtinones, Hcdd oI th. Arti-Cartuption LLtit dt the OECD, kld us that the hapd

siflsapot! eill sootr tign its ani-bnbery Nto.ol 'Covc tue tt woald prcJet b dedl Pith

@npani\ .fton .oMh$ thdt ale tigkatoris to thc cante rion,' sh. soid (Busine$ Tnnes

Sinsapore websitc)

t Here is a list of common insepa€ble ph|asal verbs:

I have ta call on a client th,s afternoon (= visit)Have you come acrcss a conpany called IMN? (= discovered by chance)Can you deal with this inwice p/ease7 (= take th€ necess.ry action)we've been dealing with Fedco fot a long tine (= doins busin€ss wilh)The repon deals with +commerce in 5E /45ia (= is abolt)t <ouldn t do without ny peEonal assrsia't (= tunctlon/manase witholt)Can tou look alter the office while l'n out? (= take care ofll've tooked thtough my files and l can t find it (= examined carefLr y)

t'n sotry to teke up so nuch of your tine (= use an amolnt ot time of space)

see ako lnit 25 a Many insepaGble phtasal veds are intransitiv€. They do not have objects

fhe phatocopiet has brcken dow, again (= stopped work ng)Yau nust chetk in one hout befare depatturc' (= register' rcport your arrival)can !just come in fot a manent please? (= interupt the discussion)The negotiations HI thtough at ihe /ast monent. (= failed)t think we can 9a by with a srnallet budget. (= manage to do thing,Will tou iust holdlhang on for a noment? \= watr)He had to step down after the.offuptian inquiy (= leave the iob, reslgn)

She night tum up at any nolnent (= arive unexpected y)

1OO 2' PHRASAI VERBS I

23 Practice

Exercise t B gChoose the best verb each time from A. B, c or D belowI Banca di Romd .e. up an online banking seMce with Telecom ttalia.

A created B put C set D took2ltsnot justmyownpersonalopinion.Herearesomefiguresthat. . . . . .upeverythngI 'vebeensaying.

A put B back C support D tum3 This is a grcai opportunit. We canljust...... it allaway.

A remove B get C put D throw4 | might need some help. l've never ....... across a situarion like this befor€.

A come B been C found D discovered5 Their long-term strategy is in c.isis. The merger has ...... rhrough.

A gone B fallen C collapsed D passed6 lt3 great having you in the team. l don't know how we...... by wtthour youl

A su.v ved B came C went D got

Exercise 2 nIXEComplete each sentence with a phrasalverb that means the same as the words n brackets. The particle hasbeen gven to help you.I Did you........fi^d........ out... why they haven't paid theif invoice? (d scover)2 Can you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . on . . . a minute unt i l l f ind the information? (wait)3 You need to....................-.. in... this customs declaration. (compete by writing)4 Any more quesiions? OK, l'll ....................... on ... wlth my presenration. (contin!e)5 You need determination to succeed. Donl ...........,.,,,,,...., up ... now (quit)6Inmyjob1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wi th. . .alotofpaperwork.( takethenecessaryaci ion,handte)7 l f you l ike, 1can.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . up.. . the parcelon myway home. (col lect)8 Can i ....................... bact ... to what you were saying a few moments ago? (feturn)9 Thkjob is 9oin91o.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . up.. . mon ot the morninq. (use an amounr of t ime)

10 lf Mike Pinker arives, could you ............--......... after... him untll | rcturn? (take care ofl

Exercise 3 X!Underline a// the possible word orders from the four alternatives. Somet mes two are possibte, sometimesth.ee are possible.

I l'm too busy to dol wirh rh,sldeal this wlthldealythjttdeat it with tigti no\,\.2 l'm going to /oot up ihe info,.nEtionllook the infarnation upllook up it/laak it up on the ntemet.3lnthecurenieconomiccl imateweretryinqtokeepdawnourcons/keepourcostsdownlkeepdawn

thenlkeep them down as much as possible.4 | couldn't do without my nobile phoneldo my nobile phone without/do without it/do it wjthout.5 He proposed a new produd line to the Boad butthey turned down the idealtuned the idea

dawnltuned down itlturned it down-6l ' l lcal lyoubacktomorowmorning.We'rejusttry ingrosottouttheprobten/sott theprcblemout/sott

h outlsott out it (ight nJ.v.

2:} PHRASAI. VERBS 1 'IO1

E x e r < i s e 4 A B CComplete lhe €mai Lrsn! ' phrasa verbs f rom th€ nbeowthatmeanthesameasrhewords n br .ckersIhree verbs need io be pllinto an -nEr form

back!p bre:k down cal lon check n d.aw up drcpof f fndour gerby

keep down ook thro lgh F€*+p pr int o l t rngup sof t our turnup

"-, il.i- r",:'.- - *",rgr4qr.- l""r,"",, F"r*; "" = *, l

E

-* '*"1 " '";"M r Y a m a n a k a w r b e a n v i n q € r r h e a r p o n a r l 0 3 0 t o m c a n y o u ( 1 ) . . . . F . l s !

... r F .. . (correct by cao r.om there a.d (2) .. (reave) at his rroter?Hes sl6yins at the Mariott lwon\ be abe to (3) .. .. .. (a vel there unl about 1 pm. so perhaps youcou ld s tay w i rh h m a .d make sore there are no probems (a) . . . . . . . . . . keg s rerng)erc

Y:11 : :1 . : : j : : - " " *ea , re rnoon.soMikeandKarhw havero(5) . (manase)wdhoutmern

r m q ns b (6) . (organise) lhe ilinerary ror my lr'p to spain next month. can you

(7) .. . (hink about rhen wi,ta) a 'st or a our spanrsh cusrohers by (al ... . . . .. ... .. (examin ns)

our clstomer accounls dalabase? d ke ro know exacty who need io (9) .. (vist) arso lhe flighr

needs l a l r e booked canyou (10 ) . . ( e l ephone ) l hekave6se . cyandcheck f l i sh t r imesandp rces?

w6 .e try ns to ( 1 1 ) (contror lo stop lhem mcreasing) ir.ver expe.ses al the moment so iusr(12) . (d scovea prices ror Elrolrave er crass

The printer keeps (13) (sloppins work ns). and did. r have a chznce 'o (14)

( p r n r ) t h e s p r e a d s h e e l f 6 r c a . y 6 u d o i r a n d l h e n ( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . ( m a k e a c o p y ) t h e f i t e

onro a disk for me to use 6n my 6prop?

Exercise 5 B C

31 Compete thr newspaper ar tce bychoorng the correct adverb f rom those n brackets

T R A V E L O N T H E N E TLani Dillen Chiel Executjve of enrerel,

sropped (r)......d.al!^..... (ofi/dffi/oul)

yerlerdly in a dranelic nore for the

on-line lravel aeency, Revenues at e.trarel

a.e currenlly 15% dosn on the saneperiod lasl lern and thet\'e had io

cut ( 2 ) . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . (ori/up/back) thejr

advertising budgel sererel!, Earlier in rhe

tear e-t.ayel laid (3).....................

(olf/up/ou!l a quarter of its sl!llin. bid ro

keep costs ( ;l ) ... , , ... , , .. , , ... , ,.. (off/do$n/out).

but lbese n€sures seR no! enolgh to

nake the conpanl p.ofitable, Diller had

ben in negotialiors sith thelnternei po.tll

loHo to get exclusive righis to ad!€rtise on

ih€ir sfter bur ihe dell fell (5),...,,..,...-........

(ott/ttrough/outJ at rhe l$t ni.ure, It

seens lhat tbis ners frntlli forced investors

to call for Mr Dill.r's resignatioh, En.a!elk

linrnce ofiicef Marthd Pip€r vill nor tale

(6)..................... (through/up/on) the lask

of t.ying to sorl (7) ,,.,,.,.,.,.,,.,.,.,.

(oye./up/out) their problebs, bu1 lhe

nosi likelJ outcome is lhrt e-travel $ill be

laLen 181..................... (ove./rp/out) br

anolher cohpr.L perhaps onlinc .iral

HiFly.cod. r

102

hrasal verbs 2

A Phrasal verbs + prepositiona Like oiher v€rbs. many phrasal verbs cdn be used either alone w thout an object, or fo ow€d by

a preposilion + object.Any mare cammen6? OK, shallwe move on? (phrasalverb used alone)shall we nove on to the nert item on the agentla? (ph rasal verb + preposition + oblect)

a Here ie a ln of common phrasa v€rb, of this type:

Can we b ng the neeting forwad to Monday? (= move ir to an €arlie. time)You g:o on ahead. t ll catch up with yau later. (= reach ihe same p ace as)we need to cut bzcvdown on our spendinq l= rcdKe)Let's dtop in on David while we'rc in London. (= m.ke a short, nformal visit)I gct on with ny colleagues very wel (= have a friendly € ai onship with)Let's get on with the neeting (= conlinue after stopping)I cauldn't get through to directory lnqut€r (= contaci sorneone by telephone)It's hard to keep up with developments in lT (= know about all the chd nS€s n)AK, l ll move on to ny next s/de. (= change io a new subjecl)Cdn we put the meeting back to friday? l= mole il 1o a laler t m€, de ay)can vrp put the neeting otf until frday? (= nave i to a aier t rne, de ay)Can you put ne thrcugh to Sa/et p/easez (= conneci sorneone by telephone)Ithink the phatacapier has run out of to,rer: (= the.e s none left)

B Three.part phrasal verbsc A few phrasal verbs have three pads and a th€e mun be used. The parts arc noi separable.

I look tot\lvard to seeing rou next week

Yor hnft ttuttcnd ovil, yotn obtL ptdt 't,d' fe\.' dnd you hava spokot ort in a char nontNou, t .fl ba(.x.dnir. .1..kior - no yo! t'!ar a tie? EttortedB nrc !i,l!t! u! thai rit! to

.ft ir anh dr$ dd( i, nt. hn(i.t i'dn\trt. (Chini Diily website)

t Herc is a Bt ol common phrasalve.bs of ihis typel

lt s tine to face up to yout reiporslbrrt/bJ. (= not avo d)lf it3 not su..essful, we can fa ba.k on plan B. (= lse f necessary)Daes the rcuBe lit in with yout haliday plans? (= be accepted w thout prob emtl ll get back to yau tanoffow (= te ephone you aqain)l'll get on to aur supplers ight awaf (= coniact)1'll try to get rcund to rcading yau rcpaft today. (= 1 nd the time for)tlook fotwatd to seeing you next !,veel. (=thnkaheadwthpleasure)

I can t put up with such tude behavlour (= tolelate)

'Cole, ?€ v. d*id€d to cut ba.t on p6ple n.n€d Cole.."

24 PHRASAI. VERES 2 103

C Particle meaningsO Often the rneaning ofthe phrasalverb is related to the rneaninq of the particle.

Sennl dpplidnt tulnties hdre onicised tE EU for sddiflr oxt adusing sig&ls abart itsintentiont Cd iddtes onpkin that they 6nnot arry on ikdejkitely with the casu refow neededto qudlifi, fot nqnbe$hip @ithort sotue fn ddtefot entry.Thef t,spd sone EU gorenfle,h rtuhlto lut of erlatgenent fot J@ that it will bc unpap dt oith the wk6, ol thdt the aew eahdtlttwill 'nonpolie EU spendifs. (Econonist website)

a Studythese examples, and notethata panicl€ can have sever. meanlngs.

back /7 canyou ba*. (= telephone aqain)t ll pay you ba.k tononow. (= rcpay the money borrowed)

b€hind We mustn't fall behind our compet iors. (= be slower than)t n getting behind with my lvork (= not do n9 as r'ruch as l should)

down lnflation has come down by 2% (= become ess)t'n nlinq b cut down on fafty foods. (= reduce)

The factory will close down next year (= stop operat ng)They tumed down ou offer (= raid 'no' to)

Can ltake down one or twa detalls? (= wile on paper)I noted down sone questians to ait rou, (= w te on paper)

torward She put lotwad an intetest ner ldea (= suggested)fhe n,eellng s been brcught forward. (= moved to an earlier time)

into I'd like to go into finan.e a,ter my M8a. 1= start work ng n.narea)tE s realy into windsuning. (be nto = ike a nd be inrerested in)

oll I should be able to get otf at about fiye (= leave wo*)Gn you drop ne olf? l= Iake me in yolr car and leave m€)

t'm sotry | think we werc cut oft (= lose ih€ s gnal n a phone call)Iheyll .ut off ny ele<tricitf if I don't pay this bill (= stop supply ng)

on t leave my computet on all the time. (= operatinq, work ng)tt bok cold outside l'll put ny coat on. (= weat)

l'n going ta carry on working untT aboui seyer. (= coft nu€)Shall we nove on? (= .hange to the next topic)

out t'll hand out sone catalogues at the erd (= give to everyone)we sharc out the prcfiE eqralt. (= d vlde between people)

. I I just wo* out the pt?e for,,ou. (= calculate)WeTe trling to sott out the prcblen now (- put t I ghr)

over Gn we jun go ovet the detaik agalr? (= check/slmmarile)t n not surc. I need to think ,t over (= th nk about it calefully)

through Can tou go thtough yout ptoposal asatnT (= explain)I've lo*ed through the files, but ,t3 not there. (= exam ned)

up They ptt up the qice {ast manrr. (= incrcased)twas btought up in the counfry (= looked after from child to adult)

lnustwtiE up that repott. (= write using notes made earliedfhe conpany was set up lasi year (= estab ished)

'O4 24 PHRASAL VERES 2

24 Practice

Exercise 1 !tcomplete the sentences with one word from listAand one wod from list B.

A: back fur.€C down in on out up upB: on of {e to to to with with

1 l'm sorry | can't make that date- Can we bing the me€ting .f.r{!,"ffd.. ....i9.... this week?2 l'm sorry | can t make that date. Can we put th€ meeting ............ ............ nen week?3l 'mstart ingtogetabitove&eight- l 'mgojnqtohavetotakemoreexerciseandclt . - . . . . . . . . .

alcohol and fatty food.4 We really have to make the dedsion thisw€ek. wele beginning to run............ ............ t me.5 First l'lltalk a little aboutthe cufient ma*et satuation, then l'11move........................ outline the BoadS

thinking about futuE strategy.6l tbnot justaquest ionofchoosinga€ndidatewiththeightexpedence.Theyalsohavetof i t . . . . . . . . . . . .

,,.......... the comoanv culture.7 Everyone in the R & D department does a lol of €ading outside work hours. Th ngs are moving so fast

you really have to keep ............ ............ the field.8 We might have to withdraw this product from the market and face............ ............ the fact that it

hasn't been the success w€ had hoped for,

Exercise 2 I It!4atch the beginnings of sentences 1-5 with theirendangs al.€).

E1 l'll look into it right away and get back2 l'm so busy dealing with the day-to-day

c ses that I never get round3 switchboad? l'm trying to getthrough

4 l'm not sure what3 happening. l'llget on5 Yes, l'rn a lot happier now I get on

a) to Philip lenkins on extension3177 but thercl no answer

b) with my colleagues much beiier.c) to our localoffice and tryto get a

clearer picture of lhe situationd) io you thls afternoon.e) to thinking about the future.

nnnn

Exercise 3 IStudy th€e possible meanings of the adverb up a!<). Then decide which m€aning is most cosely related tothe use of up in the und€ ined phrasalverbs.

a) in a high/noticeable position b) increase, become mofe c) compl€tely

1 A key qoal for Allianz is to build up ils asset managemeni business.2 Many technical issues have come uo in the negotiations.3 | could s!rm_!! the situation by saing that we?e in big trcuble.4 l'dliketob ng upthe question of financinq the operation in crcatia.s I need a new Pc. l've nearly used uo allthe spa(e on my hard disk.6 We need more capital to speed up our plant modemisation programme.

Ennnn!

24 PHNASAL VERBS 2 105

Exercise 4 | l!Complete this email sent by a finanoal adviser to his client by choosing the corect particle from ihe list

back behind d€,|,n in of off on on out through to up with with

stocG ln the us have @m€ (l ) ....-dcl\tr\,,. a lild€ si.@ | lasl @lacted vou. but in g€n€€lthe e@nomy i5 healthy and

rh€ Fed will pur {2) ..,,....,,,......- int66t rates lf gFwih i3 too fast I lhhk ihey'll prcb.blv put this doclsion (3) . .. --,

lntll the third or tourth quan€r Th€ @l dang€r i3 with td@mmi whlch hav€ r€.llv fallen (4) -.,, ...,, ..... lh€ oth6r

s6cto6. Basl€lly, the lel€@nh $cto. h6 run our €) ....,, .... ...... 5t€m. at l€53t in lh€ short tsrm We r€cohd€nd lhat

you cut (6)...,,,...,.-...... on your e:pGue lo lhi3 3etor and *hch to en€rsv ard €teiling, whlch wli nt h nl6rv

(7) . . . , , , . . . . . . , - . . . . lh€r€s toryourpor t fo l lo , InB l i tudoEl In@toB€Bl lk€ lv io fa l lbeckG) . . . , . . , . . . 1he8€ 56as r tha

cuft€nt marketrclaliliv edies (9) ....,,......--.... . l!€ attach€<1. do@m6nl wiih sp.clfic suqg€Btlons for volr porttorio

when yo! v€ had . chan€ to go (10) .....-......-.,,,. hlel m€ lroM. rFu €96 wih my €@mm€ndatlotu lllg€t on

(11) .,,,,.....,,...... our b6k€E and theyll wo* (12)....,,,.......--.. ihe comnl$ron lor buvlng and slllng th€ slocks.

Byth€ way, ih.nkBfordopphg (13).,........-....... rh. olher momlng. N@ llll€lvou gol on (14). ..... -.. vourwork

@,,Exercise 5l I l IComolete the telephone callwith phrasalvedsfrom the list below that mean the same as the words in

brackets, Some are from unit 23.

call back cut oft get back to get through breaking up go ahead go over hold on look into

pc++hrecg$ rang up sort out speak up

n-EcEr|roNrsr, Good moming, Medi! Solutiont, how can I hclp you?

can vou (l) ..i{|1.. me ..lb.p.$h.. Gonnectl to christine Moreau, Plcase?r '€cE!r 'oN'sr, OfcouEe,holdthcl ine.. . I 'miorrycaler, Icant(2). . . . . . . . . . . (nake contact)

at the momenq thc line's bu!y. Sha[ I ask her to (3) ....... . .. .. . . . you

........................... (tcl.phone again)?

Its OK,I'll leave a m.s5.ge

R'cEpnoNsr, OK, (4) ........................... (wit) just a second $,hile I look for a pen . Right,(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (cont inue).

My name i Derck Richardion,Fomweston Securiry Ms Moreau (6) . . ........... ...

n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . ( t e l e p h o n e d ) y e s t e r d a y . S h e w a n t e d m € t o ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(iMstigate) the cct of inst ling an alrfm system for your Premises I said I d

(8) ........................... (telephone again) het todatr

I'm sorry Mr Ricbardsn, the tine is very b!d, can you (9) ............... .. .... . (talk

louder) ple.se? HeIo? He o? I'n sorry, you'te (10) ........................ .. (having prcblemr

with the signal). Hello? . . .

So!ry about thaL I'm on I tnin ming my nobile and we wete (1 1)

(disomected) h a hlmel. Er,y€s, as I sas saying,I've ruaged to (12) . .... ...... .

somthing .....-.-..-.........,....,. (orseiF). Can 'ou telt her thtt I'I send her a quot.tion

along vith a[ the othq deuils in the post?

Oh, risbt, er, can t j6r (13) .---.,..,..--...... (check) tbat asein?Your name is D€rek

Richddson, Gomvestotr Seruity, ud you re going to seDd some det.ils about u alarm

That3 right. Er thant you fo. your help. Goodb€.

106

c

A Transitive and intransitive verbst Verbs in English can either be tEnsitive or ntransiriv€. This nformation is shown n dictonaries

w th the l€tters T or L

B

He taaL otf h6 Fdet (take off o) = to remove an tem of clothlng)

llansitive verbsa Transitive v€rbs arc followed by dn obje.i Th€ oblecr can take a varery of forrns:

noun: Da you sell stamps?pronoun: /t3 too expenslv€. I can't affard it.ret ex ve pronoun: 1 enjayed nyself at the .o.ktait part! yesterday afternoan.c ause: I de.ided that it was too tisky

a A transitive verb is not comp ete without an object.

Intransitive verbsa Intrans t ve verbs do not ldke an obiecr

Her flight has aftived. lHet flight amves at Heathrcw /Her ftight aftives befarc nine(But NOI f,le+{ight-€+ri}er|€ath{€*.)Aut sales in Twkey fell./Our salet fell last yeat. /Ou sates fett dranaticatty in the US.(B!t NOT esft€rapint {e r€-sa1e5.1i5+y€€+)

a lnrransitive verbs includet ache, appeat, adve come, depaft, disappea, exjst, fat, 9a, happen,hve, occur, tain, rcnain, ise, sleep, speak, wait, walk, wotk.

D Verbs with both transitive and intransitive tormsa Many verbs can have both a transilive and ntransiiive form

I opened the doot fhe daor opened.We began the neeting. The neeting began.

Otten you can eave olt the object il t is obvious because of the s tuar on or beca Lrse you haveakeady menlioned it.t parked (ny car) in front of yout offi.e.AK, Ithink tundeRtand (it) now

a Verbs with borh forms nclude: accept, arswer: ark, begin, break, (hange, choose, ctose, caak,decrease, drcp, eat, end, explain, finish, farget, grcw, hetp, imprcve, incrcase, knaw, tearn,leave, neet, nau.e, openl park' phone' read, rcnenbea see, staft stap, turn, undestand,watch, win, wiE.

a Many verbs arc transiiive with one mean ng and intransrve wrh.nother

erbsand objects

The plane toak olt at 3 pm. (take off (l) = to leave the g rou nd and start ftying)

t've rcrcvered the files from ke hard disk. (e-6uet fi = ro ger back somerh ing thar was lon)The economy is recovering slowly. (rccover (l) = to return to norm.l after some troublel

25 VERBS A'{D OEJECIS IO7

E verb + two obiectso Some verbs can have two objects, an indned object (d person who rece ve, som€thing) and a

direc! objecr (th€ thing someone givet.

After a lat of negotiation they offercd (P) us IDO) a betbr deal.They patd (a) the consultants lDo) a lot of noney

she sends (lo) you (DO) her ben rcgad'.

V€rbs lke thls include:award, bing, buy, cause cost, email, fine, giw, hand, leave, lend, nake,

offe, owe, past pay, post, ptonise, read, refuse, sel, send, shaw, take, tea.h, tell, wte

a Notice that in the examples above we do not use io.

NoT th€y-€+tu{€d-.€-s5+MNOT thefpdid+€-the{€r5ulr€€g-i.l€

t You can often put the dircct obiecr frlst, and in this case you use to + indirect object. This

happens when we wanl to give special importance to th€ ndirect object.Ihey affered lDo) a betrer deal ln to ou conpetitots.Ihey paid \DO a lot of money lt]) to the .onsultants who <ame herc last month5he sends (DO) h€t best t€gatds (tO) to you and yow tamily.

Bdrl$ htul (DO) n@rcy (IO) to tlosc bttnE set that erpLdi hau, thc Jitul: nilL h. tpaid(Busittss Atukot Zo". urbsit.)

ThLs strlcture is also common when both objecls are prcnouns.Ihey ofered (DO) it (lO) to u5.

a Some verbs must have to + ndi€ct object. They cannot have lhe structure n the first paragraph

she expiained (DO) the sttuation (lO) to me (NOr explsin€d-F3€+he'5* 'e)

I reconnend {AO the fish (lO) to you. (NOT re€€.FrFeFdJ€s+he-ii5h)He suqg€sted (DO) arother solution \O) to ut. (NoT 5s99e5ted-s5-aFe*€{-5€k+eA)'11t. !?akc t .lot M.tto AC didr't etttia (tO)to t.potteB (DO)thc pla8 to sell pattoJ the dcpannte store chain KauJhoJ. Fn kfin( Allrcnctu tsl,sitc)

verbs in this group indude: admit, announce demonstrate descibe, explain, introduce,

mention, prcpase, prcre, rccannend, repeat, tepott, say, suggest.

F Verb + two obiects using fora w,lh sone ver b, we Lse for io Inlrodu.e the -d 'ect obied in'IF.d o' Io.

l've brcught you a ptetent. I ve brcught a prcsent for you.

I ve left you the rcpott I've left the rcport for you on yout desk.

I ll rcseNe us a table. I ll rcsetve a table for six people.

a Velbs with two objects that us€ for include: book, bins, build, buy, call, .hange, chatge,

choase, coak, iut, do, fetch, find, fix, let, keep, leavc, n'ake, odet, prcpare, rcseve, save

roa 25 vEhls AtrtD oE Ects

Practice

Exercise t !!QTick (/) the sentences that arc complete and cross (, the ones that arc incomplete

I You need. E2 My head aches. n

4 lt3 finally happened. !s lve €ally enjoyed. !

6 tsot. n7 What did you get? n8 The company is trying to cut. n9 tam trying to wo*. n

10 He reminded. n

Exercise 2 !l!Tick (/)the sentences that are cofiect and crcss (X)the ones thar afe incorr€cr.1 We've redesigned the reception ar€a to look more modern. Z2 l'll wait the re.eption area fo. you, E3 l've been studyjng Accentu€ on my MBA couBe. n4 l've been working Accenture for five yea6, !5 What willhappen the company ifthe CEO teaves? n6 Who willrun the company il the CEO lea!€s? n7 I've lived London all my tife. n8 l've liked London allmy life. n9 The airport bus leaves the hotet at eight. n

10 The airpo( bus arives the hotel at eight. n11 They told us iast month that the detivery was 9ojn9 to U" tut". !1 2 They said us last month that the detivery was going to be tate. n13 Last year we had to fallour advertising budget. n14 Last year we had to cut our advenising budget- D

Exercise 3 IEach pair of sentences has the same v€rb. Mark the sentence T if it i5 used transitiv€ly or I if it usedintransitively. Urd€rJire the object in the transitive sentences.'I a) Can you see the womrn in the blue sujt over there? E

b) So youte going to cancel your order I s€e. A2 a) | had to run to the pon office- n

b) He runs the mafteting department. n

3 a) Our family has man.ged rhis hotel for th€e generations. nb)We managed very wetiwhile our boss was on hotiday. n

4 a) she lost hefjob last month when they restructured the company.b) Real lvadrid lost by two goals to one.

5 a) The sales target was set at 8 million this year but I think we,ll miss.b) | efjoy workinq abroad, but I miss my family and f ends.

6 a) Our s.les dropp€d by 1 2% last yearb) ldroppd my laptop on the floor, but tdonl think irs broken.

7 a) Susan, do you know Dr Gos.h€l trom our Munich oftice? nb) lt3 going to be mo.e expensive. I know. n

8 a) You must inven if you want your business to grow'

trtrnn

!!

nn

b) Farmers who grew olives used to get a tot of subsidies from the EU.

25 VERBS AND OBJECTS 1O9

Exercise 4 FUnder n€ the corect words.

1 He /ent mel/ent to me the aruc e about Turkey frorn lhe Econo.nist.

2 l'm going to suggest themlsuggest to them that we postpone the meeting.

3 Ihey pronised ne / pronised to me a f ull r€f und if I wasn't satisf ied.

4 | explained thenlexphined to drem that lwasjust following company po cy.

5 This delay is causinEr us problenslcausing problens to us.

6 | recommend you rhe ch icken lthe chkken to you lt's usudlly very good n here.

7 | €port€d the laulf to dre te.hnicianlta the te<hnician the fault yestetday.

8 In the end lso/d tiemlso/d to them ihe more expensive model.

9 | descibed them the whoie situationlthe whole situation to them ln grcat d€tail.

1A She told neltold to ne that your trip io seoulwas very ruccessfuL.

ll Jenn fer,.an intrcduce you Joseph LeelintaduG yau to loseph Lee?

12 1 showed the visitotslshowed ro the v,j,iors our new assembly line

Exercise 5 #Put the words and phrases nto the correct order to make a sentence.1 l/to Jacki€ frorn ihe marketing depadmenvlent^he srticle

I l-a^t the a.ticle t! J-^ckie {.ox the.y4.flse.it,}4 dep4lt|1.e^t.......2 l/lackie/ ent/th€ article about markeling

t . . . . . . . . . .3 l/an email/them/sent/yesterday

t . .ema /to thek cugtomer servrces depa(menl/sent/yesterday

t .5 l/the d splay model thatb been in the window/sold/him

6 /the dsplay model/sold/to a woman who came in this morn ng

t . . . . . . . .

7 l/my report/her/this morn ng/gave

t . .

8 l/my repot/gave/to he. secrclary/this morning

t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exercise 6 m mCompete the sentences with either to or for1 They emailed their reply:..to''. us this morning. l've leJt a copy ..f.gf. you on your desk.

2 Could you give this ......... my secretary and ask her to make sorne coffee ......... our visitors?

3 l 'v€ prepared a report . . . . . . . . . the Board meetinq. Here, l ' l lshow i t . . . . . . . . . yo!.

4 Pl€ale wite a letter .........our suppli€rs n Lodz and save a copy ......... our f les.5 l f y o u l e a v e a m e s s a g e . . . . . . . . . h e r o n t h s n o t e p a d , l ' l l t a k e i t . . . . . . . . . h e r w h e n t h e m e e t i n g € n d s .6 l ' l l br inq some sampl€s.. . . . . . . the off ice.. . . . . . - . you.

7l t ' l lcausedamage.. . . . . . . . ihecompanyifwechoosethewrcnglocat ion.. . . . . . . .ournewfactory8 Mary has jun lef t . Hand the documenis.. . . . . . . . rne and l ' l lkeep them... . . . . . . her

l t o

e -ing form

This unii cove6 uses of the -h9 form that are not mentioned in units 1 8 and 1 9 20.

A -irg form as a nouna lhe -tog fom can be used as a noun (in this case it s also called a gerund).

Ma*eting rcquircs carcful planning.

a lt can ako be Dart of a noun ohrase.Conbining two financial groups su.cessfully is always a difficuk task. (BusinessweekOnline websiie)

nE Eality tow k thousatuk oI maik,fM |t.ct:tdg6, kbphoie ulk dfttl Ihtemct arde$ enin! intaa @npo^y eueryday.Int ryHting that inJo'',,/,tion intellige l! so that ih. e$tomet geh whatit ne..lr k a uery .ohplet t6h dddndine a rery eotryld rot,.ior. (Eurobusiness website)

B -ing form as an adjectiveO The -ing form can be used like an adjective, before a noull.

My wo*ing day star5 at nine and finishes arcund six thitty.We are a small manufactuing company with about 50 enplayees,

a A smallgroup of adjectives can hav€ either an -,n9 form or an -ed for r.Adjectives ending -ing desc be something we are reacting to (outside ut.

s€€ al'o unir36 Adjectives ending €d describe our feelings (inside us).The neeting was very intercning. I was inbrcsled in tout connents about Cisco,^ry wo* is quite ting at the nonent. Last night I was really tlrcd.

Other examples are: boredlbo ng, excitedlexciting, surpised/suprising.

C -ing form after prepositionrO We use the -ingr form after prepositions.

wal-Maft becane successful by se ing high wlunes at low pices.We nevet laun h a new product without doing exAnsive natket research.lnnead ot buying telecon shares, l suqqen you look at the biotechnology sedotAtEr washing'the fruit, we soft it aKoding ta ize and put it into boxes.Beforc s'€rting work at UBS, I wo*ed at CredisuisseFiatBostan.

see unit 46 a There arc many verb + preposition combinations.We need to inven heaily in nanufaduing.

see unit a7 O There are many adjective + p€position combinations.I d be very in'€rcs'€d in heaing yaur suggestions.

seeunit43 O There are many noun + preposition combinaiions.t need sone advi.e on doing business in the Balkans.

a

26 THE '/I'G FORM lII

Be careful with the word to. For verbs folow€d by ro + infinitive see unlt 19:we'w decided to use an our:tule conpany.

And we use to + infinitive to explain why we do something (ihs is called'the infinltve of

We're doing this to rcduce cotts.

Bul we u5e lo | -rngwhen to is d pr€po5it:on:

Outdoor pos1€6 arc an akernative to using expensive TV advertisements.

Some verbs have to used as a prcposition. Examples inclfte: look fotuvad ta, objectta, be used

to, get used b, ptefet... to ..., respond to.l'n looking forwad to teeiDg you rext lveek. (NoI tesee)He seems to rcspond well to wo*ing undet pressurc. (NOT t€-,*€+k)t n not used to having su.h a shod lunch brcak. (NOI r+have)

D -ing form uied to begin a clausea An -ing clause can give more information about 3 noun.

Vcryf."'fadns @ in d positioh ta betleftion the EU ua at. I'ok dt Poland, h.ft th.t! dP ht)onillio fdrs e"ryloyinf ovd 4 qrcttet oJ the popl4tiot, to ke th. ptobl.n at its uolst(Busi'ress Cenrnl Eurcpc websne)

UK-bdsed ubtk.rt havc bcctt told tld ntdial tuetings vith ov.6ens ,olLeagus tntttt oo heco .Iwtad thrctgh lidcoco'ferchci'8. Ohly t4l.s staf ttuwllifl! to .$entiql e stottt tt' neetirysdlt bc attouad tojy. (Sunday Business 'nigazine)

see ako unit2e This type of'h9 clause is like a defi.ing rel.tive clause.A bt of the small lntemet campanies opetatlng in Europe arc |kely ta be taken over(= which are operating in Europe)The \r/anan talking to Robett wilkinson is the chief Finance Aflicer at Accot(= who is talking)

o An -ing clause can give the reason ior an action in the pasl.I went over to hi'l', thinking he was the managea but he said he was a sales assistant.(= because I thought he was the managed

Tqe negarve rs formed with notNot being used to the company culture, I faunll it had to fl in

a An -ing cl.use can descibe a background situation for another action.Walking into wott< thit moming I met Celia Mo used ta work in FErlonnel.(= as lwas walking into work)

The negative is formed with noaI statted the job not knowing what to expect.

"AI1 those in favour ofmoving thedecimal poiDl ooe place to the ngh:"

4e-

26 Practice

Exercise 1 E 6lvatch the beginnings of sentences l-a with their endings aI+)

I Manufactuing in the UK has been E a) manutacturing secror2 In the uK, the service sector is now b) is now almost complerely automared.

much morc importantthan the n c) manuracturing.3 n the uK, services are now much

morc important than nd) in declin€ for many years.e) n€ed a lot of invenment.

4 olf manufactudng prccett tr D conc€ntrated in ihe Katowice area.5 We're going to invest heavit n q) rn manulacruring overthe nextfewyea6.6 car manufacturing in Poland is n h) a tot oi invenment.7 Developing and prcmoting Polands

manufacturing base will n8 Developing manufactuing in Poland

wil lneed n

Exercise 2 tf #For each sentence in exercise 1 above, decide if the wod nanufadwing is a noun at an adje.live.Noun: . . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Adj€ct ive: . .7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exercise 3 SCompleie the sentenceswith adjectives lomed from the velbs in the ti5t betow in their -lng fo.m.

t*e welcome confuse last interest wear cut shop sell m€et

1 lt's been a very .........ti.. !^.,......... day, I need a drink to hetp me retax.2 There'ra.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .point inlrcnrofthet icketof i ice.t tseeyouthereatsix3 They?e bui lding a new .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centre by the motorway ext.4 Ner presentat ion was very.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ahhough perhapsa t i l€. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forpeope

who we€ new io the subject.s Th s carpet is very had- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and so i t wi l l be very long- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 The new rcception area should be ........................--... , not cold and formal like beforc.7 This is ..............--............. -edge technology, you won't ftnd it anywhere etse n Europe.8 l ts design is one of i ts nrongest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . . . . . . . . . points.

Exer<ise 4 &Undenine the cor.ect words.1 Thanks for c.lling, and | ,ook forward to m€et;rolmeefyou at rhe conference.2 Thafks fof calling, and I hope to me€ringlmeetyou dt the conference.3 l'm expecting to taklnqltake the nain to work when I move lnto the new house.4 I don't object to tathglrale the train, but I prefer coming to work by car.5 | can help you with your sprcadsheet, l'm used to workinglwotk with Excet.6 When lwas in my twentiest usedro wo*ing/work as a s?t€! consuttant.

2 6 T H E ' / V G F O R M ' I 1 3

Exercise 5 t]compl€te each sentene by choosing a preposition from List A followed by an -hgform from liet B.

A: €fter without by of before inslead of

B: l€ayiRg usng being qong lncredslng taking over

1 .. . . . Af-tef......... .............1.e+Vi14........ university lworked in lT recruitment for a wh e.

2 | was aware . ................................... very nervous at the start of my p€sentation.

3 Vodalon€ grew.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ocalopento ls .

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on, l 'd jLrs l l ikero ook at th is graph in a t te rnore deta .

5 f r t ' - urgenl lco, d ra l .F i l l1ere mvse' . . . . . . a ,our ie

6 The Fed is hoping lo rcduce inflation ... .. .. . .. interest rates.

Exercise 6 Dcross out two unnecessary words in each tentence.

1 A ot of the I rmr {/Si€h-€re developing Eluetoolh are based in cambridge.2 The woman who s replaclng Kay Wa ker used to work at Saachr.

3 The thing rhat s wo.ry n9 me most is the fluctualion n oil prices.

4 he visilors who are con _9 lh,s allerrcon c e d.apdne-e Trdde Deleqdto_

Exercise 7 DMatch the beginnings of sentences 1-6 wilh the most appropiate end ng aFf).

I Speaking to Mlke,2 So, concluding my presentaton,

3 nsisting that he be allowed to pay,

4 Of cou6e didn't say aryth ng,

5 ljlst took it a L for granted,

6 | resigned the next week,

a) he gave his credit card to the waiterb) | r€alised that ihe s tuation was hopeless.c) l'd just like to sum up the ma n po nts aga n.

d) not regrett n9 my actions to. one mome.t.e) not wilhing to offend h m.

t not apprecialing the wofk thai was nvolved

t-

nnExercise 8 DRewrite the underlined part ol each sentence u5 ng an -,n9 cbule. Noie that nsomeexarnpesthereisa

1 | got io the anpo.t al ten becaus€ L exoected the flioht to arive on urne.

| 9or ro t^e dirporr dl ten. .. exF-eJt'^{ tfg fl14ht to arrrve oa tiva

2 | didn'r undeEtand rhe language so Lfolnd it hard to get around on my own.

Ne:-t...q^Ce..a.ttA^di^4..!..fe..1*n4la*4,e............. , ' tornd t hard to set around on my own.3 InvesrFdf5,000indClrnaf-dbe.aus" Ihopedrhl lbeinaAc! .

invested f5,000 in a China f!nd,

4 4f.]_!cC5nltar expelcn l th nk I made ioo many concelsions.

5 assumed she wouldnl mind so I asked her about her annual salary

6 | sa d yes because I didn'i know it would crcate so m.nv plqblem5.

I sa o ye( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I th nk I made too many

lasked her abol t her annua

114

A Make and doa There are mdny common exp.essons b.sed on mdke and do There is no general rule, although

often mdte is lsed foi a prcduct or r€sult and do for a proces! or activ ty.

You make... an dppointment with sb. / an affangenent with sb. /sb. angry sad, etc. /an aftenpt to da sth. / sth. bene, /Mrer (comp.rat ve adjecrives) / a bld forsth. I a (all tc sb. / sth. clear / a canplai nt agai nst sb. | rcntacts / a de.isi on /

a differcnce ta nh / an exceptian / an effott / inquiies tan extuse / a gaad

inptession on sb. / an investnent /a lass /a ness / a nistake / naney /a noise /a note af sth / a plan / sth. possible /a prafit/a p.omise /pragress /sb redundant / sense af sth. / a staft / a suggestion / sure / yauseff understaad

Youdo... the accounts / yaur best I business with sb. / the cleaning, shopping, etc /a course in sth. / danage ta sth. / ecanoni.s at unlvesiry / everl'thing you canta hel p / sb. a favou | / a job fot sb. / nothing / avetti me / resea rch / saneth i ngdbout I I a test on sth. / well, badly at sth / without sth. / wak fat sb.

Noler ith. = somethrng and Jb. = sornebody.

We use make to rnean 'produce' or 'manufacture'. P.odlcts are made /, a count.y, made by acompany and made of a material like planic,4eathet elc.

We use do to mean 'periorm an action' when w€ are rpeak ng genera ly.Can ldo antlhing to help you?What did you do at the weekend?'Tlt sto.k nft*d is rhdt it k.yon liuc t,ith that,'sa]t^ Ollild, CEO of Nakia Cotp,'Yorjt^t doth! I'tst ),ou tut on d .laily basis, ty to let lE tkht balai.( al tha lt and Lr\-tthi a.tiofl!'l'ltdt\

ttu onlf attitrdc to hdr. to droid losi"r sLlp Mnrcudfiir' (lDdu"ryweek wcbsirc)

B Geta 6et has the following basic meaninqs:

2 receive/be given

4 move/arrivesomewhefe

7 persuade sb. lo do (h.

I got this shift fron Harrods.

I got an enail fran Frank yesterday.

It s getting late. Shall we ttop naw?

t got tnto Sales nany years aga. I get ta wark at nine.5 bring nh. b a place/fef.h Can I get yau anyrhing fran the dinks nachine?

I'm sorry ldidn't get thatWe tried ta get them to agree, but they rcfused

8 t|avel byl..tch (iranspod) | got a taxi fron the airpart.

Tiny.r'nurs dte aIdlolite t Lnto'ie cdkat.A,tlsoon w,'11Le ahle to yt one aJ yaw aot1.Andt! /'{irdl (Forbes-com Nebsite) (qet = obt.in)

Ned to get @hnatal to the I' anet Nlostue? Yot'l| prcbabb haue ta dedl i,ith AndtolyKdrd.ttrp} (Forbes-com website) (get = be.ome)

Mx Bezas said A nzat lon d lot oJ n'oicy oh it\ inresr$eflts in hath lirin!,.ofl akd Pett.eon. 'The

ided wB ta let i" $nk!, and slake yan clain ta a pdticrlar na*et caor.' (WeI SrreetJo rn.lEurcpe webslre) Get = move)

Mdke et/e yon ptu'flfues u'o,1 get yo! itto tbtule. (Quicken.con websne) (qet = briig)

Is the bssiness {ot rs'lit), ttatue and eonjde* erotgh n let ah.t uefi won! ii the dat .otuo6h ? I hdue 'fly dasbts. (hnh Tides websile) (gei = u nderstand)

27 MAKE D1O. GE HAW 115

C Havea We use the verb have either like 'possess' or as an act on (= do somethlng)

I had an interening con/ersation yesterday. ladtan)

seeunit2 When ha!€ is used like'possess'it is a state verb and so do€s notform continuous tenses.

t have a goad job in the Aty (NoT Fm+e+iFg)

t We can use have got in place of havewhen lt means'possess' Th s is very comr.on in Erltsh

Englishl've got a good job in the Ct',YHe\ got an MBA from lnsead.

a Here are some examples of fiave used lik€ 'possess':

I have a ferrariand a \ftv Goll

th ngs / people

peffonal qualities have a good sense of hunou, have a lat of eneryy

ideas have an idea, have anlno alternative, have a/na doubt

illness / njuri€s have a cold, hare a heada(he, have a bad back

a Here are some examp es of iave in ts other lse at an action verb:

eat / dink / smoke have a coffee, have a glass of wine, have a neal, have lunchldinner, have

the steak, have a cigatenehave + noun have a meeting (= meel), ha"e a dink (= dtink), have a look (= laok),(innead of verb) h.ve a wash {= wash), ha!€a break (= break), have a resr (= rest)

other phrases have an accident, have an appointnent, haw a chance, have a day off,

have difficulty lin + -ind, ha\e a guess, have a holiday, have mrik ( n yoLrr

coflee), have time have second thaughts, have trouble l+ 'ing), have a

word

hare a new carl jab, have tuva s,ne6, hrve a baby (= to give birth)

have long haic have glasses

Have fun! Have a gaod tine! Have a nice day! Have a ga! Have a tty!

Have a rcst and you ll feel nuch befte.

Mr lLsodlc taid Ptojln tnr\ haoe troubl nki,s aney be&tt. of i^ ttu* fttord ot uo*iir

oih t an,rD'e .Ituon'a5 like AIo/r./ N.rldrtr drd S,, r\,trror1,Jr.r$. (Fjnlncial Post website)

Mr Hamat 1oa nadr ma bugt ad yoa natu ne oybut lat dibt't mab ,nr fiou!.'

116 27 MAKE DO, GE', HAW

27 Practice

Exer<ise 1 &Complete the s€ntences with make or do. You may hdve to use a past simple fom.

1 I m sorry the P.esident is busy. You'll have to ......11^.k-e''...... an appoinrment.2 The insider dealing scandal ...................-... a lot of damage to his rcputation.3 | th nk France Telecom are going to ....................... a bid for Telecet.4 Could you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . me a favour? Could you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . some more coff€e?5lthinkweshoulduseanotheragencyto.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thecteaning.6 Don't worry just . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . your best. We a| | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mistakes.7 OK, shal lwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a start?8 The bui lders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so much nois€ that i t was di f f icul t to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . any work.9 We.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .bu5ines5intheUkraineforth€eyea15beforewe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .aprcft .

l0 We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . some tests last week and t think we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . progress.l1 We have to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a decision. We can't just. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nothing.12 lhope we can send a technidan to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thejob this al ternoon.

Exercise 2 [Match the uses of get in the following sentences with meanings aFh).

b).eceive/be givene) b.ing/fetch

g) pe6u.de

h) navel by/catch

1 What time do you usually get to the office?2 Yo! might be able to get it a little bit ch€aper it you go to a targef store.3 'm sorry | didnt quite get the lan point. Could you erptain it again?4 The factory is very busy. We got a lalge order from Taiwan tan week.5 Can I get you a (offee while you are waiting?6 This new software is so hard to use. I don't think t'lt ever get used to ii.7 I flewto Heathrow and then got a train to Reading.8 I couldnl get her to sign the contract. She needs more time to decide.

Exercise 3 ILook at the form of the wod iaye in the sentences below put a tick (/) if the sentenc€ s possibe. put.cross (r) if t is noi possible.1 ltb OK, I don t need any help. l'm just having a look. Z2 l'm having one brother and one sister E3 She's a good team member - she3 having a lor of €nergy. I4 Why not join us later? We'll be having a drink in the b". n5 OK, J've decided. l'm having the neak. n6 You'll easily €cognise Anna. SheS having short brown hair and gtases. n

Exercise 4 Ih three examples in exercise 3 the word /raue can be replaced by have got. Write the seftence numbers

Enn!nnn!

27 MAKe DO' G4 HAW 117

Exercise 5 fiCompete the sentences wlth a wod o. phr.se from the list below

at€rnatve appo ntm€nt chance conver$tion break day otf dificulty doubt

th€fsh go headache ho day ook unch rF€€{'ng ume word

1 l'm having a ...Yg.e'1ll{. . wrth my bank managerthls afternoon

2 Did you have a good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? You went to Greece d idn ' t you?

3 Did you hav€ a good ....... ...... ? You went to that Greek rcsiaurant didn't you?

4 lf you hav€ d . .................... , could you h . at these fiqlrrcs?

5 | didn't have any . ..... ............. to look at the repol1 yesterday. l'll do t today.

6 I m sorry we have 10 stop yolr rcdit. We have absolr.rte y no..

7 lts been a long meeting Lel! have a short........... .. . and then meet back here in twenty minutes

8 Good morning. I have an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wi th C. ther ine Eooth dt ten ot lock.

9 Lel me see. I th nk l ll have .... ............... . lt's normally very good in here

10 h.ve no . .............. dt all that he3 te n9 the truth. H€'s a very honen pe6on.

11 lhad a lo to l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . under l tand ng thetechnlca dela i ls in hs presentaton.

12 l 'vegoiabi to ld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l th ink l 'L l take an atp i r in l f i t gets wo6e miqht h.ve to have the

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tomoffow

l3 l 'd hke to have a quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wi thyouaboul thenewproduct launch.

14 H.ve a . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! lm sLrre you can do r t !

15 | had a very interening . ...... ............. wilh Tony over lunch yesierday.

Exercise 6 { I

iC'rr Co r o er€ | e o. o9-. w tl a (o[eo form of nake, do at ger

Helen, you've beer (1) ...q-o.11$... a lot ofoveniore recendyl A.c you hopins t

(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . proDroted?

No, it!jusr rhat I havent been (3) .................. this job very long ind I reniiy wlDt !o

(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e sood nnpression. In dre last p lace I wolked they (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a lo t of

people redrndan!, iocluding ne

Really, rvhy was that?

HtrLEN, well, the conpanyjusr wa\nt (6) .................. very we]]. Bcically they (7) . . nrto

dimculties by exp"nding too quickly.They (8) .................. a bis investment tu Lxrin ADrenc:'

bui rhe\ hadnt (9) ................. their arket research properly. So dreyjLNt couldnt

(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . enough noney.

So whai d id you (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rhen?

We[, it wrs difrcult for, lvhne, ihhough rhe company was very good ro us rnd we

(12) .................. a 10t othelp n app\ing for nerviobs.

Well. Jt l-r(r ,5ri' 'omerhing

EcN, And rhe redhdancl package rvas qulre good and I (13) ..... ..... sone nmney on solne

shas I d sold, so I had enough money to la5t me a few montl$ while I apPlied {5r other

lobs.So. how long was it before you goi rhis job?

Well, abour ivo montt$.I put my CV on rhe web, and I (14) . - - - quire a few rcrlies

At the time haviag th€ lntedet ar hone (15) ................ . a big ditreren.e

Ye.h, it's great. isnt it.I couldnt (16) .................. without it.I even (17) . ny

shopping oD the lnrerDet noiv ---

ELEN, Then I (18) ................-. an interview here. and ihey (19) .............. . me aD ofer n\e next day,

Md I accepred i r (hrghq$rv

1 1 8

efative cfauses 1

A Relative dautesc Relative clauses are shorr phras€s beqinning wilh words like !./hc rhardnd L/hich that defne or

d"(,rbe p€ople dnd t' 'ro. The'e c'e Mo tyoe

I Defin n9 relat ve clauses: we use these to dentify exact y wh ch peBon or thing we mean.The .andidate who we inteNiewed on Fiday is beftet than this one

The rcLative clause s part of the noun phrase The information s fecessary for the sentence to

a Non-def ning reatve clausesrwe use these to add extra informaiion aboui a person or th n9

Cqdl.\, 'uhov Idther wcs s Grcek innigftnt vho entercd the United Stdtcs aftet WondWat II, Ehn .d ),.!I.r.1d)' n' Cr..c ot d brliltes tip. (Interution.l Her dTribunc website)

Ihe nformatiof may be nlerening, but t is not a necessary part of the sentence To show this

In wrr ng we use commas.

Non-deiining cl.uses are more comrnon in witing. In speech, w€ often I ve the s.me

r. for l dLon b i l !9r u i ing ldo <hod <.n len(e5 Conpd eThe salesman, who was very helpful, said this madel was ln 5tock. (wrtn9)'The salesman was very helpful. He sad this nodel was in nack.' Gpeech)

a Look again at lhe previous example Remernber lhatwearet!n addinq extra inforrnaton about

a salesman l f lhere smorethanonesaesmanandwewant tosaywhichoneweareta lk ing

aboul, then we use a dei ning relative caus€.'The salesman who I spoke to on the phone yetterday said this nodelwas in stock, butnaw you tell me that yau don t have any. l've cone all the way herc to buy lt'

B Relative pronouns

a The words who, whlch, that, whan and whose can beg n . re ative cause They are ca ed

rer.nve pronounr.

a For people both who and rhat afe used, but whoThe (andidate who they chose for the iab has a finan.e backgrcund.

a For thlngs or ideas both rvhkh ard that are used, blt that is nrore common, especially n speech.The produ.ts that you ardercd werc sent taday.

The faad tutorldes a,ottut ptublc t. I'1. et to pa itipdt! fi the EU\ si sle nd*et it uill ha,e tato'1Jo1n ta tlt Coh""o!' Agtittlhndl Paliry, uhi.h nahes ry 40% of a EU rcplatiots.(Bushes Centr.al Europe lvebsife)'Ih.

frht .fot srtuiual oJ dai\' btsittcs eill be &ai tiy t]1. a]]dii2atians that ada! flo't sdssflllfta the n.!, u,orld that is developtrg. (Businesweek websire)

a The reatve pronoLrn lvhose shows that sornething belonqs to sorneone or something.

Ive invited ta the neeting everyone whose wo* is rclevant to this Noject.The Eurapean Union is an oryanisation whose poli.ies change quil€ slowly

He ortus 10A pet e!'t of this a,qany, phose sals hir .lose to $3 niUio,t i,t 1998. l{\ia.Inc.

r In forma Efg ish I is possible to Lrse whom nsiead of who where who is the oblect of the

sentence. But n modem English most spe.ke6 only use who

Ihe .andi.late who/whom we chose fot the jab has an MBA in carparate finance.

2A RELATIVE O-AUSEs I ''I9

c Leaving out the relative pronoun in a defining relative clausea We can leave out whq whrch, ihat (but not whose) in a defin ng r€lative clause ii they are

followed immediately by a noun or pronoun.

The techni(ian (wlto) Tony spake to said the ned^/o* was warkinq fine.

The salad (wlti.h/that) I had far ny stanet was superb.

This is usual in spoken English.

a We must keep the relative pronoun if it i! followed immediate y by a verb.

The techmoan who spoke to Tony said the netuw* was warking fine.

The sahd which/that cane with the fish was superb.

D Non-defining relative dausesa We must keepthe re lat ive pronoun in non'defn ing causes Wecannot le.vei tout( tmakesno

difierence wheth€r it it followed by a .oun or a verb)The tethni.bn, who my.o eagues know well, said the netwak was watking fine.

The terhnician, who spent ovet an haur here said the neniwtk was wo*ing fine.

The salad, vhi.h he'd spent hours prepanng, was superb.The salad, which had avo.ado in it, was superb

a Ihat 6 never us€d nanon-defn ingre latvecause.

Chile, which is an inpottant na*et fot ut is having some curency ptoblens

E Relative pronouns and prepositions

a Nomally we pul preposilions at the end ol the relative clause.a) The pe6an (who) I got thete liguret frcm said they werc accurcte.b) Unllevet is a .onpany (that/wllich) we know quite a lot about.c) fhe pe6on (who) I spoke to was called Pam.

a Blt in jomal English it is posslb e lo pul prepositions in ftont of whom,

not who or thaf). comparc wilh the previous examples:a) The person frcm whom I got these fiqutes said they werc accurate.b) unilever is a canpany about whi.h we knaw quite a lot.c) The pe6on t6-*he I spoke was called Pam.

a We do not put another pfonoun aiter the prepoenton.(NOT Unibver is a comp.ny that we know qune a lot about i+ )

wh,ch and whose (but

(forma, rare)(forma, rare)(nconec0

"Mtst D,sd, eal le t&! tww t" At. @to 6dnrutkh ngAt 1,6 d6t?'

120 2a REIAT|VE CLAUSES I

28 Practice

Exercise 1 SDecide wh€ther the words in iralics a€ defining or non defining relat ve clauses. Write D or ND.1 lhe man who is in receptbr has been waitinq for ten minutes. E2 Ihe food, whkh was very r/ae, was served at the bar n3 The projector, which has d new bulh is over therc. n4 lheprce.lotwhknhasanewbulbisovetrhete. !s Ihe train which leaves at a am doesnl stop at Bath. n5 The tralf, wnlth /eaves ataam, doesnl stop at Bdth. n

Exercise 2 q

Complete the sentenc€s with wha, whase ot that.I lhe customer ...P|!€g... company I visired is phoning this atternoon.2 The manual ................. they sent explains everylhing3 l ts di f fcul t to say . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th is fax war senl by.4 The candidates ............... CV5 | looked at this morning werc all very good.5 | don't remember ................. I spoke 1o when | (alled yerterday.6 Yo!r colleag!e, ......... ....... i met this moming, had a different opinion.7 Toyota is a manufactufe. ..,...,,,,,,..... .eputation is excellent all over the world.8 The convact ......... ....... you showed me before war different to this one.9 lcan' t remember.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I invi led to the meeting.

l0 Do you know .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catherine works for?I I The cons! tarit, .............. seems very young, is speak n9 ro Manin Sommer12 They promoted the manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sales team was most successfut.

Exercise 3 1g g

Put . bracket arcund the .elative prcnoun it you c.. leave it oui. Put a rick at the end ii yoLr rnln keep the

1 lhe book (thai) you lent me aboui e-commerce is really nteresting.2 The companywhich is our main competitor is Apollo /3 The name which they chose for the new mode is Prima.4 The meet ng room, which wasn't very large, became hot and nufiy5 In the end, the sales campaign was the best that we'd ever had.6 These are the people whose names appear on the database.7 The people who atiended the presentation found it very useful.8 The supplier who we visited last week had better quality than this one.9 Richard Branson, who nafted with almosi nothing, is a rypical entrepreneur.

10 ffelaaw€ek isthe Englishlanguage magazine that lread most often.

Yeeierday, the Federal Reser€ made the cut in intest

.ar.E (a) whlch the sa*ets had beefl erp.ctins' The ledchai,ta\aa lD who uas back at hit dask yesteldav aftq a

shott ttip to lapat nade the a$ouncemdt afiet trading

2A RELATIVE CLAUSCS 'I 'I2'I

Exercise 4 E.Rewrite the formal sentence as everyday lnformal senten.€s, beg nning ds shown

'l These are the co eagues with whom I went to the conierence

Thes€ are the colleagues | . .t'.e^.t-..to- .tLe .ce^f-ere^-cc..xith...2 This s the br€akthrough forwhich we have been watrnq

-hr , b rLF b 'eal lh 'ougr ' we

3 That's the hotelaiwhich lstayed.

l h d l r t l e h o l e l . . . .

4 when I ca the accountants, Richard is the pe6on with whorn I usLr. v dea

When I call the accountants, Richard it the pe6on I

5 This is th€ cata ogu€ {rorn which we choose the sdmpl€s

l ' s i - ( h e . a r a l o g u e w e . . . .

6 This s the arca for which I am respons bLe

l h i , 5 t e . ' d a

E x e r c i s e s B C EDecde whether each sentence is possible or rmpossible Wite P or '

1 This s the cuetomer we eceved the complaini from ?l2 This is the clstorner who we receiv€d the complaini from

3 Th s is the customer from whom we received the compainl. I l

4 Th s is th€ customer frcm who we received the .omplarnt L-l

5 This s the prcduct whrch we re dependrng on !6 Thie Ls the prcduct wete dependrng on.

7 This ir the product on whom we're dependrng. l-1

8 Th s is the prodLrct on which wete dependrng. L

9 tre Lo.s.r t lann w| lh w1o we dectare.. eo atpLccon

10 The consultants wilh whom we deal are called A pfraCom !

l l The consu tant5 who we dealwlh are called ALphacom t ]

12 The consu tants we dealwith are cal led Alphacom t]

E x e r c i s e 6 A B C DRead this newspaper aa(icle which incLudes four r€lative clauses a-d. Ihen decde whether each statement

below is True or Fa se .bo!t each relaiive clause. Wite T or F at the end

or Watl Stt€et had clGed. Th€ rca.non (.\ uhi.h ltill

follo@ o" the qfteh.! nt*ets i€ dif6.ult to Pleali.t, as

tlne dolld - 6) @hih has bM trading at Lrounil 0.93

elms - has had a lot of bad news ovq the last Jew days.

aSto

1 The relative cause deniifies a pe6on, event or thrng

z I e re ld l rve pro oun rdn be repldced wnh' lhdr '

3 You can eave olt the relative pronoun.

: b c d

N N T In n n nr n n n

lative clauses 2

A Combining sentencess Look at rhis example of two 5ho.t separare sentences.

t m taking a flight. lt goes via Frankfutt.

We can cornb ne the sentences !s ng a re aliv€ cause. Ihere are tlvo ways, but rhe meanrngsarc the same.a) l'n taking a fhghtthatgoes via FrcnwurtORb) The fltght (that) t'n taking gaes via Frankfutt.

see unn r4 I Note ihat articles oi1€n change when sentences are comb ned.a) h;s, firghC like the orginalshort senrenc€, because rhe ftghr is nrenlioned ior rhe i rsr r meand thefe dre severalof lhem.

b)has t te f l lght because there sonlyone n the speakerb mr.d

see ui r 23 * Remember thal we ollen leave out rhe retatve prcnoun khad n spoken Eng sh n ca5es tiketh s.

I When we combine sentences we do .ot add anolher pronouna) NOT Im taking a flight thal i+ goes vra Frankfld.b) NOT The { 9ht th.t t'rn rakinq ..lr goes via Franklurt

Use of what6 We c.n ure the reatve pronoun wnatlo mean rhe fh,rqfj) ihar.

I didn t undestand what she $/d. (= the ihing! that 5he sa d)What we need is a beftet natketlng st?tegy. (= the th nS thar we need s)

Hrri,R a ttu hryt .otpratio,r .d,rdl .nr 0,r/.6 .I.r?ft$iai a\ttd 1.tu] tt) 1.$ alrtsh( ,t'^torod{. d,tl a nat tuted rta*.tphd al idear. Corllohentiar ajias uhat tt! nadid .anryd i.sdo and , ir hn, what )'or ratl, ldtth, ad hcat. (tsrllliconrenr website)

use of where, when and whyll We cdn use the rclative adveds where when and why with their normat meanings to dentify

which ihing we are ralking about.

AM\a^ said ir ds dilndth to nde6td"d the rcasofl phf the Earcpeal Centftt Ba k had clt/arei. (Obse('ei $€bs,te)

e We can leave olt raren at why, ot use thatDo yau rcnenbet the day (when) t stafted wotking herc?Do yau rcnenber the day that I narted wo*ing herc?

s We must keep where, excepr when there is a preposton at the end of the ctause.In this casewe leave it olt or use rhatThe hatelwherc I stayed was quite cheap.The hatel (that) I stayed in was qLtite cheap.

B

c

29 RELATIVE CLAUSES 2 i23

Relative clauses with a participle (-,nt €dfa The reldtive clause can have a continuous verb form (with an -,10q ending) or a passive verb form

(with an €d ending).rhe peode who aE ,making dE rcal de<isions ate all at Head office.Itle ptoducs that we€ atta('irrg tttost lrtet€st l,l€re the sma Ie4 fightet nodels.Pa$erye$ vtho arc seat€d in rcws H can now boaid the aicraft.Food wrtitl, is sold h sDema*es needs a relativeLy long shalf-life.

a In these cases we can simplify the sentence by leaving out bolh the relative prcnoun and the

fhe pffiple making lhe rcaI d€f,itions are al at Head otfice.The prcducrs attrading most inffi werc he fiEleL lightet nodds.Paitenge6 ieated m rolrA t-P oan now board the aircraft,W sdd in supetna*ea needs a relativdy bng shelflife.

Asda, nou ow.n U Vr'al-Mart, is keen to i,tnease the space in its stoes d&oted to horceholdgooaL, electicab and enteltaiwnent pftdntt. (Independent websne)

rDrvt4 ss h.ad ol our rcquiritloB allvbioD' your aflr albotrus b 10 miliotr dollalB,llom whlch wc deduct 2 mlllion

lor rh€ cofi.e tund.'l

T24 29 RELAM CLAUSEs 2

29 Practice

Exercise 1 XCombine each pair of sentences by including the wod gjven in brackets.1 Last year we int.oduced a n€w ljne. tts aimed at the youth market. (that)

The new line . .......1h4t..Yr?..i1!:.cd4c..d-..!4jJ..F.4i......... is aimed ,t the youth ma*et2 ld ljke you to meet a colleague. He could be a usefuJcontact for you. (who)

l'd like you to meet a colleague .....................3 A candidates CV is on your desk. She deserves an interview (whose)

The cdndldate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oese.ves an rmeryrew4 A visitor is coming next we€k. 5he3 frcm our paris office. (who)

The visiror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is f iom our pais of i<e.5 Tom took me to a restauEnt. tt was catted'Noodte Heaven,. (that)

The .esta!.ant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . was ca[€d ,Noodte Heaven,.6 | h€ad a man3 p€sentation. He war an investmenl bafker. (whose)

. . . . . . . . . . . . was an Investnert banker7 He€ is a mobile phone. I was tetting you about ir. (rhat)

Here is the mobile phone...8 Over therc is a site. They?e going to buitd a new factory {whe.e)

The s te . . . . . . . . . . , , , , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . isoverthere.

Exe.cise 2 nlf the sentence is cor.ect put a tick (/) at the end. lf the sentence has a word which should not be there,w e the incoffect word at the end.

1 The woman who lasked didn't know the way. ....(....2 The firm whose their srand was at the back had very few visito6. .tlgif3 Tl^at was the ,orgest meetrng i ve ever been in4 The irain which it goes to Brussets teaves from here.5 Th€ products which sell ben they are those wiih nice packaging.6 Th s model, which it was launched lan year, is setting very well.7 Everyo^e that I spor e to advised me to rry agarn8 The companywhele Ius€d to wo it was calted tntertink.

Exercise 3 mfimUnderline the corr€'ct words. This exercise includes some revision of unit 28.1 lhe llighl Whilhtwho t'n taking teaves frcm Terminat 2.2 SheS fiom the company wlkhlevhose products we diltribute.3 Eteryane who/whichwas at the meetinq wi eceive a copy of the minutes.4 Message.Io whomlwho it may concem: ptease do not leave dirty cofJee cups here.5 There we|e some interesring ideas at the me€ting r,5 at/what I went to.6 ti nor ihe '.5r trm. rhatlwhdl rhev vF done thr(.7 Thatlwhat I like best ahout my job is the contact with peopte.8 Has anybody seen the folder w,iarlthar I tefr on this desk?9 The room wherelthar twork h.s very tittte naturat tight.

I0 The room wherelt arIwork in has very tittte natur.ttiqht.

29 nELATVE O-Atl'Es 2 i::

Exercise 4 :B tComplete the sentence! with what which ot vvho, at lck (/) lhe space f the sentence is akeady corfect

I Ther€'s a lot of noise {rom the builde6 ... {....... -o," ng n"t, ooo.

2 Mike doesnt realy know....!..Y(.1 hewants in his career

3 | was ta king to a man ................. goinq to the s.me conference as us

4 | was talking to a man ..... ... ...... is going to the same conference as us.

5 | asked her . . . . . . . . . . . . . . she was th nk ing.

6 Th s is a new drug . . . . . . . . . . . was deveoped at our cambidge laborator ies

7 Th s ls a new drug . . . . . . . . . . . . . developed at our c .mbr idqe aborato es.

8 Th s drug, . ....... was deveop€d al our cambrdge aboratoriet, s fantanic

9 Ihis drug, . .... developed al our Cdrnbridqe aboratoies, is fantanic.

l0 .... ......... we need now s bettef brand recoqnition

11 The 'assets nclude everi4hing ..... .... owned by the company.

12 ld dn ' t real ly und€rstand . . . . . . . . . he was ta lk ing aboul

Exercise 5 A

Tn 1999 Bernad ArnaLrltb LVMH rought

Ia batte to take over Gucci,dr whrch

",nc .u^ b' Dsz^|co De lolc

De Sole recelved news that LVMH,(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .had bought

5% of lts shares. Thls was golng to be

the bat t re {3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . .D€ Sole g6thered together a team oipeopl€ (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l t

ncluded Ame can ia\4yer Allan TLttle 6nd

Bob s inger , (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

There were iwo options: either negotiale

Mi te knight (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

arived in the iorm of Francois Pnault,

(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PPR was

very successlul in Ewope, but Pnaolt

Mnted a clrance to buid a global lroup.Plnault agc€d to invesl IJS$3 b on,

(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ln €tum Pinauitb group gained

€p€sentatives on a new $rateg c

commltt€e, but he agrced to leave control

of the company with De sole and the

,f,35 C omplete the arricle by wr 1 n9 rclative claLrses based on the noles be ow Begin w th e ther who or whlth

The Battle for

GUCCIw$ Amault and sell Ue busin6ss, or detend

cucci by fiiding a tiendly 'wnt€ knight lo

rescue them. They decided to fight. The

models at ltle Glcci menb show in Janoary

1999 had *iite laces and teeth like

D€cula, (61.- . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meanwhlle Amault had accu'nulat€d

sharcs {?).......................-...-...........-...... rhe

I LVMN folght a batlle with Gucci Gu..i was rln by Domeni.o De Sole.

2 LVMH had bolqht 5% of cucci's shares. LVMH was the largen lux!ry goods cornpany n the word

3 Th s was goinq to be a baiile li wouLd decde the future of the indlstry

4 De Sole gathered together a team of people. He could irust them

5 Bob Singer was in the tearn. Bob Singer was ih€ chief f nancial officer

6 The modes looked like Dracula. This was meant to be a message for Arnault.

7 Arnault accumul.ted shares. They represented 34% of Gucci's total stock

8 A wh te kn ght arrived. Gucci had been looking lor one.

9 Fran(ois Pinault was the white knight He was the head of a nonJood rcla grolp caled PPR.

10 P nault invened US$3 billion. This was . 42% share n Gucci.

A Countable nounsI A countable noun has a sinqular and a pluralform. We can lse numbers wrh it.

ountable and uncountable nouns

one bank, thtee bank one solution, two solutionsone pe'Jon, ntuo people one child, three childten

ane mete, flve me'/es

B Uncountable nounsO An uncountable noun only has one form. We cannot use numb€6 with t.

Whh OPEC dttikg oil predxction a d demand ttill ortpacir! sspply, it uoutd teen oil prk?thd1)e howh.t to go but up Sahoo Blsiness Nes wrbsite)

Here arc more examples:substances, materjals watet; dcq aia oil, colfee, noney, steel, electicitr', foodabstract idea!activitieshlman qualities/feelings honesty patience, sadness, hopet respect, couage

a The following nouns are uncountable in English, although they may be countable in oth€rlanguages:acconmodation, advice, baggage, NEvbu: business, cash, fngrsh (language),equiryent, funitue, health, honewo*, infomation, knowledge, luggage, nachinerynoney, pemissbn, rubbish, scenery, traffig ttavel, weather, wotk

a A few uncountable nouns eod in -s:athletics, diabetes, economic' gynnanis, neasles, news, politi<s

a lJncountable nouns cannot be counted directly. However, we can count th€m us ng phrases lik€a piece of, a bit ol an hen of a cup of, a glass of, a boftle of, a kilo of, a baffet of, etc.a piece/two piees of advice a bftlnno bits of infomatian an item/two items af nettsa botrle/two bot{es of wa@ a kilo/two kitos of i.e a banet./two banets of oil

singular or plural?a Countable nouns can be singular or plural.

The new nodel is a big inyovenent.Ihe new models arca big in ovenent.

Unrcuntable nouns are altrays sinqular.The new equipnent k a big inproveff'ent.

a Some singular nouns can be followed by either a sinqularvelb or a pt!ratverb.Ihe conpany islare doing very well at the nommL

It depends whether we tbink ofthe grcup as a whole (sinqular verb), or ts indivduat members(plural verb). Examoles are:arny audience, boad, connittee, rcnpany, data, hmily govemment, graup, nanagement,nedia, press, publh saff, team, union

lile, fun, freedon, prcgtess, health, tine, trcublewotk, tavel, sleep, football, help, nusic, rcsearch

30 COUNTAALE AND UNCOUN'ABI.E NOUNS 127

o Some nouns only have a plufalform and take a plura verb. Exampes ate:clothes, @nten1 earnings, expenses, feelingt goolis, kans, poli.e renains, scissors,suffounotngs, (ausers.

D AIan, some, a lot of, anV many, much, few littlea We use a/an with singular countable nouns only.

This is a goad product. (NOT +hi5i5€n+F€r€5{i9 .)

With uncountdble noun, we use some in place of a, or simpythe noun by itselfThere is informatiot lsome infomation here that is inportant.

a study th s tabe for words beforc plu.a and uncountable founs.

used with both plulaland uncountable nouns sanela lot afl lats afl anyUsed with p uralnouns only nanylfewtafewUsed with uncountable noun5 only nu.hllittleta liftle

we don't have many noneElwe only have a lew.ustome't at this time of yealTherc isn t mu.h infomation/Ihere s very litde infomation about this budget nen.

a Some i! common in affirmative natemenis, and any is comrnon in n€gative statements andque5tionsl'w seen some things I like, but I don't have atry noney.

Blt we can lse some in a question il it is an offer or request.would yau like some/any inftnnation about out investnent tunds?

and we use any n affirmative sentences where we mean 'it doesnl matter wh ch'.l'm ftee all day. Call any time you like.

a Many and much arc olten lsed with the words howaid not.

Hou tnatry p.ople vill hdre I tunet dce$ in 'e eo,nig yut!? Hou mrch rcoense uill a siryleindalD,, Iikc ttdt'cl, ca Itun r,. fi/er7 (Brilscontent website)

There's not many jobs/not muah wotk in the nanufaduing sectar at the moment

E specific and general meaningsa Some nouns can be either (ountable or unco!ntabl€. The countable lorm has a speclflc

meaning, and the uncountable form has a general meaningIhe nachine is malxng a stange noise. Noise inside factoies can be a prablen.Ihis is a new businest. ausiness k going vrpll atthe nonent.There aren t many spa<a in the Gr patk. Ihete kn't mu.h spa.e in ny office.a coiY€€ (a cup of coffee) (offee (the subttance)a papef (a .ewspaper, conference Fper) paper (the msterla )a g/ass (for drinkjnq) grars (the materia )

I28 30 COUNTAAIE AND UNCOUI{TABrI NOUNS

30 Practice

Exercise l l lI lllllledicc the correct words.

1 How nuchlllqJaatypages arethere on yourlvebsite?2 lslAre therc narylmu.h bankswith a head office in Geneva?3 lslAre thete naryl nuch traffic in ceneva?4 How much / tlow nany in{omation hav€ we got about this company?5 Where lila/e the goods w€ ord€rcd?6 There isla/e some people waiting for you in €ception.7 We bought some new egu,pmentlegu,;Dment' last month.8 We bought some new machiDelmachiner last month.I Ihis is an equipnentla pi€f.e of eguipmert that controls the speed of rotation.

l0 This is a ,nachinela piece ofmachine thal controls the speed of rctation.I I He gave me anlsome advice wh(h u/aslhr'ere really usefu,.12 l'm afraid we havenl 9 ot nuch I nany ri.ne.13 The news rslare on at nine. The€ may be arl5ome information about Davos,14 We have some/any blue ones in stock, but we don't have somelany red ones.1 5 You can choose somelany colour you want.

Exercise 2 I IComplete the sentences with the wotd a, an, sdne nuch or nary,

1 That!.......4...... good idea.2 Well, thats ............... pogress, Isuppos€.3 We do some business in Poland. but not ..... .,,,,,,,,. .4 We have a few customer in Poland, but not . .............. ,5 l 'd l iketomake.. . . . . . - -- . . . . . . . . inquiyabouttrainingcouBesyouofferatyourcol lege.6 Can lhave.. . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . info.mation about t6ins to Pa sT7 l'll see you in an hour ldon't ha\,€ ,,,,,,,,,,,.... more emails to w te.8 l'll se€ you in an hour I don't have .,,............ more work to do.9 Do you have............... trcublewith the unions in your factory?

10 Do you have..............- difficulties with the unions in your factory?1 1 I need to claim ....----.......... expenses for my t p last month.12 We didn't study.........-----.... economics at university, jun a little.

Exercise 3 :Look at the undedined noun in €ach s€nten@. Write 5if it has a specific, countabte meaning, or 6 if t h.s ag€neral, uncountable meaning.

I a) Do you see this material? This is unbreakable gbsE. q

b) Whai a beautiful wine gla$! Where did you get it? tr2 a) In thisjob, experien.e is more important than qualifications. n

b) This is going to be an e&elieDle l'll remember for a long time. n3 a) Claire runs a b!ji!er5 designing company websites. !

b) lt! not qood for business when interen rates are too high. tr4 a) You should meet Mark - he3 had a very interesting !lif€. n

b) lifgis complicated sometimes. n

30 COUI|TABTE Al{D UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 129

Exerc ise4! l ! !How many possibilities are there with the phrases below. Put a tick (/)if the phrase is possible.

^{?

uo

1 | haven't qot many

5 There is some6 There is a/an7 The€!

9 lts a/an

Exercise 5 Ilvatch each phrase on the leftwith the best phrase on the right.

F"f{s:Ip

2 | haven't got much

3 | haven't got a/an

1 a c u p o f2 a glass of3 a bottle of4 a barelof5 a sheei of6 a slice of

Entrnnn

a) wjne is acceptable at a business unch, but no more,

b) coffee is a good wey to staft the day.

d paper can sometimes get nuck in the photocop er.

d) whisky costs less at the airyod.e) wholemealbread goes wellwith tomato soLrp.

D oilcan cost Us$15-30 on the @mnodity rnarkets.

Exerc ise6l l l l l

@re unaealne tne correct wods in this dialogue.

^NGEL{, J.ck, have you sot (1) 4/ro € momcnt for a chat?

J^cx; of course, eo ahcad. Now: a good time.

^NGEL^, There (2) iJ /z'e (3) d' /rdme impon nt work thtt wc need to do ove! the next few months

It should be (4) atr /Jd6r interestingjob, and I thinl you re the best (5) petrd, / people to do x

]rck Oh, rcaly?

.\NcEn, Yes.W.n, (6) a'la piece ofempty ldd hd come onto the rErket on ihe other side of town

J^cr . : Uh,huh. . .

^NGEI.., And, ar yoo knova qe basen\ gor A nafy /n/., sP&e at our present site.Wel, we think it's

(8) d, /ro,rr ideal dPPortunity ro expand.

J cK: Yeah.We don'r haE much room here.

mcra, well. rere tbirking rbout building compleiely new offces.Wed like you to do (9) a /sone

resedch on the whole ida, and t]ten wite (10) a /sdne report on whether to go ahead or

not.AE you intelEsrcd?

J^cr WeI,I h2Ent got (11) rk /nany experience of tltis kind of rhing. I ...

ANGELA, I know' but theE r€aly isn'i mprc eke h@ who is suitable.

NGtu, ADd we need to tuke (12) a pbg6s lttogBs on this m quickly a posible. we'E takins on

fifteen nev people iD Malch.

Um, ri8ht, but there (13) tr / e(14) naty/dlot of lt') infomdtiorlinfomatians to colllect.I -

Nctu We[, with thn new rcspomibili.y we might cor-sido reviewing you salary.

t ci well, OK, it sound! like (16) drl, inteBting chalenge- I'[ do it.

ronouns

A Indefinite pronounsa Wotds like ereryone, anythlng, etc, are called indefinite pronolns.Ihey r€fer ro people, rhings

of pla(es without saying exactly who. what orwhere they arc.

People: soneonelsomebody anyonelanybody everyane/everybady na one/nabodyIhings: somethiog anything evertthing

anytine (all the time)

a The€ is no difference between the -ore forms and the -bodyforms.

O lrideflnite pronouns are followed by a singularvelb, but we reler back to them in a sentencewith theylthenltheiLSomeone i5 wailng fot you in rcceptian. I toltl them you wauldn\ be bngwell, I suppose that everyone is ready fot theit coflee brcak now?

B Someone I anyone, el<O Words with sone- and any- follow the rules given in lnit 30. In morc deta :

AfF IAMATIVC 5E I {TENC 'S

some" is very common in affirmative senten<es:Therc's someone waiting in rcceptbn.

Any- is also common, particularly when we wanr ro showthat there is no timit io ihe possbitiies:You can fly anyyvhere you want fron here,

Detpne Anazor\ letlsdl to .onh'e|t ot the Best Bsy Epott, the oreany\ execatites hate tdidthef ft,ndir opet to ponne\hips win' othel letaileE. 'We'll talk uith anrone,, 'aid WolM Je ton,A dzor\ chiefi"arcial onier, tw eeebr aro. Wan SrGer Journal website)

Compare wth'some':We can bring it to your office sometime tomorow (we don't know yei, bur we tet you)We can bring it to teur office anytine tonorrow (theres no imit yo! decide)

4ny- is common in sentenes wilh lflf there is anything you want to know just ask.

Ary- js very common in questions:Does anyone understand the new sofhtuare?sorre- is common with offe6 and fequests:

Can I give you a lift somewherc/anwvherc?

Compa€ dry and some . Any- emphasises that rherc is no imii to the possibitities:ls there tomething I can do to help? (a nomaloffef)ls there anything I can do to help? (t'll do whatever I can)

31 PRONOUNS t31

NEGAT iVE SENTENCES

Not... any- is very common and means the same as ro':Therc isn't anybody here with that nane- = Ihere is nobody here with that nane.

Not... iome' is rare and has a difi€reni meaning lo not... any'. Study the exampl€si

He isn't someone I feel comlodable talking ta. (= He isn't a pe6on I fe€l ...)

That isn't something td thought about beforc. (= Ihat snl a thins 'd thought ...)

c Everyonelno one, el<a Words with every mean all the people, th ngs or places in a group.

A big thank tou' to everyone. You all did a wondenul job.we handle eyerfthing for you, frcm design to delivery.

a fyery one (with two wodt has a different meaning.lt means edc/,stngle one and is used togive emphasis. In pronunciation, both wods hdve equdl stess.Every one of our dients is impottant. even the smallest companies.

a Words with /lo- mean no people, thrngs or places.Nobody phoned while you werc aut.

Medmthilc,Allidn. tli.d to brit? D sdna toJlthct uith HI/B, ii ohnh AllinE also hds d lary.ltdkt. l'1itid4y, th. i.lca oe nouhq. he.dtst HVB l,odtd ke' l,ct! oppased it. (B$inesl?eek

Online website)

Double negatlves are noi used.Therc is nothing vr'e can do. oR Thete isn't anything we can do.(NOT+h€€i5n{-6€t l tn ,a+d€.)

D Reflexive pronounsa The ref exive pronouns ate: nyself, youRelf, hinself, heBelf, itself, ouRelves, youselves,

themse/ves. Note that lhere is a plural 'you' lorm

a We use a reflexive prcnoun if the object ot the ve.b is th€ sam€ as the subject.

tn enjoying the trip. I'n enjoying nyseff.Jill introduced ne to her boss. ti intrcduced he6elf to ne.

a Some verbs may be.eflexive in your language, but arc usualy not in English. Examples in.lrde:

change l.lothes), complain, de.ide dress, feel, hurry, n'eet, relax, rcn'e|r'bet, rcn, sit down,

stand up, wake up, wash, wandea wotry.

Note that actions thal we do to ourselves do not have a ref exive pronoun.

when Igot hane twashed and changed quickly beforc going out again.

a We can r.rse a etFxive pronoun lor emphasis. in pronunci.tlon, we nress se/for se/ves.I mysell ha@n't seen the new design, but I believe it s very gaod.

a f the meaning is 'without help' or 'alone we .an use by + reflex ve pronou n.Are tou doing all the rcsearch (by) you6elves? (without help)I wanted to travel to the caference by nyseff. lalone)

I Compare the.rie/ves and each othet/ane anather.Andrew and lessna enailed ea.h othe one another(Andrew sent an email to lessica. afd iessjca sent an email to Andrew)Andrew and lesska emailed thenselves.(Andrew sent an emailto himself. and lessica sent an emailto hersef)

Not loig dro eoflpanies uer Jollrg ow eaeh othd tryiflg to 'dot toht' thenselres. AdiaNetbrane Broadast.totn -.. and Sn Mmsystens spent htillions tryi\g to okvince a all that it uds'the doti, Aot .od,' uhdteret thot nedrc.Ah,but thase dafs a/e gore. (money.con vebsite)

132 31 PAOI|OUI{s

31 Practice

Exercise l l lIComplete the sentences using the mon appropriate words from ihe lln below

anyone anything anythinq everyone everything no one nothing someone5€,T€thing something

1 rts just nor ght. .$..reJ.l!!:"3. is worrying me abourthis.2 Ihe office is empV Ihere3 ...---..............-.. here except me.3 l m sofry | dontthinkthere3.. . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . I can doto helpyou.4 (the lelephone line is dead) Hello? ls there ....................... th€rc?5 ....................... seems to bewrcng with the pdnter lts not working.6 ThereS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to see you. Shal l I ask them to wait?7 see that. . . . . . . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . . . has a copy ofthe agenda, so lets begin8 (beforc rnoving on to the ne( point in a meetino ls there ..... ................. eise?9 Good, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is going accodin9 to plan.

10 No, l've decided. ....................... you could say would make me change my rnlnd.

Exercise 2 f IUnderline the corect wods.1 We can't blame arvonelno one but ourselves for this mess.2 Ihees anythingl nothing in the post foryou this morning.3 Ihe@ lsn' t anything I hothlhg in the pon for you this morning.4 Anyonelsomeohe called for you earliei but I don't know who.5 sn'ttherc anwvha2lno!#pre to go that3 open at this time of night?6 Can I atkyou anythinglsonething?7 Ihete's antone/someone on the phone to speak to you.8 vou car do anythinglsamefhlng you want, it won't make any ditference.9 sorry | don't know anlh ing I nothing abool it.

1 0 No onelsomeone knew what to do, so I used my own initiat ve.

Exercise 3 f,Complete the sentences with a word frcm the list below, in a suitable forrn, and a r€flexive pronoun.

d5k blame enjoy exprcss help hurt introduce rnake preparc teach

1 I keep .....4tki{-\4...... .-....r,1).r.df...- what Iwould do in h s situ.tlon.2 lr w.s a gre.r hohday We really ..........3 l .mes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spanishbyl isteningtocassetteswhi ledrvngtowork.4 Be careful ! l t t very heavyl Don't . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . Is Paula knows a lot of Frcnch, but she canl . . . . . . . - -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . very easiy.6 Ladies and Gentlemen, please . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to more cof iee.7 t !4ary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for a shock. l 'm qoinq to resign.8 Let me . . . -- . . --- . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ------ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . My name is Susan Conway.9 l r warnl yoJr l .ulr . Don l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 0 A n n a n d N i c k ! G € a t t o s e e y o u . C o m e i n a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a t h o m e .

31 PRO|{OUNS 133

Exercise 4IIIIllnlledjle the coffect or mo61 appropriate !!ods.

I No one /ikeu@ to discover hidden costs, doe5 hel!b-!!ey?2 | feltlfek nyseff quite neNous at the start of the presentation, but after a few minltes I rdaxedlrelaxed

3 We'll d€liv€r your pirza sornetin e, sonewherelanytime anyvvhete.4 | rcnenberlren@nber nteff when lfiBl shrted wo*ing here. ldways used to worylw9rry nrself if

I was doing the dghtthing.5 Thefigurcs in this sp€adsheet don t conespond to the ones on the invoic€s. We'€ going to have to

aheak everyonelewry one.6 Everyone haslhave to meet in the lobby at nine o'dock to collecl h6llhei conference registrat on torms.

7 Rome isn't somewherel anywhere near Milan,8 Rome isnt somewhere/anyulrere l'd like to go for holidays in August. lts too hot for me then.

9 Your two colleagues introduc€d the/tte/rcs/each othe/ to me yesterday. Fir5t I met Peter, then ater

met susan,1 0 Your two colleagues introduced thernse/veslearh other to me yesterday, Peter told me a litt e about

what Susan does, and Susan told me a little about Petet

Exercise 5 I I

@37 complete the dialogues with the wods frcm th€ litt below.

anyone anything anMere everyone everything ev€iANhee someofe

som€thing somewhere

I cant nnd my mobilc phone.I'vc look€d (1) ...-e.W.n*lml9r... I rnus have put it down

(2) .....................,but Ijust can't rcmcmbcr wherc. Oh, how annofng! It could be(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Perh:ps (4) ..................... h"s picked it up by mislakc? (5) ....... .... .. . .. in the company ha!

the srme typc ofmobile phone. (6) ..................... could have pickcd it uP.

Bcuy Seles hl\€ dropped by 50% in Asia ove! the lrst 12 mon&s.ruru, Therc must be (7) ..................... we can do to increase sales.

But what? I'!€ tried (8) ..................... . I cant think of (9) ..................... else wc on do.

Exercise 6 I@38 vicky and her husband chades are staying in a hotel. complete what vicky saF by using the v€rbs in

bEckets wiih or without a dflexive pronoun.

'charles, come on, tryto 0) ...e41ey..)€ltrt-e.$.. Gnjoy)l (2) ........Re1|94b.e..n...... (remember)you re on

holidayl Look, why don t you (3) ..........................----.... (help) to anoiher d nk, 90 on . . . Goodness me,

rherc3 Daniel W€stlake over there. What on earth is he doing here in Marrakech? Er, have you tlvo(4) .................................. lrr,e0 before? You know, you'd have a lot in common wth DanieL. Why don'1you 90 o!€r there and (5).....--.....--.................... (intrcduce) io him? While you do that l'l go back io

the rcom and (6) .....................-.----....... (change) in time for dinner. I don't know Sometimes I(7). . . . . . . . . . . . - . --- . . . . --- . . . . . . . . {ask)whether you.an ever (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelax) when you're away

134

A Determinersa A determiner is a wod used in frcnt of a noun to show which thing you mean, or to show the

quantity of something. Determine6 include: a/the my4out; this/that, all/nost/somelany,nol none. nuchl nanyl a littlel a few, each / every, both I either / neither.

O Unils 30, 34 and 35 also deal with deteminers: some ot any? nuch ot nany? lu1 \ 30), a altheT (units 34 and 35).

o we do not use a determiner if we are talking gene|ally. see units 30 and 35.Ourlfhote/'ome computeE are expensive. (padicular computeB)

eterminers

Compu|€'s are a paft of ereryone's life.

B AIl, most, many, some, a ftw

(computeB in gene6l)

C A/ meaning 'ev€rything' or 'the only thing'O We can use a//i subje.t + velb to mean 'everyrhing' or 'the onty ihing':

That's all I know about h (all = everything)A we need is a siqnaitrc. (all= the onlything)

a In modern Englkh it is unusual to use a// as a single-word subject or objecr. nsread we useewtything.All the prcparations arelEvetything is going wel| (NOT A*+5-g€;ig-,*e+.)t want to hear all your newsleveryth,hg. (NOT t ,,€n*+€+€€+-a{.)

a Befop a pluralnoun w€ ca^ use alllmostlmanylsonela few. Note the structures:Alllmost/nanylsomela few employeas have 25 days' paid holiday.Alllmostlnanylsomela lew of the employees have 25 days' paid holiday.All the enployeet have 25 days paid holiday. (NOT L4€sr+h€--ltr4eny+h€- . )

We can use my, Jr'our, elc, in place of the, and we can use pronolnsiAlllnon I nanyl sone la few of ou employees have 25 days' paid holiday.Alllnostlmanylsonela few of then have 25 days' paid holiday.

se. aGo lnir 30 a Beforc an uncountable noun simjlar 5tructures are possible. We Use muc,rr I p)ace ol many,a ,h/e in place of a feq and /l for the pronoun.Alllmostlmudrlsomela little of the inlonnatlon in this rcpad is usefuLAll/nrstlmudt/somela little of it E useful.

a Wlth singular nouns we do not use the words above, except for a few special express ons.aI day, all night

32 DETERMINERS I35

D No, nonea We can lse no with a singular noun, pllralnoln or uncountabe noun.

No employee hat norc than 25 days patd holiday.No new ideat were put forwatd at the meeting-Therc was no uteful inlonnation in the repod.

a We do noi use no ifthere is another negative word.In this case we use anl.we haven't disnissed any emptoyees. (NoT t{€+a*i{-di5,.uls5ed-f,€+FfbFes.)

a We do not lse no ol lnn€ad. w€ use /rone ofor none on its own .s a prcnounNone ol the employees have more than 25 days' paid holiday.None hdve nore than 25 days pad hohda).

a To emphasise the idea of nore we can ure None at allot Not ane ot Not a:A. Haw many people .ame?B: None at all! / Not one! / Not a single pe6on !

Cnnny.\ Nekt Markt All Shrt it'd.t dtoppetl btlou the 1,500 htdtk It thefRt tihc y.ltetdnJ.

Not a sinzle !o.k itt lt top 20 sto.la lnued r !ai,. (Yahoo tsusiiess News wcbsitc)

E Each, everya The mea. n9 of eaclr and e!€ry is sinr ar and often either wod is possible They a€ both

folowed by a singular noun.

a We ule eaci when we think of the members oi a grcup as indrvidla s, one by one t s rnore

usualw th srna ler groups and can mean on y two.Make sue that each parcel has a label.

Saktt 'r ad Cloheno $ L"ou Ey hdve to hi'c theh bftnd prcfiLc. Maflarenc t ?,rsrLtdnts wilL.lcbatc .a.h .ftht\ statcgy, l'ut ir thc e o tune5 vill detemtife hcthu hclc eohlpati$ ar'tucc'sJ"] in 4 hbta slobdLize.l ,o'il. (asiaweek website)

a We useeverywhen wethink oi al l the m€mbe6 tog€ther, and i l susua witha arger numberSales ha,"e inqeased every year fot the last flve yeats.I belbve every wod he says

a We can use each ol blt we cannot use every ofEach of the par.els needs a label

a Each can be Lrsed atter the subject, or at the end oi . sentence.The parcels each need a bbel.The parcels need a label each.

F Botlt eithe,' neithera We use bott eith€r and reltherto refer to two things.

a Soth means 'the one and the othei. Note the structures:Both emails/both the emailslboth ot the enaik/hoth of them arc inportant.The ennils ate both importana I ve rcad them both.

a Eithermeans'the one or the othef. Nelther rneans 'not the one or the other'.l,/bnday or Tuesday? Yes, either day/either of the days is fine.Manday or Tuesday? I n sorry but neithet day/neithet of the days is convenient.

This i' a ne of a radble - ohe thdt nay Ff ofJot both, oke, at fleithet aJ he nN onpdnies.(Fortune websire)

136 32 DE|ERMINERS

32 Practice

Exercise t g

Match the phrases from the Jist below with an approximat€ value.

F€n€-€t+hem monofthem a few ofthem manyofthem sonre of rh€m attof them

1 0% .tgt}.c..9l..tlt-g.r2 5-250h. . . . . . . . . . . .____. . . . . .

3 25-504/0 ___. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .

4 50 750k

5 71950/a

6 r00%

E x e r c i s e 2 S H H E HUnder ne the correct words.1 There were nonel4e m€ssages on the answering machin€.2 The key account manageG eachlevery have thek own lisr of clients.3 Not orelNot no qu€stion has been answercd.4 some oflsome ihe renauEnts have setuice included n the pice5 Some oflsome renautants have setuice included in the price.6 Sorry but I can't hear eithetlneither ol you prcpetly.7 Each our custoneslour cu5tome6 eact have a separate fite on the database.8 | can't come at the weekend.l'm busy both dap/every day.9 All oflEvery of the liles are (orrupted by rhe virus.

10 lcan't see rolanysolution lo the problem,l'm afraid.11 The f ight and hotel are booked. AlllEvetything is otgarised.l2 We gave the sales reps each a nobile phonela nobile phane each.13 Every option has beenlEvay optiors have been erylorcd.14 OK,lihink rhat covers a///eve44hlng on that poini. shallwe move on?

Exe .c i se3HAnFFComplete the sentences with a word or phrase from the list below

a (x2) any no i€l-€n€ none each (x2) every (x2) both ether(x2) nether

I We sent letteG to sirly customers, but .l9i-.''o..19 rcpliedl2 | can't go. There are only two flights, and the.e are ................. seats lelt on ....... ......... of them.3 l c a n ' t g o . T h e r e a r e o n l y n v o f l j g h t s , a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o f t h e m h a s a n y s e a r s t e f t .4 ................. I wanl js . bit of peace and quiet to finish wriUng this rcport.5 l'v€ phoned ................. store in the Yellow Pages and they are ................. out of siock6 We have three models, and ....... ......... one has its own special fearurcs.7lw.snervousatthestadofmytalk,butafterthat lenioyed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f l rnLr ie.8 l gotthree lette6, buttherewere..--............. foryou, t'm afraid.9 l gotthree lette6, butthercweren't......---........ foryou. l'm afr.id.

10 The Trade Fair is impod,ant. We need.---............. Sue and Mike on the stand.I I Both roads lead to the city centrc. You can iake ................. one.12 You've been six ofthe best irainees thdt we've ever had on this cours€. The ben of luck io............

ofyou in your futue cdrcers.

12 DEIERMINERS 13'

Exercise a llll!Rewrite lhe se<ond sentence so it he a similar meaning to th€ fir5t sentenc€ and coniains the wod inbrackets- some sentences ha!€ lwo possible ans{/e6.r We ont have a w€ek le{t. (all)

.-...4I..t*c..kr.,o-..lef .t-..if-.....aweek.2 All the participanrs will be sent an.agenda. (€v€ry)

......... will be sent an agenda.3 Nobody at all 6ked a que6tion. Gingle person)

......... asked a question.

4 This idea wont work, and the other one also won't wolk. (neither)

...... wiltwo*.5 Not all the audience understood his talk. Gome)

......... 'rnde6tand his talk.5 Not one of my colleagues speaks Geman. (none)

....,,,,, speak Geman,7 we only want a wEaker dollar (alD

.......,, a l^/€ak€l dott6r8 No docuftenB werc inside this parcel. (any)

There.........--.....-------.................... inside lhis parcel.

9 The hotek wele bolh unsuitable. (neilher)

......... suitable.10 The two proposals are intercning. Ooth)

,.,...... inteEsting.11 These items aren't expensive, (none)

,........ erp€rsry€.absolutely none. (alD

Exercise s IIII

12 l'm sorry we havel'm sorry v\€ have

@ 39 Complet€ this artide by choosing th€ conE<t ahernetive A, B or C bel(M.

2 A3 A

5 A6 A

A A

Both them

Either of themall itsEach they ar€

I Bolh ofthem

I fleither of company

I most its

I Both th€y ate

B a l lo l

B most ol

B the only thing

Every of themall of themNeither companymuch itsThey a€ both

cccccccc

bssessives and compound nouns

A Possessive adjectives and pronounsa My, touL ek, aE adjedives and come before a noun.

This was nry/yodhe hislour/their suggesrion.l'n looking for a street, but l.an't renember ia name.

M,ne youli, etc, are p.onouns and we use them on thei. own,This suggestion was nine/youtslhe6lhis/oun/thei6. (no'lts' fom)

a We can add o!l/n to a posse5sive adjective for emphasis.W own view is that we should 90 ahead with the proied.

B 's (apostrophe s)O We use 3 to show that something belongs to a pe6on or organisation, Many other languages

lse ofin these cases, We add 3 even if the name ends in s.The CEO'S office Fotd's cars Charlesb addrcss

With plu.al nouns \re add lhe aponrcphe only.The Chin.s. gounn nt's Nattonal Ardit Ofr.e held d ptes otfetcnce ih De.ekbe/ to qallot1 ik wo* dkd auditors' i'uettlgdt,,8 in the alntryThe audito$ aft anong the .enrftlaxthoities' ost important w.aponr in theil efo s to cleat up ftalpndie by b,linest peaple dfldolfrd;/r (Business Beijing onliDe w.bsne)

We caf use the 3 fom without a following noun if the meaning is cearIhe praject was a team effoit, but the oiginal idea was HelenS. (- He en3 dea)

o A special use of 3 is to refs to someone3 home, a shop name or a place name,I'll be at ta*'s this evening. (Jack3 house)I'n going to Smithl. Do you want anything? (the shop called Smjth)I nust go to the dlemis(s/do@t'sldenri5fs. (he place where th€y wo*)

lf there is no possession, we do noi use an apostroph€-Epson pintes on special offerl (NOr Ef5€fi+rii*ef+)

There is no apostrophe in possessiv€ adj€rtives or prcnouns (section A).(NOT gk€ir5-€€l€er)

Apostrophes can be a short fom of /s or ha5.Es a bvdy day. (= ft is) ft's been a pleasure meeting )€u. (= lt hat

33 POSSESS|VES AND COMPTOUI{D NOUNS r39

c o fi We use ofto show that onething beongsto or with another th n9.

The end of the steet. (NOT {h€4.e€+t-€nd)The time of the meeting. (NoI th€-4€€{n94+Re)he h! tvto pages of the rcport (NOT +€r€F€d;.ld!r-F*€- €51

a Here are some common ph€s€s with ofand examples of nouns that fo owla chorte ol (fliqhts) a meahod of (payment) rhe strenglh of (the E! ro)an error ol (udqement) a nunber of llad.a'sJ a stroke ol (luck)a tood ol (compiaintr) the pace of (change) ihe success of (the project)a /ack of(fundt a p,e.e of(advice) the time af (afti\a)the /eyel of (commitment) a rdrge of(colou6) d wa5k of (time)

a Section B said that we use 3 for people. There are some exceptions to this rule. We nomallyus€ ofwith long phrdses.This is the eftrail adtlrcss of the sales rcpftsentative who .ane yestday(NOT Th s is fte 5a/€5 -€Fr€rm€ai€ rj!€ €aff )

And w€ can lse a... of... + possessive form to show a conne<tion between people.She's a calleague of mine. OR sne's rry colleaque.She s a frimd of Stephen's. OR 5he3 Stephen3fr'end.

a We can use ofor apostrophe for places and organisations.The histotic cente of Pragte OR Pragoe3 historic centethe future of the company oR the company's future

D Compound nounsa A compolnd noun is tlvo nouns together Cornpolnd nouns arc common in Eng sh, and are

partcLrlarly common in business afguage't nn ako repa thdt mdmfa.lulnq- dc'pik nt. .-. .s.hdrge fttc - rrcu, 16t yut l,t 1.6 ptl

cit; ddnrJa.tu.is! ptodtttitit! ste by 1.4pctd ta d nanlactrrisg dpotu by I1.8pct.cnt.' - Chan.cuor Conlor Blowf\ hudset spee+. (The Tinres websue)

a When we use t/vo nouns together, the lilst noun s like an adjective and describes the second

It was a management decistron.fhese rcsearch rcsults a.e very interesting.Have you seen this sales rcport?Ihc whale .ompany st.atew t5 wong

1]d$Iot'niis toditioial otdennr o dk/'ib'tiof {oesss itto e-@mnerce solxtions ledds tosipifuart .ost redBetions. (Connecris website)

The lirst noun is usually sinqular:retludions in .ostt cott rcductionsthe law rclating to companies .ompany law

a We can use morc than two noL,ns To understand the meaning nart at the end.an exe.utive seard company (a company that searches for executives)a govemment taining cou6e (a course of training prcvided by the government)a sto.k ma*et launch (a launch in the market for stocks)

a In certain fixed phrases we cannot use a compound noun. We have to use olla.k of confidence lreedon of choice the price of success the cost of progrcss

a Some compound nouns are witten as one word.database tinescale salesman netvwrk workhop bookhop

140 33 PO55E5S|VE5 At{D COMPOUT{D NOUirt

33 Practice

Exer<ise t #Under ine the correct wods.

1 They offef reasonable prices, but Im not sure about tbei!/theirs quatily.2 Excuse me, is this you./you6 seatT

3 Ex.6e me, is this sear you you5?

4 ls this pen youls4ours or mine?

5 We do all oulse/veilour own design and p.inting.

6 We do allthe design and p nting ouselveslour own.7 The offlce at the end of the canidot it nylnine.A My / nine afl ce is aI \he end of the coffidor

9 lt's not teally herlheA decision.1 0 The committee had lal/t3 final meeting yen€day.

Exer<ise 2 E ERew.ite the sentences with apostrophes wher€ necessary1 Susan sho! d know that its MarF decision, nor he.s.

-<$taa.. the.$!C..!rlP. }"-..i..fat-. .itlt...M/..!:y.:r.. de. sirie^,.. ^et...krr,.......2 Alic€! lfiendr .ames Bill. Hes one of Merill tynchs top analyns.

3 Toyotas deal on its company cars is better than our:.

4 lwent to my doctors and hes compute sed all the patients records.

5 lts impola.r to recognige that every comoany -as rts own parlicutar culiure, .owever ...

6 My bo!!! PA reads all the customers lefiers.

7 Look at those two M€rcedes. Ones our dlrectors and the others . visito6.

Exercise 3 Ul\,4ake two compound nouns from the nounsI protits cou6e lraining .ompany2 naff forecan meetifg s.les3 cad store crcdit department4 lnternet sale summer access5 fiqures price inflation range5 survey m.rket hour rush7 t€{hnology keys car infomation8 assistant shop failurc power9 shopiloor working worker lunch

10 inslrance oan contEct bank11 te.tures costs production product12 ma*et marketing budqet ledder

in each group.

.9err4^y..pr-o.fii5- .ir4i^i^{..S.p$n:e.

!3 PTOSSESS|VES AND COMPOUI{D NOUNS r4l

Exercise 4 ffiComplete the s€ntences with ph€ses frcm the list b€low

erior of foodof lackof levelof m€thod of pace of pece ofrange of stroke of *5t€-€f

l twent there, butthey wer€ closed.ltwas a complete .....f...ar.l9...o.:1..... t me.2 The product launch is a disaster There3 a complete ........... ................. interest.

3 You shouldn' t have told them that information. l t was an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . judgement.

4 O!r hotel offe6 a wide ............................. facilities for the busin€ss trav€llers We have a relatively 1ow.....-....................... unemployment in our country just 4%.6 heard a very interenin9.. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inforrnat on the other day.7 We arr ived justai the iqhtt ime. whata.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . luckl8 The advedisement has b€€n very successful. Thereb a ........................ .... inquiries.9 The re5! ts must be correct. We used a very reliable ............................. data analysi9.

10 Thingr arc moving so quickly in this f ie ld. The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dange is very fan.

E x e r c i s e 5 E E I URewrite the second sentence so it har a similaf meaning to the filst sentenceI l'll see you in the room we use Jor meetings in ten minltes.

t'tt see you ...i1...tk..r,^.e.9ti14...uee..x.. tn ten m nutes.2 This pen doesn't beong to me.

Thi9 isn' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 This pen doesn't belong to me.

This pen isn' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 These documents beong to James.

These are.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 l\,4argaret met one oi her colleagues at the conference.

Margaret met a . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t lhe conlerence.6 what is your boss called?

what . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . name?7 You should consult an evpel in law aboul companies.

Youshou1dconsu|t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . law.8 This graph shows the figu.es ior sales fo.last year

This graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for last year.

9 Ljust sent an emailto one oi our customersljLst sent an endil to d

l0 l'm qoing on a course tqt6'n managers.l 'm 90ing on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . .ourse.

Exercise 6 UCross out the onewod in ea.h grcup thal does not make a common compound noun wiih the fi6t word n

1 sales for€cast/fiqlres/*ede/tarqet 6 produd manager/range/fe.tures/share2 market forces/sector/check/sharc 7 advertising s ogan/campa g n/ line/agency3 price offer/list/ran9e/ise 8 production market/ in€/capaclty/target4 brand irnage/leader/loyalty/process 9 working condiiions/tr€nd/ho!6/lunch5 tax relief/benefitr/output/allowance 10 stock opt on/d€cision/market/€xchange

rticles 1

A Articlesa A/an is called the indefinite drticle, and we use it to inrrcdu.e new nformation.

Ifie is.alled the definite article. and we use it when the listener kiows wh ch person or th n9we are talking about.'No article' is the novn by itsell without an anicte. We ure no anicb when we wanr to spe.kgenerally.

a Compare:I rcad an intercsting report /ast week. ('epon is mentioned for the I rsr t me)Have you rcad the tepott | gar€ youT (the listener knows wh ch r€port)Reporb are sent out fout times a ,€ar (speaking generally)

B AIana We use a/a, to intrcduce new infomation. The listener does nor knowwh ch person or thtng

we are ialking about.

a We use a/an io refer to something for the firsr time.We nust have a meeling next week.I have an idea I'd like to dbcuts.

a We -se a/an to refer to one of a Eoup ol rhingsGn you pass ne a papet dip frcn that box by yout side?

a We use a/ar to descibe someonesjob, but not areas of business.Fiona used to be a teactrcL but now she's in nanagenent training.

a We use a/an to describe something.It's an inbrening idea. Cairc is a very Ug city. This is a betl€r ptodua.

a We use a/an in expressions of measurement. Per can also be used.tuvice a / per nath 3,OOO uni6 an / per hout We charge tt OO an / pet haur

a A/an mean 'one', so we cannot use a/a, with plurals or uncountable nouns.Can you give ne sone infornatior? (NOT inin{e#i.ti€u)

C A o r a n ?a We use a in front of a consonant sound, and a, in frcnt of a vowet sound.

consonant sounds: a nanaget, a job, a univeBiry, a one-way nreet, a Eurcpean tawan idea. an empbyer. an ho4 an MBA

O In a similar way, ihe is pronounced,S:/ before a consonant sound and /61/ before . vowe

34 ARTICLES I 14!

D Thea We use ihe for old informaton. it is cearwh ch person or thing w€ are talking aboul.

Six hanl$ dte nlpt\ted ih bsti,lg d stake in Ped\ Bdn.o litino.m@ dte No h Anei aa ba kt,one i a ftajot Spdnkh nditutior, aftthu n E.uddoredk and the othu n Pturidk.me sit harcbeet iftvikd ro stu4, Irtina\ boala at'd hid 4 the end oI Mdrr- (Business Nes Americdwebsite)

a We often know which one because we m€ntioned ii before, us n9 a/an.We nust have a meeting next week. The meeting shaukl fa.us on the auditoB' repatt.I went to an intercsting show last week. lt was the Pais Spnng co e.tion.

a Sornetimes we know which one because it is.lear from the situation, or it s shared knowedqefrom the lives of the speaker and stener.Where's the newspapet? (we know whi.h one f.om the s iuation)The meeting willbegin at ter. (both th€ speak€f and stener knowwhch meetng)

Note that in th s case we can us€ the to refer to someth n9 for the f rst t me.

a We use ahe when ther€ s on y one oi som€thing. lt ls clea. which one w€ are talking abolt.I ll speak ta the boss when he gets back.

a We use the with nationalties and other groups.I really adnite the lblians far then sense of design.The govennent is trying to do more to help the poo|

see unn 37 a we use lhewlth supenatv€s.This is the best quality naterialwe have in stock.

E No articlea No adcle is used when we are lalking generally.

The .lit't i"rc oJ thc Asa'.y Mdgazine Iednoes an a e dtled 'Health rnd saJery at ulatk -

A qgtion of.o'B and benejtr:'. (Euopean Agency for Saaety .'d He.lth atwork websie)

. PTUiAL NOU I ' IS

ComparelI sent the emails thk norn /h9. (we know which €mails)I usLally rcply to emails wthtn 24 houri. (ema s in general)

a uNcouNtAalt NouNsComparelThe intomation in this rcpott gives us the (we know which informatoi and power)power to tatget aut adveftising.lnformation is power (information and pow€r n general)

The insu|ance brsinets is dotng well. (we know which business)Rusiness is going well at the noment. (bus n€ss n qenera )

The negotiating was a bt easier last time. (we know which negot at ng)Negotiating with supplieg takes a lot af tine. (negotiating n geieral)

a a common mistake is to use fhe with plural nouns and lncountable nouns used n . genera

Smallconpanies often grow faner (NOT The+m€+l-€€nF€F1€5)For ne faotball is like life. (NOT For me, +h€{€€{b€{Li5.lil€+h€ .)

seeunit35 a We us€ rio artice for most companies, countres, states and cities,I wak lor HBSC in Hong Kong.Los Angeles is in Califomia.

144 !4 ART|CLES t

34 Practice

Exer<ise l AEgUndenine the correct words.

1 Where3 a&he fax they sent this moming? | can't find it.

2 h.ve anlthe appointment at a/ihe bank.

3 | had a/t e very qood holidaJa A/Ihe weather was maruellour.4 l've been working so hard that I need a/the break.

5 They are a/the largest manufacturer of light bulbs in a/fheworld.

6 A/Ihe pr€lentation was a/tfie g€at success.

7 Can I glve you a/dre lift to the station?

8 l thlnk I need a/the newpairof glasses.

9 We need to reach d/the decision as soon as possibl€.

l0 The€ must be anlttp answer to a/the prcblem.

11 Mlke is arlfie accountant. He works on anotherlthe ofter side oftown.l2 His ofiic€ s a/the biggest one in a/the building.

1: Where is a/the document that we were looking ar just now?

14 The PartugueselThe Potll,gLese people aE very gaod negotiators.

E x e . < i s e 2 H E F SPut either a/an or a dash (-) to 9how no adicle.I ....;..... money makes the world go round.2 Sheila drives ............. French car.: Rita works in . . . . . . . . . . . . lnsuGnce agency in . . . . . . . . . L lsbon.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . health is the most impo(ant thing in . . . . . . . . . . . . l i fe.5 Thi! s . . . . . . . . . . . . good t i rne for . . . . . . . . . . , , sales o1 new cars.6 This is the number to call for ............ information.7 I ve got . . . . , . , . . . . . col league who is . . . . . . . , , . . . systems analyst,8. . . . . . . . . . . .productknowledgeisveryimportantfor. . . . . . . . . . . .sal€srepresentatve.9 He is ............ engineer. He studied ............ engineedng at universlty.

10 We produce . . . . . . . . . . . . f ! l lsales €pod four t imes . . . . . . . . . . . . year.

E x e r c i s e 3 ; F l H g Ho-t eilhe'a/a4 ttp or ; dash (-) to show no article.

] lle.. .talans l.ave qrver u5 4 lor ol ..:... buqrre5s

2 . . . . . . . . mostpeoplethouqht that i twas. . . . . . . . veryqood produ. t .

3 | h fe Lo d -k g lass o l . . . . . . wrne . r . . . €venrng4 lwish lcould speak. . . . . . Engl ish l ike. . . . . . . . Engl ish.

5 As soon as ........ Helen getr off ........ plane, ask her to g ve me ........ call.5 ........ smokinq is fot pemitted in this area.

7 Thercs ........ visitof.t ........ reception desk.

8 When | .fived at ........ airport, I had ........ drink and waited for ........ flight.9 w.nt . . . . . . . . act ion, not . . . . . . . . words.

10 . . . . . . . . pe6on wi th . . . . . . . . MBA usual ly gets . . . . . . . . good job.

11 l'll get you ........ co{Jee ftom ........ machine.

l2 Marle comes frcm ........ France.

34 ART|CLES l 145

E x e r c i s e 4 A B C D

/ 40 Complete th is ar tc e wth ether d/a, , the or a dash ( - ) io show no adice

HOW CLEAN IS THEIR MONEY?

'Money launderhg is(1)...lh-e.... nane silen ro

otrc of (2) .............. world-s

biSgcn linacial prcblems:

movinC motrey that has bcc!

obtained illegllly into

(3) - . . . . . . . . . . . . . fore i$ ba*

accounLs $ thar ( il ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

pcoplc do nol kno! where

il has conrc tiom, Puinrg

(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . va lue on Droncy

l.uderirtg is oi cou6e !e'y

dillicull, hur rhc lnremarional

Monerdry Fund csrinr.lc rlrr

i t is hugc - pc l r tsSl r . i l l ion

(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !ed. equivalcnt

to about 47. of gros world

(?) .............. probien has

grosn hand in hand with

(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g lobal isat ion.

and prriicularly with

(9) .............. lifiing of crpital

conl ro ls and (10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

delelopn'ent of(l I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

who know very linle about

each other. ( 1 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

irremational paymenl sysled

is cruc iaL to (14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

stsbiliry of rhe wolld s

iinancial markets, but i1

aho provides (15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

orPonunny for cnminah ro

Private bankilg is

(16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . best-known

hundering chrnnel. Clienls

of thcsc brnks are wellthy

people who wrnr thek lifairs

hrndlcd wnh d is . rcr ion.

cspccially becruse tlrey wdnL

to mnr imisc ( l7) . . . . . . - . . . . . . .

amount of (18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tax

they pat. h ihcse brnks

rhere is ( 19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cu l ture

of don't lski don t tell .

And (20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brgseJr

problen wi lh in (21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

private blnking is offshor!

brnks. There arc around

5,000 ofllrhoE bdnks

controlling xbout $5 ldllion in

assers, rnd sonle havc no

physical prcsence !r rnY

systcnrs. These .lloN moncy

to be molcd in (12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

seconds bctwccn balks in

ditietent prns of rhe world

E x e r c i s e s A B C D E

t l 4 1 C o m p e l e r h s l n t e r v e w b e l w e e n . l o u r . . n . . d t h e C E O o l B o t e c . a b i o t e c h n o o g y c o m p a n y U s e e r t h e r

a a . t t b a t a d a ( ) o . o \ o , , '

( lu \ou b.g iD b! rc l ln ,g 'nr (1) . .4 . . l t t l . rbout ( l ) the. f . . . , t dh.rg.s r r ( : r ) . . - .

W.ll. .s vou kno\\r Ii{ !c,,r se Dldc (-r) .. ... .l..ii,o. to nble our .pcr.,t,ors ftr

( i ) . . . . . ( )nrbrr lc . . bc. iu \c i r \ \ t f r inrpor i . l t ibr (6) . . . . . b iorcchnok,g] .orDin ie\ n,

rc . ru i r (7) . . . . r .Lr t rsrs i ;onr (s) . . . . .Lrc{ !nncr \ t ,d . [ r ,w. t .nr(e) . . . . .vcry

.orrp(trtr.lob\ nnrltr h.r. n Clitrrbridge, iDd lYc mtiv.,tt our .trdoFe\ by on-:tins

r h e n r ( l r l l . . . . . . . r r r r t r . t r t j r i r r t r \ r d d ( l i ) . . . . . . x c c l l c . t N l n k m s . o r d l t i o n s . W e ! c

built up (ll) ...... c\.cllcDt rer!.lrd (e;. doing sonrc rcry nnportDi a..rch rn

l l3) . . . r ie ld of (1t ) gene thctup\ l

Ma.\ people sr! dri. (15) . . .. bLote.hnolog pronlscs nrorc drit it dellves. k drrt

Thrr nrar be fue D gcneril. bur (16) .... .. bnnechnolog! ihrr $t do i\ aher.ly

producnrs (17) . . . . . . . . . r .su l ts . Lasr \ t . r \c made (18) . . . . . . . rmn r rof i t for (1e) . . . . . . .

liff trne. rnd (?.)J ...... relenue is nicre$nig rapidlt A1\o, s€ \,e re.endv niade (21) .

di{riburlon deal Nth (12) .. .....lfge phrnnceulical companlThe,v hrle dre nukerLng

slill\ rhar \Le lack. and (2il ........ prrtnership 6 $orkrng Nell for both stles. Our aln

ne\i \ er n to .n!er (1.+) .....Aneri.h nu*et, r \!tte coniiden! of(25) ......Ncces

rticles 2

Unit 34 9 ves sorne b:ec rules for aa(icles. This !n r gives additrond potnrs.

A Place names and no articlea ln general, no a.tkle s used for conlinents, coLrntres, states, ii.nds, mounra n5, akes,cles,

parks, roads, nreets, rqlares, pal.ces, caitle5, cathedra s, !t.tons and airyorts.Eurape/Asia Ftdn.e/China Glifomia/Lazta Crcte/Madei.aMant BlanctMaunt Eveten Lake Lucerne/Lake Michigan Takya/BudapestCentrcl Patk/Hyde Pa* Fihh Avenue/Chutch Steet Ttafajgar SquarelTines SquarcBuckinghan Pala.e WindsorGstle Milan Cathedrcl Grcnd Centtatstation Otly Aipad

B Place names and thea Note that allthe folow ng lse rhe:

the Alps, the Sahanas, the Nethetlands

the Red Sea. the Middle East, the West End(But NOT i the pl.ce i! the name of a coLrntry or conr nenr trarce,

Phraset with 'of : the Hauses of Pa iament, the South of FtancePo tical consiirutions the hish Republi.. the unted Ktngdon (the uK), the usRvers and can.lr: the Amazon, the Laie, the Suez CanalOceans and seas: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the MedteffaneanRoads with nlmbelsr the M6 (nototuvay), the 41Ihearres.nd galleres: the Globe (fheatte), the Uflizi (Gallety)

Hote s: the Maffiot (Hotel)

the fiffel lawe, the Taj Mahat, the White Hause

c Special uses of the

Iniernatonal nslilutions:

Adjectives to refer |o a qroup

the . . . o f a/ lhe :

Sorne time phrases:

Poinlr of the compass:

P aying rnstruments:

lob titles and off cialtitles:

The UniEd Nations, The World Bank, The tMFThe unemployed do not re.eive ehough help.the end of an era, the staft of the prqectn the past, at the moment, in the futurc h0 at present),the t960s (decades), tt€ 2tJt century (cent!retin the notth/east/south/west, ln the south"westI play the piano/guitarThe Matueting Dhe.tot, the pime Ministet,ao ...(BLrt NOTtite + n.rner Prme Ministet Tany Blatr said ...)

Cit),Sndpnors:a ttu tlnt rtide.fot the L$ne$ tua,eleL (asia-inc naga,ine websile)HWo Alpe-Adlia-Banh hd\ bee, hi h4, !rces'jt Crcatia a,er the past Jaw fea6. Arodi gh Dt. Wolfgatg Kuhe@r th. Chaitnat oJ the Board , thit 'res is du to eorenrdtjnglJ,sn1ets a.tiritie! on theAbine-Adidti. ma*et d d dtoo'nry road b"sinest pdnne6. (cebd

35 AitnE 2 i4t

D special uses of 'no article'a We use no article with:

Comoanv names: I wotkfot A..enturc'

Yea6, month5, days: in 2wt, in July, on Thu6day

Special times of the year at Chdtanas/Eaner

Some parrs of the day: at nightlmidnightlsunset \BW the noning, the afternaan)

[,4eans ol tansporl (n gene?lJ by ca Exi/trainlbus on foot (BIJT on the t'drn b nome\

Meals (in genetal): Dinner is at 7.30. lBUf There w6s a dinnet at the

conference)

a Note the use of 'prepostron + no adide' with certain buildings, wh€n the pumose oi the

buildinq is more impodantthan the place itself. Compare:I spent lwo days in hosPital. (the speaker is not interested in whlch one)

lvly company supplies equipnmt for dE hospital. (one spec f c hosp tal)

Other words of this type which use 'p€position and no article ar€iin lto hosDttal I pison I bed lclasslcounatl towo* lschooll unive6tvlsea I hone

Note how we use'home':be at hone, go hone (NOT ge+e+€rie)

Gen€ral .nd specific meanlngsa when we use a plurel noun or an uncountable noun on its own t has a general meaning

when we put fte in front it has a spec'fic meaning.Cars are nuch safer th6e daYs.I don't undeswd s eaclsheats.Paople can be diffiarlt.

Money nakes the worlcl go rcuncl.

fhe ca6 we make are built to last,fhe sryeadshea'! for March and April ate here.The people in rny office arc allvery fiehdyme flsh I had fot lunch was superb.llaee W got the money I gave yau?fhe dodrlng buttness is very conpetitive.

Te'ir i" sirgdpoft ate abttldant and rwnably pricd, but had to fnd dunng nsh ho'ts' whafl it

nins a"d bealee 11pt cnd nidnirht. Th. .arlJ Jmm th. *irytort to the ..ntql b'tstness

ditrrlet eost arcund t12. (asia-inc m.gzine website)

144 35 ART|C|-ES 2

35 Practice

Exercise t I lI lUnderline the corect wods.I We went to eEalrhe P/ia and saw Leaning Tower// e:49!j!gI9v9r.2 CretelThe Gete isvery beautiful at this time of year.3 My son is in hosp,ta//the hoip,ta/ and can't go to school/the schoot.4 You can go frcm Heathrowlthe Heathrowby underyrcundlthe undergrcund.5 tlelnut Kohlllhe Helnut Kohl was Oancelkrl the Charcel/or who heloed to rcunire Gernanv / the

6 We flew over Ahslthe Alps and saw Mont Ebnclthe Mont thnc.7 h near futurclthe near furure videoconfeEnces will replace many meetings.8 l'rn tiredl Thank goodness it3time to go homelto tome.9 New Yo*llhe l.lew Yo* is in United States/the United States.

I 0 | lsually have /u/,chlthe /unch at aboot one.ll I used to work for Deu6<he Eanklthe Deu5che Bank in City of Londonlthe City of Lohdon al staft/the

nart of my carcer1 2 My son wants to 9o to univeEityhhe unive6ity aftet his e'€ms.1: Do you know take Windemerclthe Lake Windeftnere? n\in Lake Disttict/the Lake Dbtict, in

nadl-westlthe nofth-r\/est of Englandlthe Engtand.14 | bought this suit from Eond Steet/the Eond Strcet.15 The Government should do more ro help thepoorlthe poor people.1 6 On our trip to U(/fhe UK w€ tou.ed around sourh-east/the south-eait and visited Canier.bury

Cathedral / the Canterbury Gthednl.1 7 They wouldn't pay, so we took them to cou.i/lhe coud,18 John lThe lohn is at wo*lthe wotk at homentt the noment.19 We t.avelled to /tarlthe ltaly by carlthe car.20 DanubelThe Danube is the main rjver in Certla/ Eu,.opelthe Central EuroDe.

Exercise 2 IIn each pair of sentences, fill in one space with the and the otherspace with a dash (-) to show no arlicle.I a) ..--j.... profits are increasing acrcss every division of the company.

b) ...!.i.'e.. profits we made last year wer€ up in comparison to the y€ar beforc.2 a) ........... information inyour reportwillbe very usefutto us.

b) ......----. infonation about the Kazakh market is hard tofind.3 a) ........... visitors should sign thei name in the book at rcceprion.

b) ........... visitors from Germanywill be aniving arrcn.4 a) This maqazine article gives ...._...... advice about which nock to buv.

b) Thank you for........... advice you gave me lan week.5 a) ........ bonds I have are all lonqtem investments.

b) ........... bonds are a safe investment when interen rates arefalling.6 a) ........... French expoG to the ren of Europe are up4% this year.

b) ........... French arc wo d leaders in the luxury goods markei.7 a) ..--.--.... manasement is an art, not a s€ience.

b) .....---... managementare blaming the unionsforthe brcakdown in neqoiiarions.

15 af,flclEs 2 t49

Exercise 3 ll ICompletethe second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

1 TEcey is the team leaderrracey !.t-..1.19..!.e,4d9i--. ot ttre team.

2 Your goods are on a ship at the moment.At the momentyour goodsare.. . . . . . . . . . . - - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . sea.

3 Ihe meeting has ended.Thi5 is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ---- . . . . meetrng.

4 Briqhton is at the bottom of a map of EnglandB ghton is ............................ south oI England.

5 Do you have the Internet at your houseTDo you havethe Internet..............-........,,,,, home?

6 We walked tothe nation.We went to . , , . , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . foot.

7 We employ 250 people atthe moment.We employ 250 peop|e..............--............ present.

8 Daniel is still in his office.Daniel is st i l l . . . . . . . . . - -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . work.

Exercise4l l l l l lcomplete the following terts with either the or e dash (-) to show no article. This exercise includes somerevition of unit 31.

150

A

djectives and adverbs

Adiectives and adverbs* An.djective describes a noul].

Last yeat we had a significant indease in prolitsLast yeat prcfitt were much betle. than this year

If yat rdtl bir gdii6 ot ttu sta.k nwk.t yot ittl o tory-rdrd /ie,'. (Thesheer.com

t An adverb eays how (qulckly), when \tanoffow) at where (over.her€) someth n9 happens

G Adverbs ca. come in dfferent poritions. 'How' ddverbs uru. y come afrer rhe verbWe planned evertrhing vety.arefu yIhe ercnony is g.owing slowly.

Frequency adverbs (!n t t) come alr€r be afd .uxitiar es, birt befor€ orher verbs.

She has nevet anlved lateshe never goes thete

Olher 'when' ddverbs can corne before or aller u,e vero.Last year our prclits rose ghtly Aur profits rcse slightly last year

It we have reveral adverbs togerher, the usuat word order s:HOW - WHERE, WHENOur prcfits rcse tlightly in Getmany last yeat (NOT ta4yeer]€-€€+m.ay)

r As wellas describing vefbs, adverb! can a so descrbe adjectves and other adverbs.It's rclatively expensive. (adverb + adjective)He affived extenely late. (adverb + adverb)

a Adverbs.re also covered in units 1,3,5 and 7 (tme expressions);39 (roo, erough);40 (rimewotds like in/an/at, far/sin.e, by/untiD: unirs 43 and 44 (tinkng wo.ds, which nctude'lentence adve.bs': ,hily actually, tn generat, clea y, anw1y): and t)ni| 49 fttends: sates grcwsteadily all last yeat).

B Form of adverbst Many 'how' adverbs are formed by addinq -t to an adjecrive. Atew add -y, -aly, ot -ity,

depending on the spelllng of the original adjective.slov\t slawly slight Jtghtly caretul - .arcfull,full fully dftnatic dranatically steady steadity

som€ adverbs and adjectiv€s have the same form. Examptesin.tude fast, had, early, tate, hiqh,low rbht:, wrcng, dally/ weekly / nanthly tquattertyThis is a fast nachine (adj.) rhis nachine soes very fast (adv)tt's a had decision. (adt)

a

Hes wo*ing very hard at the manent. tadu.)

Note that the adverb hdrdt is nor related ro the mean n9 oJ iard.tt\ so naky t .an hadly thlh*. ('hardly' = almosi noo

Note Lhdr good ( "n ddjeclive ano /e/, s an adverb

She s a good negotiatoL She negotiates we .

36 ADJE<TTVEs AXD ADVEF'S I51

Gradable and non-gradable adiectives

hat, warn, nild, .ool, cold

D

large /big, snall, tiny

Adjectives in th€ middle of the sequence are 'gradable . We can make them stronger or weaker

w th word! ike very d bit, quite, reasonably, relatively, €xtrenely.

The weather was quite hotl.o/d (NOr qsi*e+€iliF94re€"iF9.)

The nealwas very gaodlbad (NOr Yeqf€t€e$e€tle*{C.)

Adjectives at the end of the sequence are 'non'graddb e' or 'extreme'. with these adjecuves we

The talk was absolutely excellentlaMul. \NOI v€ry-€i€ell€na.)

Order of adiectivesa When we have mo.e than one adlect ve we ure thE order:

OpinionSizeOther qualities

ase

wondeiul, lovely, nice, diffi.ult, inpoftant

Iarye, snall, lang, shatt

.heap, clean, quiet, fast

new old, secand'hand

Shape, pattern, colour cnculaa flat, stiped, rcd, black

origin,nationality Ften.h,)apanese,anerican,kandinavianMateial wooden, netal, plastic, steel

Type (what kind?) thitd-geneQtian (phane), ecananic (palicy), safety (device), investmenr(bank), fa.e krean)

words n the final two calegories can be nouns used as adiedivet

Here are some examples:a lo-page Ameri.an legal cantrad Giz€, nationality, iype)a last new sports car (quality, age, rype)an efii.ient wo dwide distribution netwotk (opin on, size, iype)a.heap.ilean eneryy saurce (qLra ty, quality, type)

E Adjectives ending -ing and -ed

a Adieclives endinq -i;9 d€sffibe something we are reading to (oltside !t

Adiectives endirg -ed describe our leelings and reactlons (insde us)

The neeing was very intercning. I was lnterested in your idea about outsourcing

Atio Onli'Ic peside,'t Ke"ifl Randolph says he does not ase tute o the tuub! qf crstonus

beedute he k flot tullf intdst^d in n.ttt na*etn.a 'I 4n irturcstet in qtdliry sa*etinr"

P.itldolph !q$. 'We hdre 100,000 alstoftett, tuhkh is ai intcftstin! unb!,bnt I an nat

,xanagins tha brci ess b^cd o' ,dr" (blsiness review veekly rvebsite)

Other pai6 like this .re: bored /boting, confused lconfusing, ex.ited/exciting,

&A ,"t ,n"ruuut.inallr,g. <utpisedtsu,pnsino, nrcdt ing

Va-\ t touhd h ca.rrrens qrite s!ry sing t tuds sutpised bl het€nnent.

W

a

a

'irc worca than you hlnk,It go€E down to he ktd foor."

52 36 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERES

36 Practice

Exercise 1 * #Complete th€ second sentence so it has a similar medning to the fi6t sentence.

1 Th€re was a s ightfdllin profits in Ap l.. Apnlpro ' rs . . . . . . . fe l l , l i4 [ t lY

2 There was a dramdtic improvement in our share p ce last month.La<r monlh o- shdre pr i (p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Therc hds been a significant drop in demand fof oil over the an few months.Demand for oil ..... ........ over the tast few monrhs

4 Let's have a blef pause for coffee.

Let 's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for cof fee.5 Ther€ has been a steady irnprovement in the inflation figures.

The - f aron f rg.€s

6 There wat a dow recovery in consumer confidence last year

Corjsumer confidenc€ ........ .. .... tast yeaf.7 There has been a gradual rise in unemploym€nt.

unemp|oyne. t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 Thee has been considerable growth in Korean GDP over recent ye.rs

Ove recent years forea. l GOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exercise 2 S *Undedine the cofiect adjective.I cou dn't do any mo.e work lasr night. twasjusr so lhdltirtng.2 I don't think the audience liked the talk. They tooked boted/baring.3 | don't thlfk the audience liked the talk. tt war a bit borcd/boring.4 Your new mulrimedia project sounds really excltedlexciing5 \or laok warnedlwotrying. ls anything the matte.?5 Their profits lasl year we'e exlnemely largelenotmous.7 The r profits lan yea. were absolutely /a.qelenolmous.8 The siles figu€s last month wete uery badltenbte9 Warsaw is absolutely cold/fre€zlng at this time ol year

Exercise 3 !fiCompeie the senlences with one word from rhe list A and one word from st B.

A: badly completely easily extemely heavily quire unexpectedty rve{B: delayed designed heipful iJleqal iate riide promoted rccoqnisabe

1 This su tcase is very ..............'.411..H4d..e............. . ttwJ tast for years and years.2 The new prcduct is being .............................................. you see ihe adveris ev€rywhere3 This website is very . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . I can,t f ind the infomaUon I ne€d.4 YoLr 've been . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I real ly appreciate i t .5 Ouroff icesarc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . lookoutforthe argeftags.t thefront.6 I 'm sorry my f l ight has b . . . . . . . . . . . l , l lcattyouwhenlarrve.7 Tdk ng brjbes i!............. You'l lose yourjob if rhey catch you.8lar ivedatthepesentat ion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dndmissedthef irstpan.

Exercise 4 DPut each group ol words nto the best order

I odjashioned € arge m.ch ne cut l n !

2 wooden square heo ca(ons

3 new package an amaz n9 sottlv:re

4 perod a t f :ns lon three month d f f icu t

5 clrLps computer Tawanese h qh-q!: ty

6 d str.tegy we -panned nvenment

7 access cheap nternet highipeed

8 a new revo uton.ry compuler handheld

9 a powder washinq new wondedul

l0 awfu p lanc cheap souven 19

36 ADjECTIVES AND ADVERBS 153

^ l^raa old-{arhio^ed otti^a M^chr^e

Exercise 5 A B

Compete rhe sentences wih a word lrcm the n below At th€ end of each senten ce wr te rdl. (adlect ve)

or adv (adverb) to show how the word n lhe gap s be ng used

good we lan ian hard hard h€rd y ate ate *€N+ht

' ! \ p e q o q o o o - \ e o M o ^ T n r y a ^ \ p L e I o . d 0 1 0 , 6 '

2 ' ,nr rorry your goods dre qoing to arrve.bo! t a week

I Thar I iqhr 1m€ e too Halen t you got anyth,ng eafler?

4 r . " r r ' I , r . e l p n Q 4 r ' o i o o 1 9 . D . .

5 | wds 50 I red that co! d keep my eyes open

5 The hote wa! , b !1we did. t ke lhe iood rn the rendurant

7 r 's a choice. but th nk Car. B t l - r€ bet ter cand date.

E had ro work very lo gel everything f nished on i rn€

. . . .4dJ

9 rn sorry, do. t lndeEland Yo! re talkr.gloo

I 0 A F l . . F o , . . e " e , l r , 1 S . - 9 o S ^ o n g

Exercise 6 A B

42 Read th s reporr about lhe co.verqen.e of mob e phon€s and ha.dhed compl ters under ne ether the

adlect,ve or adverb e.ch t me.

ll seems (1)54us/rtds.jy, but some

I I people e salking mud wilh a nobile

$on!', a handheld .omplter like a lall! t

pager, and even a n.tebook c.nputer sidr

a \2).artetrrionl katndniannthl keyboaid as

well. These digital devi.es are conlerging

\3)tupilhttidu, but hanltacturers are

findin8 it dilfi.ult to get all the pa.h to

inreSrare (4)rropalpDpajy. contenponry

nobile phon6lml (5)8mdludr, aF Flatiely

(6)B!odla.iJ at endhg short text n6eE6,

blt don'r wort (7) gmdlu?ri as hedheld

conputers. They lack nemory, s)ncho6e

(8) l,adlladl] sith daklop PCs, and ae not

The Net: anywhere,anytime, palm

of your hand19) d!.u/ditr ro w Io! $nting enails. (l2)aafrdJiry and (rl.irapl.,trry0, but srill

s€arlinEforanadd@bmkoEyorscolinE allow phone conpanies to nake a prolit.

throu8h a .ontact xir is (10)sl@rlo ry, nrhEsmnovhsver-e (14)qri t/qd.Uyh L\is

alhough onc you find the 1@e you ce 6U ma, ad lie nmuiactureE who suc.eed in

the pe@n (11) diatldi@try by jnsi torcning Setting oerythin8 (15)flghlryeily ae Soing io

the ph@e nun$er oI olN the bi8 ise in the mke (16) I'rSr,rAdJy prcEts.

tuh@ is Inieftt a(K - it needs to be fast,

in the

A Comparatives and superlativesa We use the comparatve form of an.djectiv€ to compare two sepaEre things.

Comparclve: Model C40A is more poweiul than nodet C2AA.MadelC2OO is less poweiul than madel C4OO

We use the superlatve form to say thar ofe rhing in a grcup has more or ess of a quatity thdn

Supe ative: The most poweiul nadet that we nake is the C6AA.The lezn powedul modet that we make is the C200.

B Formtl The to.m depends on the numberol syllabes in rhe word and the spe nq

Comparative

One syllabe endlng biq

vowel - consonant iot

cheap cheapernice nicer

bigger

One syllableSup€rlative

the btggest

One/two syllables rcky iskielending -/ easy easiel

Two or more noden mote/tess moden the most/least nademsyllablee expensive morc/less expensive the most/teast expensiveA fid,.ltit"E .o,tn t is atu oI the longst ahd most sophistieatell tld ntucnot! uilL avet sitn.(Ent.cprcne!r hnemrtion!l lvcbsite)

a Note that one-syllable adjeclives ending in s ngt€ vowet - sinqte consonant doubte the f nalconsonant, and lhal -y becornes ibig - bigger flat - flafter wet - wetteleasy - Pasie. nosy - hoisiet happy - hoppiel

o Some two-syllable adj€ctives .an Io.m n eirher way. Ex.np es irclrde cteve, cannan, nanowpalfte, quiet, sinple tied.comman commonerlmorc common the .onnanest /the l'i,ost cannon

I Note thai Iong .dject ves have both nole/most .nd /ess//easr, but shorr adjecrives onty have

o Note the followino rffegular lorms:good better rhe ber.

the wotsttar fanhet/fulther

Jdpdi\ e.o"o"'), is @ah.intr. h' .l'r,e\ af reco'ery io'n the uo^t ttowdotuh sifte Watd Wot IIdt leui'ts sn'allet d t1 rnaller crcry /dl (Yahoo tsusines NeNs lvebsire)

3t coMPARll{G I 155

C Other pointsa We use t,an to link the things we arc.ornparing

This yeafs profits wll be a little hlgher than last War'sIt's a lat morc difficult than I thought at fi51.

seeunits35and37 a Beforc a superlative we use ahe or a possessive form.This k theloutlDigicon's nost pawerful madel

a comparative and superldtive adjectves can be used without a noun if the mean ng is clear frcm

the.ont€xt.Theh lewl of seMice is good, but ours is better

Digicam prcduces a rarge of nodels, but this one is the most poweiul

a The present perfeci with ever is often used with sup€ atives

This is the mon powEtlul machine that vtP have ever prcclu.ed

This is one ol the best meals I have evet eaten

Tlp Btdzilid,i !ry.ri'd'/]ct .l'di, Pno d. Alt@r ryatted d ltoit oI USS167 )ht tdst vcdr, the

ldrgst i! has eoet Md.. (Business NNs Americas $ebsite)

D Comparing equal thingsa we can compare tlvo equal thinqs wirh (/urt) a5... a5. We sav that two things are not equa

with notas .. a5. The adjectives do nol change.

The C600i is Aust) as powe.lul as the C5oo.

The C40o is not as powerlul as the C600.'Ii?

k i" ail tncct irc ahout 'ryply and doi|id io'dd,ie nk L Pally is as sinpte as nt.

(Gulf Busines Mag.,ine wcbsitc)

h\ !iI\ zood to bc knu oI ro/t totpotation - j6t not as lood ds n $ed to tr( (Bustrlesswcek

E Comparing actionsa wh€n we compare action5 we can use an auxiliary at the end oi the sentence.

fhe C6OO runs fastet than the C400. OR The C600 tur|J fastet than the C400 does

Yau",e done morc wotk than me. OR You ve done mote work than I have

156 37 COMPAR|I{G I

37 Practice

Exercise l IltIUnderline the correct words.1 The new line should be50 ptofrtable aslasJ|lgijabbjjrhe otd one.2 This handset is tlre mo5t profrbuelthe n,orc prcfitable we,ve ever made.3 This veGiof of the programme is the most recentlrecenfer.4 fte guarantee is a year longer rharlrhatwith our otder modets.5 Nothing is wo6elworst than dsring a flight b€cause of traffic.6 This printer is one of the benlbefer on the ma*et.7 the meeting wasnt /ong as/as /ong a5 | thought.8 Today the sha.e p ce is mo€ t€dlwoAe than it was yesrerday.9 l'm soary, the journey took /orger fianlahe /ongest we expected,

10 We'll be theE soon. lts not much lar€flfur|fie..

Exerc ise2l I I IComplete the sentences with a comparative or superlative fom ofthe adjective in brackets. Include ar,,other necessary words fike fhe, mote, less, as ot than,l coca-cola is ...!.1-e--.hf4395J... (big) sofr drinks manufactlrer in the word.2 This keyboard is quite di f f i (ul t to use. l t ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gmall) the one t ,m used to.3 The conference was a ljttle disappointing. tt was ............................. (intereninO texpected.4 Yesterday was one of ............................. (hot)daj6 of the year5 | think this suggestion is ----..............-_-- (good) the other one.5l t l impossibletochoosebetw€enthesetwoproducts.Oneis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {good)theother7 The flEt found of negotiations was easy. The nextwillbe............................. (d fficu t).8 We?e only a small company. We?e not ............................. (targe)the market leader in our sector.9 This year our sales figure are .................__..____.... (bad) tast year.

10 This is ...................-......... (bad) case of corruption we,ve seen for yea15.

Exerc ise3l l l l lPut ale suitableword in each space.1 We are bigger ....1.14!\.... GNC, but Satco are ......!!9.... biggest in the market.2 | c;n see you either day. One day is .............__._ good ................. the other3 Nobody knows more about elecvonics ................. Ti4 Of couue l ' l lspeak to him.l tsthe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tcan do after al lyour hetp.5 solly, 5% dis.ount is my.best ofter. tt3 the ................_ | can do.6 He is one of the.-............... diflicult customers thave ever deattwith.7 Everyone els€ had wo*ed a lot longer on the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 idonl think that this market is - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r isky.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i twas.9 Ihe restaurants are the same. This one is ......._......... as expensive ................. that one.

10 This estaurani is better for us. tts ..___............ as expensive ................. that one.

' 7 COMPARING 1 I57

E x e r c i s e 4 A B C DCom p ete the second sentence so t has a similar meaninq to the fi6t sentence

1 D.v d s a beter technician lhan P.Lrpa!l s nor 1]t-..ieed, .4 t?eh^ici1'.^ 4{......... Davd.

2 Nobody at KBN s d better nvestment dnalyn than Caro.

caro s the . . . . . . . . a t KBN

3 l haven't read.s many secl ons ot the repo.t.5 you

4 lexpected the rneeling to .n longerp r " e r . g d i d . - a - . . .

5 Olr tra n ng bLdget isnt as b I as yours

'ou ' d,n ing b-do" . . . .

6 No present.ton ve given B more rmpo.tanl than th s one

7 This speaker s more nleren ng lhan the .rt one

The an speaker wds not

8 la te e$ ih .n Georqe d id

I d dn ' t

9 No one n the team hae bet ter commu n .a l on sk s tha. lane

10 hsve rarely me1 a more nleresl n9 person

Exercise 5 A B

?f43 Complele the nragazne ar t ic le abo! t nvestment optons wi th the comparr t ive or e!perat !e lorms of the

adlect,ves in brack€ts

lnvestment choices: risk and rewardlr this rFoo $e1F gornt ro ooh at l5e three mai. types o'

l inre: rnelLs:cdc. t - bdih ar cour lsJ, bonds ( longrerm loals

that glve a fxed rate of rctum) and stocks (equities). The

\L) . . . . . . . . . . . . * .P: t . . . . . . . . . . . . (sa ie) is cash, and the fact that

this has less rlsk than the othefs means lhat it also has a

( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( l o w ) r e t u f n . l i y o u w a n t a

(3) . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (good) return you shou d .onsider

bonds. These are fxed interesi investments, and are a

(4) . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . . . (a t i ract ive) opuon than cash,

padicu arly when interest .ates afe talling- The

(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . ( r lsky) form of investment

s stocks. They offer the chance of much

(6) . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (great) prof i ts over the long terrn,

but you might make a loss if the company does badly. The

{7) . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . (bad) case scenar io is that ihe

company goes bankrupt and you lose every'thing-You can

reduce the risk by investlng in a tund rather than individual

stocks. Funds that invest in developed ecofomies are a

(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . (sensibLe) chojce tor mosi people,

as the markets have more liquid ty and it s

(9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . (easy) for the fund manager to buy

and sell. Blt iher€ are also emergng market funds that invest

in counties like China, India or Turkey. These markets are only

ro. the (10) - . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . (aggressrve) nvesrors or

a l l as they have much (11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . . . (h ig l r )

volatillty.

S o w f a r i s L i e L l 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , B o o dsolution? [4ost linancial advisors recomrnend a balance. In the

middle oi your career you can afford to have a

(13) . - . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( large) pan o i your nvestmenrs

as slocks, pehaps 60-€0%, with some bonds lor stabillty and

casl 'or erergencres. A( voJ ger ( I4 l , , , , , , , . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . .

(neai retkement you should consider switching most or your

rnoney io bonds, and increasing your available casl_

A Large and small differences. We can !s n9 adverbs of deg.ee (see unit 39) to ralk abour dffercnces.

Product Product

A B

llsino more... a,rrdn

5224 $200 Ais a bit/ a liftle bit/shghtly more expensve than B.

$ 300 $200 A is cansiderably/ nuch / a lorlfar more expensive than B

Using d5. . . as

$120 $200 a is nor neart ar expensive ds B.

$ 1 80 $2 00 A s, almanl nearly / not quite as expensive as B

$400 $200 A is nrlce ai erperslL€ as L

$450 $200 A is more r,ia?r lwlce as expensve as B

Forig cilnr!. r'd*.x dr.I ntorc nldtilc dtu| Mfrdktdhb than @ntoditi.s ndrkets.(Afriqn Busnre$ Dusrzine webs,te)

a We can lse ev€, to emphasise the compdison.

lapd,t it a ftutry .fitl ..f lisribtto^, i/,oksnh^ dd othct,tid. eh?r. Ih. dislttdtia causad by rhthtnt.t corl.l b( e"en gtatet th.n ih th. US. (FT.conr vebsirc)

B Other stru(tures with comparativesa We can say that someth i9 is increasing or decre.s ng by using iwo comparattves tinked by ano.

The peRonal pensions natket E grcwihg bigget and biggerhvestoR are beconng morc and morc sophistkated,

a We can say lhat one situation depends on another by using rhe and one cornpararive fo owedby the and another comparative.The longer the strike goes an, the morc diffi.ult it witt be to find a sotution.TIr bilfet the .onpd y atu| thc latget i$ asu, the !rcatet hc oppota'1ty ta ye ttuken.tors.If.iri.irr @usine$week odine website)

a These phrases are also us€ful for compaing things:exacfly/justlalnost/nea y/vinuallylmore or less/rcught rhe same ... as ...

exactlyljust lvery/ norc/ less/ quite /a bit/a ltttte keconptetetytquite/slightty d Jferent Ircm

, .omparcd toltn compatison withOhliae /etaik^ aith 30 d,tployts harc to ollet exaet| the 'ane tervi.e as ttuding raflpdnk\ oithhna@l i'i bilions oI anos. (Connedis website)

C Phrases with superlativesI Theee phrases are cornmon wiih superlatives.

One oi the largest rctailing graups in Latin Anei.a .Byfar the/Easily the latgen retailing grcup in Latin Aneri.a.The second/third/fourth /aryest retailing grcup in Latin Anerica

The rc.essian that fallotnd tlp dolb oisn o.f 1994 vas one of the wotst in Me'i.dn httary(Global Business Mrgazine vebsite)

r8 COMPARING 2 159

Comparing adverbsa In genelal, adv€rbs lo ow exac(ly the same rules as adlectives.

hard, hardeL the hatdestearly, earlieL the earliesteffi.iently, mote/less efficiently, the most/least efficiently

o The adverb, wel/ and badly arc neq:r)ar

well, bettet the best batlly, vwrse, the wa6t

a We can use the same stfirctur€s as adlectv€s.

ln the 1T sectar peaple ate having to wak hader and hatder to get promotian

The qui*er we can sign the deal, the sooner vve can staft prcductton'nor arfrnq ntat tlre US slotudow is dbout to end alftost as soon ds it begdn nis\ the pai,t

ardrlY (Businesweek *bsite)

a We often need comparative and superative adverbs when the verb has the form oi a prcsent

partc pe (do,nq) or a past participle (done).

Karea is one af the most rapidly developing counties in the vvo d

This product is morc atttactively designed and mote solidly built'lL.

D.t Dei\th. tsdrk ill be bettet placed to tr i^ sttolg .otlrante Ektia$hipt to hen.ft JNtkth. t?stnmni'K a d v&A bookt dik"tly happetinr 44osj Eurl. (Busines Wcet websrte)

E Comparing nounssae uni! r0 a We compare nolns usrng the words beow

''' Countabe norns (prcducte, people, customels, bankt

morc, fewe, the most, the fewest, (nat) as nany ... as

we have fat morc people wo*ing fot us naw than tuo yeas ago

we don't have as many produds on the maket as tua yeats aqo

Uncountable nouns (t me, money, Iniomation, progress)

more, less, the most, the least, (not) as much asI n watking as a freelancet now and t eam considetably iess money

I dan't have nearly as mu.h time fot reading as twould like

D

One syllable:Two sy abes ending -)a

Two or more syllables:

ULLY !1 MkKet lltt tAne hslhKet ftflr tErEhLWM Mne - Buf |7 ltftKEs1ftEA '0 MUul

150 3a COMPAR|I{G 2

38 Practice

Exerc ise l FF$igGUndeiine the correct worcis.1 The new design is considetably note lightlljg\@trhan rhe old one2 Therc a€ nearly twice as many people wo*ing he€ aslthan last y€ar3 Th€ sooner they decide, it's betterlthe betterlot ut all.4 Ihees each tine nore/morc and nore invesrmefi in China everyyear.5 We have the nearly largenlthe iecord /a4gen md*et sharc in Tlrkey.6 Th s modelmight be bettet fot yo,r.lr's slightlylquite less expensive.7 This is our tuterlfanen selling prcduct.8 Ev€rythings getting more and note expslsivetexpeniver and expensiver.9 lf needed, could this prodl]dion line go nore quickly/more quicker?

l0 lt's a little more expensi!€, but the quality is much befterlmorc befter.1 1 Our sales this year are virtually the same aslihe equa/ ot bn yeal1 2 This is one of fhe besf/the v!e// o4anised conferences l've ever been to.

Exercise 2 d ;Wite a word or phrase from the list next to a similar wod or phrase betow

YrcNilly a bit roughly exadly much

nearly/ . . .v i f t !44!!y. . . . a t i t t te/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tat / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .To e or less/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )us\ l

Now complete these sentences byw ting the pairs ofwords/phrases ln the space,1 Theyte siml af. They'€ .. ..I9,rXh1y.1-!,.PI3...?1...\e11.... p same.2 They're very simi lar They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the same.3 They're identical. They?e ......... the same.4 X costs $580 and Y costs t600. X is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cheaper5 X costs $400 and Y cosls $600. X is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cheaper

Exercise 3 mRewrite each sentence using a supe.lative with a present parricipte (ddrg) or a pasr padicipte (done).I Few c.edit cads are accepted as widely as Visa.

visa s probauy ........ih9...r.o..!..!..*j.d9ly...4slepJ#-........ (edit card.2 No market is growing as fan as China.

Chlna is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . market.3 Few watches on the market are designed as cleve y as the new Seiko.

The n€w Seiko h one of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watches on rhe marker.4 F€w of olf products are sellinq as well as this.

This is one of our . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . prcducts.5 Few f.cts about Oracle arc less known than this.

This is one of _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___ . . . . . lacB abourorace.6 No area of business is changing anything like as |apidly as biotechnotogy.

By far ..................-... . of business is biot€chnology.

38 COMPARING 2 161

E x e r < i s e 4 A E : c EA company wants to move premises and ther€ are s€veral options. Read the deta s in the table

Possible new premises size (square rent per .unning .osts distance frommetres) square metre per year city centre (km)

Dockldnds 2a5 5500 $120,000 4(.onverted warehouse)

City View Businest Park 300 $350 $125,000 12

Nelvtown IndustrialAre. 310 $200 $105.000 30

Now complete the sentences wilh the phrases from the n below

5l€htt not nea.ly by iar a lot mo.e than tlvice roLrqh y the sdme

slighty le55 conrrderably ess a mosl as much almost as mdny

1 The three oprons are allaboul the sarne sze, but N€Mown 6 tl'{htly .. arqer

2 lhe runn n9 costs at Do(k lands and Ci ly Vrew are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 The runn ng costs at NeMown are than the olher lwo pacei

4 There '5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sq lare melres dt Dockands.s a l CtyVew

5 Theres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . space at Docklands as at C ty View

6 The rent at Nev!,town . ...... than at ih€ other two places.

7 The rent ar Docklandr s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the reni at NeMown

8 Docklands is .. ih€ c osert to the c ty centre.

9 n terrns of access to the centre, NeMown is ..... as convenrent as C ty vew.

10 You d have io t rave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iur ther to get to NeMown

E x e r c i s e s A B C D E

a' 44 -ao. ct the ldble en co'nol.re r'e p'ese^tot,o e\racl w tr ohra-es 1on t e li-t belo^

iF-€6+apa+is€€-r'.iih hry ce as much tw ce .s m.ny a lot a little

ditlerenl limil.f by f.r contideraby more roughly lhe same

sales $ mil. % .hange Profit ! mil. % chanse

Ch€won 50.000 42 5,000 150

Texaco 52,000 43 3,000 116

Exxon l/obil 210,000 29 16,000 102

'if we look atthe igur€sforthe oilsecior lasl year. you can 5€e that the three larg€st uS companies alldid

very well (1) .!l..S9Yp4dtel...t'{-t.1. ttre previous year

Lets sta|t by comparing chevron and Texa.o. Then sabs were (2).................................. , athouqh

chewon rnade (3) ................-................. profit. Looking at the year-on-year trcnd you can see thai the

percentage change in sales was very (a) . ....... ..... ......... betlveen the two companies, wh€reasthe

change ln profits was quite (5) ............. .. . . ln fact, Chewon3 p.ofits qrew

(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - iaster - 150o/o co.npared to I167o.

Now lerS look at Eson Mobil, the mafkel leader. The table shows that Exxon is (7)

the largest company, with more than (8) ...... . ......--........... s.les as ch€won and Texaco combined,

and exacily (9) .................................. pmfit. ln terms of percentage 9rowth, Exxon's figures w€re(10) . . - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lower than i ts two.ompet i to6. '

A Adverbs of degree, Adve65 of degree show how big or lmponant something is They mdke the mean ng weaker

(small degree) or stronger (large degree).

Larqe degree:

quite fairly, prev rathec rcannably, relativelyertrenely, rea y, very absolutely, completeiy

Mdr( Fdliet k noted a' d sl@tly t@,nn Lat ali rery Aonate ,1dtk!t ipst.r (^six it).Dr.gazine website)

a Look at thes€ examples

W th adtect ves: tt was a litlle expensive / Bthe. strcnge tvery prafessionat.Wrth adverbs: tt was done a bit tate / quik quickty lvery prafessionalyWith verbe |rca y tlisagree. fhey ve increased thelr affer a lit{e.Wirh comparatives: ft s a bit/slightty/contiderabty/nuchl a tot cheapet

B loo, enough, not enougha Ioo means 'more th.n it necessary or good'. A/or enough means tess than is necessary or

good'. Enough rneans as much as 6 necessary'or 3uflicient.

The salary is too low.Advefbs: l'n mtry it goes too slowly

The salary isn't high enough.In sa1y, it isn\ fast enoughThere isn't enough timeTherc's too mu.h work

a Note the potitrons: bo comes before adjecrives, adverbs and nouns; erough comes afreradtectves and adverbs, but before nouns

a We 6e too many/few + puralnouns.nd roo muchl/1ft/e + uncolntabt€ nounsfhete ate too many people intolved in the proje<t.I think we speht too much money on the (onsukants.

a We can eave olt the noun if the mean n9 is de.rJust a liftle nilk, please Not too mu.hTherc are six.hai6.ls that enough?

C Other structurer with too and enoughAfter too and enoug, we can l]se a phrase wfth for.Their delieEry tim?s are too bng lor us.Hare we gat enough .hans for everyone?

Aiter too and erough we can lse a ro infnitive.Sales arc too slaw to make nuch profit.We dan't have enough tirr,e to do evetfihins

Srntlt pfi, n,Ja/Dtatiat te.lutoLog' is jt{l nor n"patatlt douth o itt otut1 to geretate a rjtdinetlr.o/.rr. (FT.con s€bstre)

39 ADVERBS OF DEGREE 163

D So and st|ctlt We use ro and ru.h for emphasis.

50 with adjectives and adverbs:Such a with ddjec(ive + singuldr noun:Su.h/So nary/So few with plural nouns:

The neeting finished so qui.kly.

tt was su.h a qui.k meeting.

You have such fiendly.olhagues.

We sold so nany policies last nanth!

Suchlso nuch/So little with uncountab e nolns: tt was su.lt good advi.e.

I have so much wotk to do.'S$h a big nerfd h6 htry .ohpetittue ihrylietions,' says d seniot Cirhan bdikih! etuttiE.(Busine$rffeek onrine websire)

t Solsuch and too are different. solsuch express an opinion which can be either postve or

negative. Ioo suggests a dfficulty. thal something cannot be done.Therc are so nany people involved in the project (its just my opinion)Therc are too nany people invohed in the prcject. (w€ need to reduce the number)

solsuch can be used wilh that to express a result. Ioo cannot be used with that.The neeting finished so quickly that t was hone by 5.30. (NOT r€€€!i€kt+ha{)

Quite, fairly, p,ew or rathena Quite. tairly and ptettynean'a medium amount.

'Likt htott brtilctstt, trt'ft fairly .dttiott dbort tIMt ktitht onE in thc $t .ary1c af :la.a$,

"'ar y bktse oI'lk Alii" srndrtor.' (busnress revicw lveekly websirc)

a In Amercan English pretty is a common wayol saying very'.

a We can change ih€ meaning of gulre in British English by stress n9 the adjectve in speech. fhemeaning changes to'very'. This is called und€Etatement.The rcstaurant v,las WjE good. (normal meaning: it was OK)The rcstaurant was qule g99g!. (unde6tat€ment: it was very good)

a nather ako me;ns'a medium amount', but it often suggests that someth ig s bad, surprs ngof unusu;|. lt is more formal.It s rathet late to do anything royv (lt3alinetoolar€,'m.frad)The restaurcnt was rathet good. (l enjoyed t, surpr s ngly)

a W th a comparative we can only use /aiher, not qu,te.The neenng bok nther longer than I expeded. (NOT qsir€-l€ng€r)

r With some adjectives qutte means 'absolute y' o. 'complete y'. These incllde:absurd .ertaradifferent, hopeless, inpossible, ndicubus tighL sure, ttue, wrcng.I'n quir€ certain about this. (= absolur€ly certain)Are you surc that s qrite rtghf? (= complet€ly fght)

'ntlJq d, *. h4t dd y' y4 4t P e raL ^q4r '64 14 'e44.ofia 4n'4t t.4.'

164 39 ADVERBS OF DEGAEE

39 Practice

Exercise l XHHMatch each phrase l+ with the ph€se aFh) with the closen meaning. Be careful-some arc sim ar.

2 lt's quite slow-3 l t ' s E t h e r s l o w

a) lt3 comparatively slow

b) lt's slightly slow

c) lt3 fairly s ow.

d) lt! a little too slow' m afra d.

Entr!

5 l t s s o d o w

8 lts not dow enough.

e) lwant it to be even slowerf) Theres a problem. lwant it to be faster

9) lt really is very jow

h) OK. Thats as slow as it needs to be.

tr!u!

Exer<ise2l l !glJnderline the correct words,1 The salary they are suggening sounds so goodlioo ooodto be truel2 Therc were so fewlso ftde customers that lwent home ea y.

3 We can't pullout now Thete\ too ,r,u.hltoo nany money nvolved4 lt was suchlso a boring meeting that I neart fell asleep.5 The meeting was suchl5o boring that I nearly fell asleep.6 I had to say'no' - the cosl was so nuch l too nuch lor the budget l was g ven.7 \Ne had so nuchlso nany new business that we needed extra statf.I I had so nuchlso nany rcports to w te that I put the answefing machine on.9 We have Jo fewlro rftle infomatioa that we can't make a decision,

1 0 The meeting was so shoriltoo short to cover all the points properly.11 Can you help me? l'm notenough Ellltallenough ta reach the iop shelf.12 There sn't erough morey / noney enough ir,Ihe budget tor your idea.

Exercise3tr [nComplete the sentences with one of these words: too, erot"gh, sq such, much, many, little, few.

I ls your coffee .....-t99.... hot? Would you like a little more milk?2 | had ................. ................. trouble finding somewhe€ to park that I affived ate.3 | had . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . problems f inding somewhere to park that I arr ived ate.4 There were ................. ........-....---. replies to the last mailing thatwe won't do anoih€r.5lhad.. . . . . . . . . - -- . --- . . . . -- . ----- . . : . .cashonmethat lcouldn' ievenbuyasandwich.6 The price of thejrshar€s is................. high to buy any more right now7 Wete rnaking -................ progr€ss that we should finish a w€ek ea y.8 Wete expecting a lot of people. This room won't be large ................. .9 l c o u l d n ' t d o a n y w o r k o n t h e t r a i n . l w a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i € d t h a t l f e l l a s l e e p .

10 5he speaks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - quicklyfor me to undernand.11 They pay ................. late that we won't.eceive the money untillune.12 Thats.. . . . . . . . . - - . . . -- a good idea. l t ' l ls3ve usthousands of dol lars.

39 ADVERBS OF DEGREE 165

Exercise 4 !ELook at the table below, then combine the sentences, using either so..- that... or such ... that... .

1 a) Ther€ w.s a big drop in their share pice. + Investo6 b€came v€ry nervous.

b) The drop in therr share price was very big.

2 a) The advertising campaiqn was very slccessful. + Sales incrcased by 25% per month

b) The advertising campaign was a success.

3 a) Our oder processing system works very well. + Most goods are dispatched wirhin 48 hours

b\ we ' dve d very good order procesing ryilem.

4 a) That company has very large bank debts. + Iheres a isk twll have io cos€ down.

b) Ihat compdnys bank debts arc very large.

5 a) The Internet conne.tion is very fd5t. + Web pages appeaf almost instanly

b) There is a very fast Intemet connecton.

1 a) rhere was t$s..h..4..F14..C1-.9r..il...lherf..tkle..rIisg..lh4.i. investors becam€ very neruous.b) The drop in theirlhare price was .................tq hi4...tl*t................. investo6 became very nervous.

2 a) The advedising campaign was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sales i fcreased by 2s% per rnonlh

b) The advertising campaig ................ sal€s ncreased by 25% per monih.

3 a) Ou. oder process ng synem works ...... .. .......... most goods are

dkpatched w thin 48 ho'r6.b) we have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . most goods arc dispatch€d wthin 48 houB.

4 a) That company has .... ........... there! a risk it w have to close down

b) That companys bank debts are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . theres a r isk i w have

to close down.5 a) The lnlemet connect ion is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web pages appear alrnost instant ly

b) There is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . web pages appeaf aLmon instant ly.

Exercise 5 m mCornplete the second sentence so il has a similar meaninq to the fi6t sentence and conta ns the word in

brackets.

1 | d dnl buy that laptop because the screen was too small. (eiough)

lddllbt,ylhal aplop oecdue th4 4raan v'^'^'t'' lar4e e^ough

2 The prcblem was so difficult lhat I rcferred it to my Lne m.naqer. Gud)

I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that I e ferred i t to rny l ine manager.

3 There weren't enolgh copies of ihe agenda. (lew)

There. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o f the49enda.

4 The€l not enough space on this spreadsheel fo. all the results. (little)

Thercs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th s spreadsheei for a l l the resul ts .

5 i was such a good presentation thatthey gave us the contraci immediately. Go)

The. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . - . . . . . . . . ih . t theygav€!sthecontract immedatey

6 | so d too few units lan month to get a bonus. (enough)

| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . last month to get a bonus.

7 l've got su.h a busy schedule that I can't m€et you uniil ne( T!e!day. ($)

My sched! e. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that lcan ' t meet you unt i l nextTuesday

8 We've sent out lots of brcchurcs and we' need to print some morc. (many)

We've sent out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . we' l l n€ed to p int sorne more.

9 I haven't got enough tlme to prepare forthe m€eting. (too)' ' v e g o t - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o p r € p a r c f o r t h e m e e t i n q

A tn.

ime adverbs

on, at, no prepositionthe noning /.tune I the sunnet / the thnd quadet / 1998 /the sixties /

the twentteth century

oti Fri.laylfriiay noning/the 2nd of Aprlllthe seend/Chtistnas Day

.t thrce fifteenlthe weekend/the end af the week, nonth, ei../night/

Eastea Christnas, e\c. / breakfast, lun.h, dinnel

no preposilion this morninglyestetday afternoon/last night/the day befote yestetdayta few

days ago/ last week/ tamanow narning / the day after tanarrow / next week

The wod nbht has some special iorms:t vvake up three times in the nighr (= during rhe n ghl)tt happened on ftiday night l= one panrcular nrShl)The hatel is quite noisy at night (= in genera when it is n Sht)

t We can use /, fo. the t me t takes to complele somelhingThis productian line can uoduce 8A vehi.les in a day.

We can a so use in to ta k about 'time fiom now'The new afflces will be rcady in two montht/in two months' tine.

B On time oJ in time?t O/r time.neans at the right iime' /n tlm€ meafs 'with enough time'

fhe plane taak off exa.tly on lirne. (notlaleandnoteary)

We affived at the aipad in time to have a meal. (early enolgh to do somerh ng)

ttsnnr.q prt lt at dkpakh.tl on ti'ne it tu siut)lat task J;tr\ a y L,.ttis*t anpa y(ConDcctr \Lcbsltc)

C Foh since, during, aEosee aho unn 5 a We lse lor and slnce with the present pe.fect to talk about sonrething conrinuinq up to ihe

present we use for to ra L aboui the period of I me and shce to say when t staded.t've lived here tor six nonths. (per od of lime)tve lived herc sin.e tanuary. Foint in time when t narted)

We can a so use for with other tenses, a nd sornet rnes we c.n leave I o!t.I m staying in the UK fot a yearThe training peiod laned (for) six months.

t We.an ule dur;49 to talk about perods of time. Ourlng aneweB the question'When?'For

answeB the question 'How long,I didn t feel neNous dunng rry prere,tation. (when?)

She talked for about thifty minutes. (how long?)

t Ago rneans'beforc the present'.lt is used with the pan sjmpe.tcane hete six nonths ago. (NOT 5in€€+*-rF€€{ha)

t To refer to . time before another t me we use beforc (that) at pteviausly.I came here six manths aqa. Before that/Previously, I lived in Rone

40 TIME ADVERBS 167

D During oJ while?. Duni?g is a preposition and comes before a noun ph 'ase White is a nkinq word and cones

before a cause Gubject + verb).t naved into the na*eting area duing my time at Bacardi.I naved inta the na*eting arca while I was wotking at Ba.ardi.

E By or unfina Symeans'on or beiore'. Untilmeans'up to'.

t need your repott by Friday. (on or befor€ Friday - perh.ps Thu6day)She'll be away until kiday. (allthe time up to F day)

If hihg' haatrt clnnted dnft'dtiuly bf 2006, then Cenhal Euape . udte laadbye ta a ldryepdrt o.f its drti-food b6i'tc$. (Business Cenrml Iurcpe website)

When we lse by we look back. When we use unnT we ook forwdrd.By ten I had deaft with all ny e...'ails.lwaited until ten and then lleft.

F fhen, afterwardt after, Iatera Then and afterwatds arc \,ery simial lhen s used like ,next, n a sequence Afterwards s used

like al a late. iime' or 'after something eke has happened, and can come al the end of a

FiEt we discussed last nonths' sales, and then the advettising canpaign.We discussed the problem, and aftetwatds evertthing was OKIt was a long neeting and we went fot a dink afretwads.

Cooglc w6 gouirr vcry, ucry Iast at lrc tin'e. W. rcalizetl .w rceded a lot oJ dkk spda, an.l la tulwrt ott drd botght I 20 hatd diat $iry all oI ow oedit &d' rnd aw Tic ds' oedit .aftl!. Ptcuytao" aJt.tuadr, M rot soue pnrdrc i vestntutts thtotqh Stdilod Uti,cttity. (tsusiness We€k

a After s uslally folowed by an object.After the meeting I need to speak to you.We discussed the problen, and after that everythidg was OK.

a tater means 'after some time'.Satah Janes isn't here at the nonent. Can you cone back laAr?

G Calendar referencesI ln the UK people say the tenth of )une at June the renih and wite Day/Month /year 1A/6/03.

a ln the USA peoplE say June ren and write Month/Day/\ear 6/1A/A3

16A 4(' TIME ADVERBS

40 Practice

Exercise 1ff

1 . . . . . i1 . . . . + par i ! o f ddy ( the evenjng) 9 . . . . . . . . . . . + yedrs (199s)2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + longer re l is ious hol idays (Eaned rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+dayslMandah3 ...... . ... + me.l times (dlnner) j j . ....... + ddr€s (5 May)4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+speci . ldays\mybinhday) t2 . . . . + rnonrhs C4ug!5t)s ................. + ong periods fthe finereerrh cenrud B ................ the weekend6 ........... .... + clock times (four fi,lay) 14 ...... ... the noment7 ....... + day + pad ol day lMonday norning) j5 ....... . ..... that day8 . . . . . . . . + seasons (d,e win ler) 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . theendof theyeal

Exercise 2 mIt is now Wedn€sday aflernoon. Put rhese phrases into order. wiih 1 ds rh€ rnon distanr tf ihe past, andl4 as th€ mon distant in rhe fururc.1 . 4 . . . 2 . . . . 3 . . . 4 . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . N O W 7 . . . . . 8 . . . . . 9 . . . . . . 1 0 . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . 1 2 . . . 1 3 . . . . . . t 4

a/ a rew oays ago h) nexi weekb) tonight i) rh s even n9c) in a fewweeks'time D this morn n9d) in a forlnight k) the day belore yenerdaye/ n an houf l) tomorrow eveniigt) tast night m) yesterday morniigg) tast week n) the day after tomorrow

Exercise3tsHryqEFSUnderline the coffect words.I Sorry | was or.rt of the offi.e tLi:Bltjtg/in this norning.2 'll glve yo! a callrexi h7e€klat next week.3 8ye.l'llsee you the day aftet tamonowlthe next day.4 W€ have a secuity guard io look after the p€mises at the nbh at night5 lt3 very imporiant to .rrive at meerings o, tiDelrr r/r)re in rhis couniry6 I yor ani\e an tinetih tirr,ewe can latk a tittte beforc rhe meet ng staa(s.7 Thejoint venlure has been operating successfutty fo r/duing \hrce yearc.8 We had one or tlvo problems forlduting rhe sunmer. bul thtnqs are OK now9 I started working here stnte twn yea5tt yo year5 ago.

l0 The market crashed. Lu.kiiy thad sold my shares a few months agolbelore.11 During/While Ihe meering I made a lot of notes.12 During / While she was talking I made a lot of nores.13 lt happened during/while dot com shaEs wer€ booming in 2000.14 t happened during I Mile the dor-.om boom of 2000.1s We hav€ to finish this prcj€cr bylurtl the end of rh€ month.16 l lavetowoAlale r t tbF here unrl /byeighr t-5 evF^ 1917 We rcviewed the training plans, and a/?erlrhe, tatked abour the cost.1 8 We had lunch, and afterwardrla/rer I showed them round the factory19 Afte\/ardslAfter lun h I showed them round th€ facrory20 | cant talk now. I ll c.li you laErlafteMardstoday.

/TI' TIME ADVERBS 169

Exercise 4 SMake questons r.rsing Horv /org and the present perfect. Make answef using for or sirce

I O (How lonq/yoL/work'e'e), Hob lo^{ Mw yor' }]CfKeg l'gl-4 L

A: (abour six months). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-"r .4!e! t t rx. . . ' . r" tk, . . . . . . . .

2 Q: (How lonq/you/have a rubsidiary in Portuqal?) ...A 0998) . . . . . . . . . .

3 Q: (How long/Peter Middelhoff /be cEO?) . . . . . . . . . . . .A r lLF s l .4 of as_ yea, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Q: (How ong/your company/hdve the same Logo?) ....... ...

a r twenty vedr5) . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Q: (How ong/youlown your Ielekom shares?)

A /privati,ation)

6 Q: (How long/you /know Alex scot t?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A : { a o T t r e r

7 Q: (How long/you/ l lve in th is town?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. ( lwas bo 'n) . . . .

Exerc ise5kQfE

Vdr 45 complete rhe d alogue w,th one ot these wods.loL since dunlg, while, aga, befote, aftet, afteNvards.

rNiErivrE\rnl wcll, perhaps you could bcgin by telling us a lide bn about your career hntory? And

0) ...6-f.-19ry6.':C1.. *e'[ tnovc on ro your cu.renr job.

ALEss^NDRo Yes, ofcourse.Well,l g..tdurted froln Bocconi Univcfsity in Milan five years

(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I wrs at Bocconi (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about s ix ye. !s , ind

(a) ........................... rhat period I worked brieny as an analyst in nly unclet cons!ltlncy

firh.

rNrr'rv,rwE,!, Uh, huh.ADd did you tuanage ro 6nd.job e.sily (s) ........................... yo! lcft univcrsiry?

^L$s^NDRo WeI, evenrual ly I w"s of rered, job in an l ta l ian bank, but (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that I had

been looking for wo'k O ....-.......-....-....-.... qone a long tirne. It wasnt easy findingjobs

in lt3ly 3t rhar rime. you know, but luckily ihe si arion has got much better

(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . then.

rNrERvrEvER Yes.like here. So how loDg did you work at the bank?

rr-*sam,xo, well,I worked there (9) ........................... about rwo ye,s.

rNrERvrEmr Two )€irs ... and why did you lelve?

{Es^Mrc, I enjoyed my rine $ere e lot.And (10) . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . I was there I learnr a lot of

rechniqus for financial an:lysis,,nd imporrDt ski s like te.mwork. )ou know But I

wanted dre c}"nce to do somedmg not chalenging in an international enEomenr. ...

rNrERvrEVER, Uh. hDh-

k had been my drcanr to wo* in an international company (11) ............. . .... - .

leaving s.hool.

nnrvrwrn, Wel. you've applied ro the risht place. So what did you do ihen?

icsmrc, well,I decided to tele a risk and rnore to London.That srr abour nvo ye$

(12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

rwRuEMR, Did you have a job to go to h London?

^LEssANDRo, No. (13) ....-...................... I leli lr.ly I sent my CV ro a lot ofdifferenr lsencies, but I

thought that rr mdd be eatier to find ajob (1a) ..-....-....-.............. I ws actually tiving

in LoDdon- Hah. I only realised (15) ...................-......- how much competition there wasl

rMERqEvR, Well, yes.

r6s.Nrc, Anyaq. eventualy, (16) ........................... some monthr. I found aJob at a bank iD the

Ciry That's where I'm vorkins now

170

A Linking wordsa We use some llnking words tojoin pd.$ of sentences. They giv€ d strucrure to rhe sentence.

Exampesinc l ldeard,but ,be.auie50.Uni ts4tand42deatwthrhskindof nk ing word.

a We ule other linking wods and ph..ses to make a tink across sentencee and pardgraphs. They

9 ve a srructur€ ro our whole argumeft. Exampes inctlde Firstty, tn genetat, Actua y, tn otherwords. Units 43 and 44 ded/ with rhis k nd of tinking word or phrase.

B Addition: and. both. too, also. etca W€ use and to join words or part! ol senrences. To €mphas se the iacr rhar ihere arc two th nqs

w€ can ure Doth. . . and. . . .I need to cal Andy and find out vr'hen he's frce to have a rr,eeting.t need ta call hoth Andy and Helen

a We use tao, aswel, as v"ell.r and d/5o ro add dnother facr or say thar sornething happens arthe lame trme. Note the positions.I need to call Andy, Kate and Helen too/as wett.I need to call Andy and Kate at well as Helen.I need to cal Andy, Kate and also Helen.

C Cont.ast: but, yet and althougha We use but and a/though to make a contrast. A/rho{/gh is typicat of morc carelu or foma

speecn o. wfilng.ln theory it seens like a good idea, but I don t think t,I watk in ptactice.h theary it seens like a gaod idea, although tdon,t think it willwotk in practice.

a Tre clause wrth a/though can cone ar tre beg,r. .9.Although it seens like a good idea, I dan t think it wil wark in p?ctice.Althocah tl'c hihi ry iasisted thc kJant lDrld still la ahead, it k r"ctedr what shap. th.f trirafte. (FT.con webiire)

a We can em phasile but a ̂d althaugh w lh stitt and anryay.I wasn t feeling very wel, but l.still went ta wo*.1 wasn't feeling very wel, but I went ta wotk anwayI still went to wa*, although I wasn't feeting very we .Although I wasn't feeling very well, I went ta wo* anway.

a We can use /et in place of'but'in wdting.

D Contrast: though and even thougha We.an lse thoug, in informalspeech and witinq tike airhough

Though h seens {ike a good ldea, ldan t think it wo* in practice.Thoreh he outned d 10 peftnt udkq hk pntqs outvoted hin and unseated hin t'on the boa .(tuia.Inc. {ebsire)

With thougi w€ oiien use rwo separate sentences .nd put fhough ar rhe end.It seens like a good klea. I dan't think h tt work in practice, though.

a We can use eye,r thoug, like a/though ro give a nrcnq€r contrast.Even though I wasn1 feeling very well, I still went to wotk.

41 L|NK|NG WORDS t 171

E Contrast: vvher€asI We can use wl,erear in formal speech .nd wit n9 to comp.rc two fdcls and emphdsise the

dilference between them. The clause with wfiereas can come at the beqinn ng or endtndonesia has a lot of natu6l resources, whercas Singapare has none.Whereas lndonesia has a lot of natutal resources, Singapare has none.

F Atthough or whereas?t A/though in a sentence slggests surprise. But the clause with a/though does not always conta I

the sr rp sing information - usually it is the clause that comes second that seerns su rpr sing.We had a rcasonable year in Asia, although sales fell a litfle in tapanAlthough sales fel a liftle in )apan, we had a rcasonable year in the rcst of Asia.

Whereas simply compares two factr. lt makes a strong contran, bLrt there s ess suggenion of

We had a reasonable yeat in Asia, whereas sales in Eurcpe wete quite disappointing

6 We can use wh,/e like althaugh at whercas.while there are still sone issues to rcsolve, I think we should go ahead. (l ke although')lnflation rose by 3o/o last yeac while house ptices went up 6ok. I ke 'where.s')

while sow.tuetantt wrkos ti jtuit.ttokt i.b to job, tohryafik\ likc tBM .rtd Sllt Mi.tosNu5I,,. tunt to han d rct. oI.dr@ist' n, I'toril( .onntuity. (Tlosnresswcck Onlinc wel,sire)

G Contrast despitelin spite of$ Desplfe and h spite ota€ like a/though, blt they a€ fo owed by a noun or noun phrase

Although I was ill, I went to wotk. = ln splte ol my illness, I went to work.Although sales in(eased, ptofits fell. = Despite the indease in sales, profits fell.

Despite lcst tcdt\ Intdret bBiflBs sloalotn, oryontiont today Mttt ttill '?a,!hiv: tlklnqn RIk al ddottit\< .-lrttrt.s ptu$tct a t$luolo$t.r. (e-business adviso! wcbsitc)

Remember that a gerund (verb with -,ng) can act as a noun.ln spite o DespiF feeling ill, I went to wotk. (NOT E€5pii€-1-fu1$l|.|+ieF++€-,ir,€rk.)

'And as your department representative,let mejust say that I am both proudand honoured to be taking credit

for your accomplishments."

,Z.--\l - t t lt - l l t 6 l| ' i t I u,ll ; t l : ;' . p a 4 . ' 1

i=W:ri

172 4't UNKtitG WORDS 1

41 Practice

Exerc ise I gDHHHUnde ine the correct words.1 Althouohlqut I like this @mpany, t probably won'two* here long.2 In spite aflAlthough rheirsharcs are sing, thenfururc is nill uncerrain.3 Kate gave a good prcsenrarion, althoDhldespite having very tittle time to prepare.4 This year our earnings are close to $8m, !rf,7elstl// last y€ar they wer€ jusi $6m.5 Whereaslln spite oflhese candidates allhave an MBA, these other ones don,t.5 | read the book you suggested. I didn't enjoy it, a/rhoughlthough.7 | didn't have much timp. butlwhereas I managed ro visit the whote site.8 Nowadays we have very few strikes, bullwhereas ten yea6 ago we had a loi.9 We weren't su.e whether to go ahead with the laun.h, bu\we did it still/anyway.

1A Althaughltn spi@ ofrhe delay, we stillarived on tirne11 | didn't rnanage to close th€ deal, a/fhorghlwherea5 | rcatly tried.12 Aqhough lwhercas rheir share price is falling at the moment, the company s 5ti[ a good ongtem

Exercise 2 g

Rewr te each gentence in two ways so it has a simila. meaning to the fifst sentence each time, Use thewo(Vs n brackets,

1 Paula visited both the lvtadrid office and the Earcetona offiea) {too) .......P..ar.414..yiti19d....t.k..^.4*.drid..ef-fiss..4^d...thg-..46r.-ie''|9t\{,..pf. fls.e-,..tec . . .b) (as wel l as) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 We can handle the transport arrangements and the insurance,

3 | want the sales figures for October and NovemDer.a) (as wel l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b) (as wdl as) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 We?e set ng up offices in Peru and Ecuador.

E x e r c i s e 3 [ ! [ l !Complete the sentences with 9n€ of these words or ph.ases: although, anywljl but, in spite of, stitt, though,whereas. Use each word or ohrase once onlv1 carc didn't €cosnise Marr Larner, ...*ltln-u4h.. sh€ had met him b€forc.2ldon' t l ikekaraokebars,.-- . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lwentwithmylapanesecl i€nrsanyway.3lotreredmybesipr ice,butthey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d jdn.tseemintercsred.4 l th nk we'll have to change oursuppliers. tts a pity,5 .............--........ the early problemt the p.oject has been a qreat success.6 Spain is a mature ma*et _....................__ in Ponugatthere is nil room for growth.7 We haven't got allthe facts, but its worth disrussinq it........................

4t UNK|NG WORDS I 173

E x e r c i s e 4 C D E F GRewr te each pa r of sentences us ng the words given There.re two ways e:ch time.

1 I was rainifg. We got here on tlme: , Ahh^. . i t w^, _^ i^ iM, we 4a+ he.z 6 +twe.

n, n.<nra the .^ i^ . \^ ,e 4oL here o^ t iMe.

2 had a headache eti went io the meel ng.

o l . . . . . , DUr . .

3 Some and yns think rh.t siocks will{a rn value Othe6 dsaqree.

b\ ^ 'hoLg'

There were d fficLr tes In the negoliations. We won the contract

a1 Do .p i , o

b \ h " n ' o . q h . . . . .

O pricer rose elrghty ian year Thl9 year they have gone down

a) nLrq"d

o r , a r n o u g n . . .Ive wr i t len twice rs t haventrecev€ddreply

b DP Pr"7 He d,dn t use any notes He gave. . exce e. l presenbton

d A r h o u g q .

b) . . He . . . . . , though

E x e r c i s e s B C E F G

iAa6 Complere rhe a. tc e about Formu a One wlh. s l i tab le word t rom the n below

both(r r ) dswe (x l ) arwel las(x l ) aho(x l ) ye l (x l ) a l thoLrsh (x4) whereas (x l ) desp te (x2)

JofmUla One,rerrarxanFrhe Emwth of lomula on€ over th€

.|. lal ten yed ha been exrr.ordin.ry.

W h 400 million peopl€ watchinE e.h

race it b pelhaF the world'6 nmber one

spo4 (1) *L-t-bg}x[ f oo$an o)....................make6 thir .laio, Iomll. One is the i.l€al

ma&eiing tool for .ompani€6, 6 shoM by

the la.t that sposos for lagua! like loi4

PAG and IISBC are v€ry hrppy -

(3) ..............,..,,,,, th€ lact thnt Jatld id not

actuauy very suc.essful on the ha&

Most yeffi th€ sport' b dominated by

two teams, lenui dd M.Len-Mered6,(4) ....,...,...,,....,,.. oth€r teams like BARqonda, BMW Witliams dd Benetton

BeGult are imporrnr (5).-------, ,(6).......,..,..,........ FeFdi d<l M.Lrren"

Meede hav€ h!E. spo@Fhip deals,

Iendi's spocoF indld€ Malborc, liat

dd Sh.ll, (7).-..-..-......,....... M.Laren-

M€rced$ nav. M.rc.iles, Mobil and

Cooputet Asso.iate6. Th6e two lop

teatu ea.h haYe a bualget of over

$300 iillioo dd money .ones in fmm

direct sposoFhip and tnde support(3) .,,,.,,,..,,,,,,,-,- ndhddidn& TV rights

lemi have d mNal pmblen Their

bmd nde is very fdo$ dd the t€d

only letl @und t000 .aF a yeai Th€

ptoblem b that they !!e not dirctly

a.ociated with a na$ volune c.r

prcducer, (10)...................... all the othei

te@3 de. In rcality Ferari tu conboUe.l by

Fiat,6!t {fl)...........---- b.ing the nain

owner liat get! little publicity when

Fe(an witu, Many y€ars ago Gianni

Agnelli, the Fiat boss, wat€d to rdame

the cs Fiat lerdi (12) ....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, he

tiie4 he failed, A me ..I€d EEo Fetui,

a leg€nd in lalt stood in htu wa]. Ee died

in 1989 nd Agneli ftspecls his wish6,

but things may chdae ir the tuture,

A Reasoni because, at sinceS We us€ becduse d5 .nd since when we

want to explain the reason for somethjng.4, and rr." a e more Lo,r.non - 'o l d, \pperh d d

(= to hav€ some lunch)

wrnrng1n calling ta complain be.ause the goods arc danagedI am returning the gaods as/since they were danaged an affivaL

I As and snce can come at ihe beginning of rhe sentence. Normatty we do not begin sentenceswith because, but this is possble in infom.lspeech.As/since the gnods were danased an affiva|, tan rcturning themBe.ause yau?e a first-time custamea I need to see yaur bank refercnces.

B Result sot We use so io express a reslh. Note the relation betwe€n because and jo:

l'm calling to conplain be.ause the goods are danaged. (teaeon)The goods are damaged, so l'n calling ta complain kesutt)

c Purpose; to and foro We ute the to infrniive to exp.ess purpose, to saywhy we do rhings

He went to the aipart to meet Mr ri NOt {€r+€-s€er)I n ca ing to talk abaut the sales @nfercnce next week.M Zh taid / (;awt,m., t'otltl ait to rttto"c Chin\ , Mtlttyt|c t i wat@ ryltdu dtrtto tpccd tp rc.forn ol thc ldbolr ,rdrlcr. (Austr.liin FnNrciil Rcvicw wcbsire)

a We can use il4 orde. io orso ar to in place of to. They are more forrna.The CEA called a press canferen.e in odet to explain the neryet

We can lse the negative /h onlet nat to ot so as not to We c.nnot use roi to on its ownI ll call a taxi so as not to miss ny fliqht. INAI gke+e+ix1-n€F{€-,*h5-iqy4i9h*.)

a We can ule fol followed by a noun to say why we do som€thingHe ' tent to the airpott for a meeting with l\/lt Li. (= to hav€ a m-cet ng)Shall wE go aut lor some lun.h)

D Purpose: so t rat. We can use ro (that) to express purpose. After jo fihar) we use subjecr + verb.

I grc$ tu qrcstiott L hotu do yor dewlop lout.ortpdry so that it .ar euatft in ttpo,lte ta.l&ryi'E tstoh'.t expe.tdtio'rr (e-busines advisor websire)

a For a preseni pufpose we use the p.esent simp e, wil/ or can.t'tt send it by couiet so (that) it gea/ft'll get to yau on tine.t'n catling you so (that) | can che* you last arder

a For a past purpose we lse the pan simple, would or could.I sent it by couier yestetday so (that) it gotli(d get to you an timeI left wak early so (that) t could go the doctorc.

42 L|NX|NG WORDS 2 175

r f the subject of ihe fnsl pdl1 of th€ sentence and the subject of th€

different, we can't use to. W€ have to use so fthat).l'm calling to talk about the sales rcnferen.e.l'n caling so (that) we (an talk about the sales @nfercnce.She caled a prcss .onfercnce to explain the neryerShe called a .onfercnce so (that) joumalists could ask quesrions. (d tfereit subjecr)

Manner: at as if and likea W€canusea5or/ i tebeforeacause(subleCt+verb)tomean' inth€waythdt ' . n this case

rhere ls no diffe€nce in mean n9, but ds is more formal.He runs the rcnpany as/like his father used to.We ll have fou people vrorkins on the stand, as/like we did last yeat

As Cektftl EMp. look Jot stovh, ft .o dl.d d lotton @utnies Like Lrcland, Pofttrdl, Sprrlnnd Cr.rc.A afth.n stat.d of tJEn EU dluA fN poot / thar tu EU avcras?, irst as CenttulEutup. ti do. (Business Centnl Europe website)

a We can use as lfor rte before a cl.use to say how gorneone or sorneth ng feels, ooks, sounds

I have a bit of a tenpetature lteel as if/like lshould go hone.It looks as iI/like weTe going to recover our costs by the end of the yeat

Fot ttro de.dd.s, I:ricdel Ncrbcr rat the gianr Ccnnan saviks! bo W$|LB ds if it t ?rc n t fthe lorrr'flcrt. (Business Week vebsitc)

a We can lse as and /i*e before a noun or noun phrase. In this (ase a5 means 'something issomething, and /ke means'something s sirnilar lo somelhing'She vwtks as a financtal control/e/: Ghe is one)She thinks like a financlal conuol/er: (she th nks in a s m ar way to one)We rc using the Estonian na*et as a test (it s a test)fhe Estonian malket is like a test fot Finnish narket. (it s not a test. but is it s m ar to one)

W4 Ho:tia, lauie "ot goitg lo da itjut

btaa,Ik t llingla" todo it Y.ri. going tado it brru. t.L b.lia. ia it '

176 rt:|U (It{G WORDS 2

42 Practice

Exercise t EgCompiete the se@nd sentence so it hds a similaf meaning to the fiut sent€nce and conrains the word ir

1 lt was inconvenient for e!€ryone, so the meeting was postpon€d. (as)as tlr9 ...Yg.eJ!.Y..t"-.4t-..ilsgl-Y-e.'^i'.4.lrl..f-"J..-e.y-e.!..)€!!9...!J..gr-..p...ttpet\.?!.. .

2 | sent Karen a copy of the minutes because she mjssed the meeting (so)Karcn missed the neeting, .

3 I had a lot of papeMork to do, so I finished wo* late. (because)I f in ished wo* iate.. . . . . . . . . . .

4 l ll call you back. I have to go now because I hav€ a meeting. Go)l'll call you back. I have a meeting, ....................

5 He doesn't know so l'll ask someone else. (since)

Exercise 2 f EL,nderline the corect word_1 Wele not in this business just b&lkl fot to nake sho(-term prof it.2 l'll explain in mote detail jolfhat our obiectives are clear3 | wrcte the date jn my diary so tharlro lwouldot forget the meeting this mofning.4 He rcsigned in ordet tol fol spend more time with his family.5 iack came to me in otder tolfor aduice.6 we'll agrce to your offer so that we canlcould ctose the deat.7 We agreed to their offer so that we @n/could ctose the deat.8 She rechecked the figure5 so that the auditors won,t/ylouldr,t find anv efioB when thev came.9 l'l rccheck the figures !o that the audjtoE lron,t/hr'ouldn,t find any errors when thev com€.

1 0 t\,4any visitors come here to see/for to see our automated production line,

Exercise 3 I Xl\,4atch the beginnings of each sentence 1-16 with an ending a) of b).

1 | went to Barcelona to2 lwent to Barcelona for

EE

a) the Tlade Fair

3 l'rn here for a m€eting with Manuel Lopez.a)

!l

a)

nnnn

5 lthink it3 time to6 | think it3 time for have a short coffee br€ak

7 lt3 worth shoppinq around for8 lt3 worih shopping around to

ntr

a)

9)a)n

na better p ce.

9 | left wolk early so that I

10 l'll have io leave work early so thar Ican go the deniist.(ould go to the dentist.

I1 | kept his business cad so that I'12 l'llkeep his business cards so that I

a) would rernember his name.b) 'llremember his name.

nn

1 3 l ll deal with rt personally so thar therc !!

a) aren't any prob ems.l4 | dealt Wth it llv so that the.e

42 LINKING WORDS 2 177

Exercise 4 p fAre th€se sentences in English possible or impossible. Write PorlI l speak louder so that everyone can hear. tr2 l'll spe.k louder in order to everyone (an heaf. n3 sorry l'll explain my prcposal again to avoid any confusion. n4 sorry I'llexplain my prcposal again so avoid any confusion. ns sorry l'll explain my prcposal again so we avoid any confusion. n6 We rnailour clients €gula y notto lose contact with them. n7 We mail our clients regulafly so as not to lose contact with them. !8 l ll take an umbrella so l won't get w€t. tr9 ltake an umbrella so |wouldn't get wet tr

10 I' take an umbrclla so I don't g€t wet n

Exe.cise 5 IComplete the sentences with ai or ,l€, or put asl/ike if both ate possib e.1 While lwas at university | sometimes worked ........--4t......... a waiter2 lhe negotiations are goang verys|ow|y,....................... I expeded.3 Anna's so funnyl 5he3., , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . , a comedian.4 We'll 9end the oder in two consignments, .....................,. we agreed in the meeting,5 This caisis is not ............-.-........ the last one. lts wo6el6 I'm lucky. I have a small room at home that I use ....................... my study.7 You look just . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . your brotherI In a sltuation Iike this, you should do exactly ....................... it sal6 in the book.

E x e r c i s e 6 f l l f l

@ ot Uodrrli* ,n" .o,rcc-t wo(ys in thrs dialogue.

J cx: Oh, hi, Pamcla. Coutd you give me some advicc?PAM!L{, Y.ah. surc.

JcK Itt about my laptop.I usc it a lot when I'm our ofrhe ofiice, (1) & /l;&e I wanted to talk toyou about sving my f'16 ... I, er, donl w"nt to lose e!"eryrhing ifrhele's a ploblen.

p.Mrr.^: Hm. Do you b^ckrp yov cs Q) Jor / to make suE your work is safe?JAc& Oh yes.I h.ve a sm. stonge device that plugs into the USB port - nt (3) drli*e a porribte

hard disk.And so ifanyonc srole my laprop it wouldn't be such a dis.lter (4) 6e.,!Jelr/ Iwould sril have aI my files.

P,\MEL^, We , thatt OK rhen.

J^c(i The problem i! I often keep this device h the same place as my laptop (s)rrlJo ,'d, it'sesy for me ro find.And thari wh worries me.

J c(; WeI, yes. lt's edy for me io 6nd, (6) ro /ro ,r.t irt east, for rhe thief too.prM!1 , Ah, hah.It soun& O) a/6 iryour geninB.litde bir pamnoid,Jack.r cK So, is rheE some kind ofsolurion (8)r'lto people (9) drllik? ne ... who are worried?eNEL^, Do you Ee )our laptop (10) /o /rr acces the Inrerner?t cK: Ofcou6e.p ME^, WeI, (11) e/ td @rry /so a not to roiy.bottlosng },our file. how about uitrg on lirc stomge?l^cKi Um, wlhtt tlbr?preu, It work (12) arldr,fa b"d dislq 03) 6,/rle pur ponable device, but irt d Interner sire-r^cKi Oh.pAGu, You cD upload files ro rhe sire whenewr yo! wt 174) to that/lihe rhey.re therc ro

doqrload on Dother occasion. Ir .ould be with aorher compurei I use ir a[ the rime(15) ro tnarlro keep copis ofmy mosr importat fles.

t cx: An,I see.Tha. som& (16) a/,1. a tealy sood idea.Wel. th"nk a 1or. I'I do dEr.

A

eveloping an argument 1

Words meaning and. but and saa Units 41 and 42 gav€ wo.ds iike ard, butand so to join parrs of sentences We cdn lse onger

words and phrases with the same mean ng to link borh across sentences and with n morecomPlex sentences

a d: ]n addition, Eesides, Morcovet, Fullhernore

brl: Howevec Neveftheless, On the othet hand

so: fherctorc, Consequently, As a result

These word! and phrases are typicalof formal5peech (for ex.mpe present.tons)and wrt ngThey Lrsually come at the start of a sentence and hdve a comma afreMdrds, but can come aftera comrna i. the middle ol d sentence.Suppher A is cheaper, and then defivery tines are gaod. HoweveL supptier B has better qualtyproducts and they have a gaad reputatian in the narket.This new process prcduces less waste, and as a result it's nuch beftet for the environnent

Orr sta.ks dre ovn\ in a dou.mnftls spitul, thercJore the F.d t$t an i, ct.!t t tc: h l,nast otjt.oilidott.Tlot, at lcdlt, is th. tl@ry nuokr nos'!^ lh Qpk. (FortJcs.com wcbslre)

Exampfes: for example, for instance, such asa We.an use for example ot for instance Note lhe possibie positions

Our casts have gane up. Fot exanple, the cost af steel has nearty daubted.Our casts have gone up. The cost of steel, for e,,mple, has nearty daubled.

. We use iuclr as in the middle of. rentence to give examples lt is the same as ttke'. Such as rsfo owed by a noun phrase, not a whole clause.Sone delays, such as strlkes at bad weathe, arc beyond ou contrct.Some delats are beyond aur cantrcl, such as sttikes ot bad weather

Additionaf/real information: in fact, act ratlya We use ln fact, Actually ot As a nafter of fa.t \a add a pi€ce of information to whai we jlst

sad. The lecond piece of infomation gives morc det. s.We have plenty in stock. ln fa.tlAs a matbt ol fad we coutd delvet tanorrow

We a so use these wordr to emphasise what the rcalsiruarion is. Th s is surprisng o. differenr towhat people imagine.I thaught we had some in stocla but in fact/actually we don't.

B

c

D sequence: first ol all, as wetl as this, linallya Wecanuse Fist, Finly, Fitstofal/to beq n a serie!ofponh n a lormatargument. Forother

nlmbered po nrs we say secord,secondly, er..To add a poini without nlmbeinq we can s.y 45 w€l/ as this, Besides this ar tn additian.At the end we ..n say F,ndl/y.Why choose the C2e(h Republic? Well, fiRt of a , it has lawet labaur cast-l than atherneighbouing counties, and secondly, it has a nable tuffency. As wett as this, it has a tftinedwarkfofte wtth gaad labaur relatiant and finally, it has a tuang tocat narket

ZII DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT I I79

a To finish one point we can .ay Overall ot Taking everything inta @nsideration .

Ornll, a tuo 67% oJ the aduh loprktion is eflplayed ar Laokinrfot uork, nahq be.tu\e

_fe tdle pa i.ipation in the lalrotfotu hds junpcd ouet the b6t two dtudet. (Business Week

Io f nish a formal speech we.an say tn conclusbn.ln .ondusion, l'.1 just like to thank you aI very much fot coning, and I laak fotuvard ta seeingyou agnin at our next meeting on 31 septenber

E Generafising: in general, on the wholea Therc are many words and phrases we can use to talk gene?lly: ln genenl, On the whale

As a rule, TwicalLt All in aI, Easkaly, ovetall, qrcadly speaking.

Orydnkatiors tfpi.ally hd,e fw 'Mto et' rclatioithips: cwtonca, b,sinss p tnes, supplie\,

c'flploycas, drd shdteloldeo. (€-busines adftor website)

a lf w-. want to make a balanced argument we often ute one of these phrases followed by acontrasting idea with a word like bd (see section A .nd unit 41).ln genetal the lapanese economy has not been very dynanic over rccent yeaR. However,some technology and telecom conpanies ate grcwing very fast.On the wltole lthink touie ight, although ldisagrce with yau abaut the levelof risk.

F Summarising: so, to sum up, in summarya We can use 5q /n shod To put it sinply, To sum up and /n summary to rlrnmadse

5o, to sum up the ,iain points of my presentation so faa vw are a truly intenatianal canpanyofturing a full nngE of seNices to corpotate and private climn' in the arcas ol finance, bankingand tnsurance.

To p"t it sirtply,Jood tto.cssos uill losc totnpetitiftft!' d' d dirtt rc t o.f EU hu ,$hip.(Busines Centnl Eurcpe website)

G Either ... or ,,., inshad of except fora We use e,ther to begin a list of possibilities. We do not beg n w th or. The other possibil t es af€

intfoduced with o/.Either we could cancel the produd launch, or ponpane it (NOT e*r€+€dd-€aF€e+)

But in speech we can begin with o/to complete the othef personb idea.A:'We could jun cancel the launch.'Bt 'Ot perhaps post@ne it.'

a We use /hnead fo, to mean'in the place of something else'. Atthe end ot a sent€nce, hsteadis used without otCan we have the neeting on Friday insbad of Thu6day?thusday is no good? OK, can vle have it on Fiday ins.€ad?

a We use eycept, etcept for or aparf from to mean 'not inc uding'.I have contacled everyone except (for) Margarct.

180 43 DEVELOPII{G AI{ ARGUMENT'I

43 Pra<tice

Exer<ise I IECEEUnderline the cor€ct words.1 Jf resistered mail is too slow, we could use a @urier i!@gllinnead of.2 The fall in share pices hds made investoE neruous. On the others,lrelhan4 it's an ex<€llent buying

opportunity if yout€ p€pared to take a risk.3 As a rulellherpfore I don't nomally have a big lunch, but l'llcome with you to the restaur.nt today.4 All commodiry prices rose last week, a/ioley.ept gold.5 We can ettherlo/ wait for a train, or go by taxi6 | know Madrid very well. A6 a natterof factlon the evhole lworked there for a short t me many yeafs

ago.7 As a nattet of fadlon the rvhole stocks arc riskier than bonds, but stocks can g ve a b€tter return in

the long term.8 lt's convenient for me to come to wolk by car On ihe othet hand I Eesides, Ihe lrain would prcbably be

9 lt! convenient for me to come to work by car On tie other handlBes,ijes, the company payr fof thepaRrng.

1 0 Investment in areas lor erample/such ai biotechnology can be isky.I 1 lnvestment in some areas, br exanplelsuch as biol€chnology, can be risky,12 Can we send an email except lorlinstead of a laxl

E x e r c i s e 2 l l l l l l lComplete each sentence with a wod or phrase from the list below.

eec€llt as well as this either except inslead such as the€forenevertheless so in generai

1 People think it3 expensive, Out .........1St14'l1y......... over the long term t isn't.2 The restaurant is open €very day .,...........,...,,,,,,,,.,....... [,4onday,3 She3 out ofthe country and.. . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . , , , , , , , , . , . , . . unable to attend the meeting,4 lwas 9oin9 on Tuesday, but now l 'm going on Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . .5 .................................. lthink the meetin9 went very well, although we didn't manage io agree on the

composition of the newteam.6 Some a.eas, ............................-..... recruitment, are outsourced to other companies,7l 'msorry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -- . - . . . . . . . . . .youacceptthispr ice,orwecan'tdobuslness.8l t 'srel iable,safeandeasytouse.. . . . . . . . . - -- . . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . - , i t3excel lentvalueformon€y.9l t 'srel iable,safeandeasitouse.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , themaintenancecostscanb€qui i€hgh

10 ...-.....-...............----.-..., in short, its reliable, safe and easyto use.

Exercise 3 !!!Plt four commas in this short paragEph.

ln geneftltaking an MBA is a good idea for an anbitious teung prcfessianal howewt yau do have to nakesone tacifices. You ,'iss out on lwo WE valuaue work expeience far exanple and it can be vety

'8 o"

43 DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT I 181

Exercise 4 A B C D E F GRead th r a ce about t ranspod pol icy in c ty centres. Competethe d. tde by choosng the correct

a ternatve fiom A, B, C or D below This exercse inc ldes revision oi !n t 41.

course quire ddBerous. (4)............ . cas

cause traffic jds dd (5)............ mdr hou(

of work iime m lon. (6)............ . people

necd inccniives b€foE they chanee their

habils md ahemativcs ro cars arc olten not

availabl€ or of pmr qualily. Thc fi6r thirg is

lhar publ,c tanspon nrusr become more

eliabh and more comionable. (7)............ .

bicycle rw should be en.ourrged. (8)............

by hnvin,q more cycle lanes. Somc l.rge

.ilies, (S),.,......... Ansrerdm- a€ alreadt

organised in rhis q.y. Bur tbe most ndical

measure is rord pncing. Asking notorisls to

pay ro enrerciry cenrres is co.hlersirl, bu1

is an incre$ingly common solLrtiod. So,

(10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pe c rn see rh id rg inar ,ve

dd som€lines unpopul.r measurcs will be

needed lo makc the citt ccnlrr a nrort

pleasant tlace io work rDd li!e.

2 A a e w e l

5 A -oirher

10 A lhnd y

B Ako

B However

I both

C ln lact

C And

C .s. res l r l t

C 5 0

c act !a l ly

c nstead

D Ercept

td)ae

Wanfto enter/the city?dorry, ttoa ff hauo [o 1ay,

Tmf6c congestio. in cily centres is a big

problcm for borh busine$es and residents.

Policy makers are bein8 forced lo lhink of

soludonr based on public trtrsp.n, rcad

pricing and rcsl.icled use of onc kind or

anorher (l)....C..... unlidited accc$ ror ca6

al all dmes. Wtal aE rhc Easors fo! lhis?

(2) ............ . cas cau* noise and polludon in

reas where people walk. shop or sosights&i,re, and (3)............ rhh rhey are oi

E x e r c i s e 5 A C D E G

CornpLele th s speech made by the eader ol a Korean irade deegarion at the end of a trip ro Wal€s with

the words and phrases frorn the [sl beow

fi|{f€fill in conclueion in addilion lherefore nnead ol :r a rLr e however n fa.t

'could lllst ray a few words? rh.nk you. well, (1) ..{irtt pf +!l 'd ke ro rhank everyone here di

GNK ior organising today3 visit. We have enjoyed meetinq all the staff, see ng yoLrr new pfoducts and

looking .ound yo!r f .c tory (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , lwoLr ld l ike 1o thank the loca chamber of Commerce

who rnade the whole tdp porrible. As you know, we see the European market as very important for our

company. (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , i t is centra l to ou ' fu ture p ans. (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , rn eure that

we can look forward to even closer coope.ation betv/een ouf two .ompan es in the lutue.(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 th ink i t 's bet ter to keep the.er€monies shor t on occdsons keths,(6) ..... . ..................... , I would just ke to t.ke this oppoilunity to ledve you wirh somerhing to

remembe. olrvisit, and so havegrcatpleasurc in pres€nting ihis bookwih photographs of Korea toyo. d e. lo . . ! \Ar ' rn o_9.(7r . . . . . . . I L ooe th. t we ndy "oo l " .ve 'he p led"- e o_

wecoming some o1yo! to our country rn the fuiure. Perhaps ihe nen iirne w€ meet t will b€ n Seou(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . card Jf I on.e again, thankyou a very much'

A

eveloping an argument 2

From ny point af view ln ny opinianlview PesanallyApparcntly, lt seens that

Cleatly, Of cou,i,e, ObviouslyLuckily Fanunately, Happily 'adly, Unfotturately, UnhappityTo be hanestffrank, A.lually, ftankly

Fo unat ry,ltcrc m pknty otsA$ lnt Merko htdy.litdlly hdu. tedttlad a rcu t.ucl.:f pothndtd d @ oh'i t'andry. (Global Busine$ Magrzine rvebsirc)'Frath\,, I nidn\ knou' !,lnt I ws lon]lj b da,' snys Pdrk abo't stdrtinr q his bdrk.,tjustId,t.i to ftplkak lk !cni..t of.lin$ h h. U.S. I rus hhknq pdty rood onq dt MeftillLynlt dn.] I tlto *ht I.o l dk. Ltft on y aM.' (Asia Irc On Line websire)

Other wods used to make a personal comment rcude: adniftedty, coincidenta\y, cutiously,incredibly, interestingl)t ianically, natuely, paradoxicatty, prcdictably signiticantly, surptEingly,unbelievably, understandably, unexpectedly.

It you want to qive your ideas frorn one particu ar point ot vew you can use a phrase ke:Technically (speaking), kientifically (speaking), fton a financiat/technical paint of iet!, elc

B Other linking words and phrasese Study ihi! list of common link ng wo.ds and phrases used n speech.

Personal commenta The.e are mafywords and short phrases thar corne at th€ beginning of d sentence and he p us

to mak€ a pe.sonal comment.

Giving your own ideas

lnformation you have he.rd

Mon people know this

Giving th€ mon rmportant example or situationCorrecting you6elfsupporting a previous statementChanging the 5ublect finformal)Changlng the subiect (morc tormal)

Dismisling somethlnq/Preparing to finish

Especially, ln pafti.ulat Abave all

8y the way, Sa, Anyway

h telation ta, As rcqatds, l"lloving an to,Asfaras. is concernedAnWay

C Structures to focus on important informationd W€ c.n lotus on importdnt informaton wth the srructue lhe + noun + 6 The second part of

ihe sentence is usualy d 'that' claule or a wh- quenro. (which, what, when, how erc)The thing is (that) the whole idea is just too risky.The thing is, how nud money witl all this cost?

Nouns used with this structwe in lrde: answea fa.t, point, probtem, question, solutian, thing,

The question is, what are we going to da abaut it?The trouble is (tha it s qoing to be vert e^pentve

N We can {ocus on important infomation uring a cdlse that beg ns with whai:What we need is a few dars to think abaut this in nore detait.What rm going to do is call aur warehouse and see how nany we have in stack.What wonies me is the tine they'rc taking to nake a decisian.

44 DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT 2 183

D At the end, in the end, at lastO The phrases at the erd,ln the end and atlasrdo nor have the same meanifg:

Atthe end refe6 to a point ntime

I spoke fot 20 ninutes, but there wete a lat of questiorE at the endln the end means'after a lotoftime or'€ventually

E tt untess, otherwisea Conditionals with /f(units l7 and l8) are important ior developing an argument

I waited until ten, and in the erd I /eft. (+ pdst tense)makes a comment that we are ple3sed now because a long wa t has endedAt |ast l've finished this rcportl (+ pesent tense e9: pres€nr perf€ct)

Beat i'dtkets dte d ndtndl ua of stocks, n' tu sdne tuoy tlut fu.s dr. a na\ndl .farce ih the Iorests.Enk thotlrh it\ ta rh to u'otch, tlt 'rd',et is r|hu lrcohhi.t h the dd. 0trall Sr.eerJoumal

The linking words urless and otherwlse have the meanlng 'if not Look at the next thre€exampes which all have the same rneaning:

lf we donl pay the invoke naw they ll cut back aur crcdit.Unless we pay the inwice now they ll cut back ou credit.We should pay the invoice now othetwise they ll cut back ou ctedit.

Wtdt pd ftB.ar I'c lrrdo Stuk Ex.ltut1*c lcath out to? A ti!1tp uith Iiankfiltt ptubablyohl happc',, Mlets d ndiully dtcE typa aJ ptupoldl ca, b. p tatcllu. (accolrnrincy rgc

Abbreviations in written Englisha Note lhe following abbreviatio.s which ae common n written English:

ie = that is to say (from the Latin 'id en')eg = for example (fiom the Latin 'erempll gratia')NB = note (fiom the Latin 'nota bene')

Miak'i-lJard dobal B2B faod cx.hdile Foodttudu .+(k !'o naft l1t 1al, of g,uth a Ccn alAktn.o\ USS3TSbnlood tarhe! h..o,i'rckd o iflah2001.OJlt.ldnou t, Foodthder hatlesto .dpturc 10D%, i. soh'c UStJ7t,r. (busine$ news anericas website)

g b, tl)e uay dr tw I1o1'. ary tu"2r2 ttin W end nr ary,"an?? Dotd b,tu ^nJoar @b b^ ant nnq? Will tt r snd tu aar nonaJr

rA4 44 DEVELOPING AN ARGUi/IE T2

44 Practice

Exercise 1trtrLqEiHUnderline the correct words.l l like all the marketing ideas, hut in oatticularlin pafttculart the frce sarnples.2 Fram our point of iewltn our point of viewrharwould not be a good solLrt on.3 h seenslApparently, rhe Board is going to appoint a new CEO.4 lt seems that I Apparently a,haa the Board is going to appoint a new CEO.5 Fonunatelylwith Sood foftune she wasn't linen;ng.6 A.tuallylTruly, l've nevet really trusted him.7 Moving onlMoving on b the question offinance, we'llne€d ro r.ise about $2m.8 We tried aBuing with them, but at the endl,in the end we just gave !p.9 Frankieb managed to get ajob at lastlin the endl

19 Unlesslotherwise we decide within the next few weeks it'll be loo ate.I I lt'll be too late unless/otherw,se we decide within the nexr few weeks.1 2 We must decide within the next few weeks, unless/othena,lse it'll be too laie.13 Some countries in Elrope, ieleg Spain and keland, are growing stlongty.14 ELrropeb three biggest economies, leleg Germany, France and the uK, are all grow ng strong y.

Exercise 2 H EComplete the replies to the comments below byfollowing the instructions tn brackets and using the wodsand phfases from the list below

p€.s€€19 anyway of couBe by the way above all appareftlyEftef all or rather unfortunately to be frank

1 'We should have the prototype rcady by lune.(give your ideas) .....Pft9..^411y.... , t think august rs more rearrstrc.

2 'The insurance on this system doesn't look too expensive.'(most people knowthis).........................-.--, it needs ro be renewed every year

3 'l've got Wo spare tickets for the opera toniqht. Are you interested?'(you would like to go bui can't) ............................. , l've got a previous comrnltment.

4 'So at the end of the day lthink we did quite well.'(change the subj€ct) ....---...................... , what did Matthew say about paris?

5'The jointventuE with Optika is running into all sorts of problems.'(be hofen) ..-........... ............. , w€ should never have entered inro jt in rh€ first ptace.

6 'l think it might be time to set up an office in Estonia.'(suppoftthe previous naiament) ............................. , we akeady operai€ n Fintand.

7 'Why didnt Robed qet the new sales job?'(give information you have hearo............................. , his intervlewwas a disaner

8'Everythinq seemsverywell prepared- fhere shouldn't be any p.obems.,(prepare tofinish) ....................----..... , we can talk about it again fearerrhe time.

9 'Carmen really deserv€d to get the new sales job.'

{give the mon important reason) ..--.................--...... . b€cause of her expertence.10'l thinkwe should tarqet our next line of .lothes at a youngef market.,

I ts a good idea, (corectyourself l . . . . . . - --- . . . . i tcouldbeagoodideaifwedon,t toseourexisting customeE by doing so-

1I4 DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT 2 185

Exercise 3 A B D unit43

,-r 50 Under ne lhe corrcct words In th|s presentation .bout robotics This exercise lncludes some revieion of unit 43.

\1) First of all lAftet a , t'd ke to thank K€iko lshida for her kind wods of introduction, and for nviting

me here to speak to you thls mornrng. The title of my ta k is 'The Age of the Robof, and ' be talkinq

today about rcbotics, and (2) anywaylin panicular rhet comrner.i. €xploitauon.(3) Espe.ially/clea y rherc's huge interest in the subject, as can be seen by the nurnber of people in the

audlence today and this it not su rprising as we predict that over the next decad€ robotics s goir'lg lo be

one of th€ wodd! fanen growing industries @) To give an exampie/However, we predidt thal heath-care

rcbots in lapan a lone w bea$Ib i l l ionmarketby2010.Theyl lbepresent inhospi tahandnurs inq

homes, remindlnq patients to tak€ mediciner, d€livering food t|ays. ceaninq, supponing patients who

have problems walkinq, and doing almost every4hing €ke \s) except fot /instea.l of peellng the qrapesl

16) As far as rhe general public is cancerned lconcening the ?enercl public, Sony Calporat on th nks thal

the best place to launch the rcbot rcvolution is home ente(a nment, becaus€ s ng ng and danc nq robots

don't do an!,thing elsential and t3 oK if they mak€ a mistake sometimes. (7) Erpe./ally/Furthernore,

home enlertainment is lkely to be rhe brggesl market (8)ev€ntua/t/at /a5t, with som,6 househods hav nq

tlvo or thrce robots. iust like they have PCs today. (9) As a nafter of fact /fLloving on all the leading p ayers

\1q such aslfat exanple Matsushita. NEC and Omron are fvest ng lens ot m llions ol do a6 in lhe

dev€lopment of personal robats. (11) lneanlAs a rcsuh progress has been rapd, and scientsts now

undelstand the technology necessary fof (omplex actions like walking on two feet without lalling over

\12) An the othet hand/At the er4 ii! c ear that the development of 'robo sapiens' with someth ng that

apprcximates human intelligence will lake longer, (13) espe.ially/ot Ethet a otlorcet.

114) Newftheless /ln genercl its clear ihat In terms of competition between countries Japan leads in

roboiics at the momeft, (l5) although/apan frcn \he Arnercans are try ng hard to catch up. And lapan

does urcently need a whole new area of products to sell to the world as profit margin5 in oth€r areas of

consumer electronics gets smaller

So, \16t ln factlta sun up, t've tried to show you how I be eve we?e ent€ing a new age. the age oi the

robot, and t! an aqe that3 full of business opportuniti€s

Exercise 4 A B D unit43check the answeElo exercse 3 belore yo! do this er€rcse Then find words and phrases from the correcl

anrwers that are s m ar to the expressrons below

r To bes n wlrh Fit:t+ Pt..All2 n iact

3 As regarde

5 On the whoe

6 Obviously

9 Nowever

10 n shor t

12 despite ll-re la.t that

l5 especia l ly

146

repositions of place

A rnaf with a scari around h s neck is ,n a tih He is teaning againrt the wa of the tift.The litt is coming up from th€ nreet be/ow.h a mornenl the man will walk rrrough the fr doo6 and hto the office. He will put h s jacketo/r the coat srand which is b//rear the tift.There is a man !.vaiting for the lilt. He has pressed the button to go dorrnAn the ather side of the lilr doo6 rs lane. She is wa k n9 at\tay frcn rhe tif\ aqass the rco'Yl,pastthe photocopier rowdrdr a meeting roorn.

Jack is besbelnexr to the photocopie( Aboye the photocopier s a shetf Ne s mov ng the boxesol paper off the she J orto the floor

5!e and Ma* a.e sining aftheir desks oppojire each orher The r compurers are in front oflhem on thei. desks. Sehreen thern is a wane-paper bin and the photocopier s behlrd Sue.Malk has pLrt his coat over the back of his cha n S!e5 bag is under h€r chair.SLre is puning a etier /nJlde .n envelope and Ma* s ta k ng someth n 9 ort of his drawer.

A At or in?q We use atto ta k about the position of som€thing, or.bour the place where someth ng

happens 4fshows a genera location.Meet ne at my otfice. There's someone at the door (posirion)I ll see yau at the meeting.

3

1

8

(where somethlnq happens)

,t, We use /ir with ihe name of a conrainer, place or.re. to show rhar sorneone or lornethinqnside it.There's plenn/ of papet in the photocopiershe's in the third rcom on the left.Ou head office is in France/the notth/paris.

s stLrdythese ex.mples for pub c buildings:I'llsee yau at the airpott. (the p ace in qeneral)I I see you in the aipan turmlnal (insrde rhe buitdinq)t had a hatd day at the office. (pefiaps I spenl some time out ot rhe b u ding)t be back in the affice at thre€ (ifside the buildrns)

..'t X

45 PREPO9TPNS OF PLACE 147

B Expressions with at in and ona Note these fixed exprcssions with at

at the frantlback at the toplbotton at the beginninglendat tle ieaede at the stationlaipott at hanelwo*/schaol

I Note these fixed exp€ssions with in:in the middle in my hand in a queue/linelrawin the corner in the country in a book/nagaanelnewspaperin the nkrar in the photo/picture in hospitallprisonir the chat (= in charge ofthe meeting)

a Note ih€se fixed exp€ssions wirh on:on the left/ right on teleision lthe radio on the phone / the computeron the scrcen on the pagelnap on the M6 (motorways and .oads)on the first floot on the plaXornlpavenent on the Rhine kivea)on the plane/busltrain (but in a carltaxi because you are contained n a smdller space wher€you can t stand up)

a Wthaddresses,weuseinfor thestrcetnameandatwhenwe5aythestreetnurnberaswe.

Americans use on for streets.Out offices are in Piccadilly.Out offlces are at 14 High Street.I went shopping on fifth Avenue.

c Above I below over I undera Above/bebw mean'higher/lower than'. They can be used wiihout an objeci.

The lloor above/below us E occupted by an t^sutah.e <ompanyFron the mountain lcould see the lake below

a Ovet/undet mean'diec.ly above/below'. They both need an object.We flew dght ovet Windsor Castle on ou way into Heathrcwfhere's stll a lot of oil under the sea.

Over can also be used for movemenl. In this case it rs like'across'.We have to go over/across to the othet side of the strcet.

O€lcan ;l5o me.n'covering'.They ve put a plastic sheet over the hole in the rcoL

a All 'oJr wo.os <an be Lsed tor posrtrons In a management hr€rarcnyAbove me b the gles DircrTor Under me thete arc faur sabs staff.

D Opposite, next tolbeside, nearlbya Opposire means 'exactly on the other side of a space.

we sat owosiE each other in the neefing.

O Next ro and beside mean 'exactly at the slde of. Sesde can be rnore forrna ..tohn should sit nert tolbeside lrene at the neeting.

O lvear means 'close io' 8y medns 'at the side of .Iherc are one ot tvto good restaurants near herc.can we have a table by the window?We had a haliday near the sea. (close to the sea - a few ki om€tres away)We had a haliday hy the sea. (we stayed on the beach most of th€ time)

laa 45 PREPOS|T|OI{S OF PTACE

45 Practice

Exercise 1g#9ryUnderline the coffect word.1 Look in the Appendix e/by the end of th€ report.

. 2 When I got iDlo, the plane someone was sitting in my seat.3 What a fantnic view! The sky aborclo!€r and the sea betowtunder.4 Next we€k l'll be atl,h Hungary for a few days-5 Turn into Wenern Avenue and you'll see our offices onlat your l€ft.6 Yo! canl miss it- The €staurant is exa(ly byloppogre the cinerna.7 | often work inlat home in the evening.8 | bought this tie irlat Madison Avenue.9 she'll be hele in a few minutes - 5he3 jun arlon the phone at the rnoment.

l0 The power socket is over there, bylaathe door.I I This graph isn t labelled prope y. W te the unit5 bylnen to the X axis.12 lwent to visit my son in /af hospital yesreday.'I 3 Put a sheet abor€/oyer the machine to stop it getting duny.14 Siena is quite nearlby Florence.1 5 l'll see you tomorrow at ten thirt!, lnlby my ofiice.I 6 lt! a large block. Our offices are atlo, the fifteenth floor17 I saw Simon atl/h the station while I was wahing for a train.

. 18 I must have been standing inlafthe queue for hatf an hour1 9 You'll see our offices - theyle bylneal a llrnirue storc. (the next btock)20 You'llsee our offices - they're bylnear a furoiture store. (the next bulding)

Exercise 2 [ fComplete the sentences with in, at or on.

I I live ....il\.... Manor Road, ...4!-... number 295.2 You shouldn't really park ............ the pavement_3 | had a lovely meal .......-.... the plane.4 l'd like to live .......--... the country when I rerire.5 Go to the end of the road, and you'll see the bank ..... ...... the righi.6 l'll be .rriving ............ your offices ............ Barcelona at three.7 Lisbon is . . . . . . . . . . . . the middle of Poftugal, . . . . . . . . . . . . the coan.8 i meet you ............ the front of the building in ten minutes.9 | wonder whars ........... rFlevnion rhis evening.

10 The size ofthe text............ the screen is very small. Coutdnl it be btgq€r7I1 | lve . . . . . . . . . . . . a smal lv i l lage -. . . . . . . . . . . the road to Doverl2 ............ ih€ beginning of my ca€er lworked in marketing.13 lt was a verywell-run meetjnq. Erika was._.......... the chair14 | wasn't looking ............ the mirror and I neaiy had an accident.15 She work.. ........ Seville, ............ the Universiiy.16 The salesf igures? Yes, lhavethem r ight here.. . . .__._.. . . . . my hand.l7 lwalted patiently ..-.-....... the back of the queue.18 I think I lefi my b efcase .........-.. the chair ............ the restaur.nt.l9 l'm off sick at the rnoment, but I should be back .. ........ wofk next week.20 -he ldn Fhan.e N4 nFrer,s slill ..... prison.

45 PREPOS|T|O|TIS OF PLACE r89

Exerc ise 3 ! ! ! !Complete this emailbychoosing the correct preposition fiom the list below.

towads over pasr thrcugh in front of by in +€- at (x2) on (x2)

H€re ar€ the dlrectrons (1)..-...1P..-... ou.t'".0 om*.Tak€ rh€ A3 from oxiord and thenjoin the M4 (2).................. London notwar€sr)- com€ offrh€ M4 (3)..................junction 12 .nd contrnue srElghl ahead. Conilnu€ (4) -.....--.....--... rhe nen tuo rcundabouts, so (5) .....-......-..... a BPga€96 (6)......-....-...... your nghtand yo! ll@m6 to 3om€ tEfic rrqhts- You are now {7),......,.........- R€sdins. Go strarghr(3),..,...._....._... th€ rrafiic rrghG and (9).._.....,......... rha nBn s€r of rishrs, rum d9ht. Henry strsot is the srh road(1o) ......-.....-..... rh€ l€fi, Folld the oad to the €nd and th€ offi€ i6 (11) .,,...,,,...,,,... your lhsr6 is E rong driv6(12) ......-.....-..... lh€ slde of the ofrce - you @n park lh€c-

lf you h€v6 any p@bl€ms glve m€ a €ll. but lt! v€ry e€ey E€llyl

E x e r c i s e 4 I I l IComplete this email by putting 9!e suitable word in each spa(e. As wellas the words in sections A, B, C andD it is also posgible to use io,

lhanks for s€.dins m€ the artwork ro. rh6 masdin€ adv€rt. I h€v€ a r6w @mm€nts about the layout (1) ..,..,,pt\,,,,.. th€page. The photosraph (2) ..,..........._... rh6 rop r@ks sood, bur insr€.d of being (3) ....,....,,.....,, th6 mtddrs I thlnk lt 6hourdbs (4) .................- th6 r€fr, (5).,......-....--... ro rh6 t€xr- Th6n (6).-.....-.....-.... rh6 orhd @merwe courd have the @mpany

Old you know there's going to b6 an arricl€ aboutour@mpany (7).........--.....-. th6 sam6 magazing? I hope lr willb€(A) . . . , , , . . , , . , . . . . . . the pass d i€c t l y (9 ) . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , bu t tha t i sn t {10) . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . my hands.Can you also give the artwork (11) ...-.....-......-. Steve for hls @mments? He should b6 back (12) ..-......-......-. work on

190

A Verb + preposition* H€re is a n of verbs and ihe prepositons norma y used wth them:

rcnpete againsl fo.us on

split sanething intosupply saneone with

tantlate saneth i ng into

tue apptied for a new job. Can you take .arc of the affi.e while l'n autT

Drtot.ar no.k Mt ddnn(,l.d l,t lho . .ohtttuies nnldn\g Noj.id a d Ei.tsat thot oillb.,ejtJron rnn\g \ahs al moL,ilc ]rhrra thdt &h ddts t f trr,.r. (Bloombcre.con vctsite)

r1t Rr @ro,\, k Jocrted on knovlcdrc dkd tthh.l.g. (Thc Srrrishts lirncs Lrtcra*ive

Rc.qnlaror ror ro wl\tand rk uccd far hank: to neryL a d dor't tftn obje.t to tl(:. hrya..l.dk (Busnrcs Wcck Ncbsitc)

Some of the verbs above can be used without preposiiion + oblectI hape/knaw/insist. lt depends

ask soneane about/fol

boftow sanethinq lrcn

Othe6 must have a prepoeiion + object.The pro.ess consists of tour main sljges. lt belongs to meI n rclying on you fot yout suppon. This vrrl lead to a lot ol ptoblens

see un t 16 4 In questions the prepostion usually goes at the endWho does this belang to? What daes it @nsist of? Wha arc you waiting fot?

B Verb + objed + prepositiona Wth rome verbs lh€ obj€ct comes before the preposiiion. Here afe some common exampes:

explain sonething to sharc sonething withinform soneone about/of spend sanething on

conparc sanethinq widl/to invite soneone to@ngntulate saneone on prcte.t soneone frcm

insurc sonet h i n9 ag a i ntt

divide sonething into prcvent soneone frcm

can they insurc us againn frc sk? We've tpent $2m on advenising this year.

,Nol,odl tr R!si. 6 tretdrcd to irrst tto!t..t ifl ptudr.ior. (Le Mand. DipLanatiqre "absite)

O cle dnn nr lrry Elli'a" his ofarcd r sol io, to fuhat he e6 ds tvli tosoJt\ flanapoly:'Th.llntld srlit thc cootp y iato tuD drd h [Mntu\oJt pptidetu] Stfle Ballw mn ane Nnpaty aujlct Bill Cat.s f,tt the othex' (Wned nngrne rvebnte)

Wirh remjnd the€ is a d tference in meaninq b€tween abourand of.Gillian rcninded ne about the aryointnenL (= she told me nor to forSeoGillian rcninds ne of ny sister (= she is fe my sister)

46 VERB + PREmSITION 191

c verb + different prepositions,! Some verbs can 90 with severa different preposit ons

agree io/with/about They agreed to give us beftet terns af paynent.

abolr oiten ntrodlces rhe

at otten ehows direction

for often shows purpose or

fron often lhows the origin

on often shows confidence

ro often rclels to a pe6on

OK, 1 agrce with you about the need far .utting casts.

lnust apalagise to susan for ny aMul behaiou last niqht.

Shall we ask fot the bill?

Ask the waiter about the dish af the day.

l'm goinq ta complain to the nanaget about the serui.e in hete.

I heard about the nev\/s fron a calleague of mlne

l've never heaftl of that company they'rc nat very well-known.

llearnt a lot about nsurance frcm my lan job

Can you help ne - In laaklng for meeting raan 3

This problem results frcn bad planninq, and h wil .esult in chaos.

1 need ta talk to yau about the new constructian prcject

What did yau thnk ol the neeting?

What are yau thinking about?

They've wtiften to us ta complain about our poor setvEe.

D Uses of different prepositions$ Some prepositions are used lo ntroduce partcular k nds of inforrnaton Knowing this can he p

you to understand some of the diiiefences in section C

Do yau know about EU rcgulatians in this arcd?

We re thinking ahout changing ou advettising slogan

1 n looking at yau otder detaih on the sc.een right now.

I hate it when ny bass thouts at ne

t nust apologise lor being late.

Ive asked the waitet fot the bil

I haven t head frcm then fot a lang tine.

fhis prablem results lrcm bad planninq.

Can we agrce on a discount af 5ok7

we're depending on yau ta fin3h the jab by ftiday.

Coutd yau explain thls clause to ne, please?

l don'tthink he was listening to ne'l hereby empower y@, Adbro* T, wllLln!, towlter ny plntrt!. And l.t'3 h€ar no rcre t.lk

about hor I n.v.r deleg.te authority, ''

192 1l5 VEnO r PREPiOSI'ION

46 Practice

Exercise 1 XComplete the sentences with a word from lin A and a word ffom lilt B.

A: apprcve depend know lead believe sufier syFpar+$se waitB: about for from in of on to vfrh

I | €ally -tyr4P4tli5-e...wi-tl. your problem, but the€l not a lot I can do.2 Positive thinking is so important. You really have to ............................. youlsef.3 fii you out5ide4 What you?e saying can only ............................. one possible conclusion.5 Of coutse the size of our orderwi11.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the pr ice.6 Yo!r CV i ! n.on9 in most areas, but what do you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . market ingT7 lmports always ............................. the ef{ects of a nrong dollar8 laways haveto lookrmad-my boss doesn' i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inforrna clothes.

Exercise 2 EUnderline the correct word.I I think we should ask them &/aboutlw,th more information.2 Can yo! supply us forlaboutlwith enough pa.ts for 5,000 vehicles?3 You 'er d me abourloflfor soreone I l.now4 lf I foEet, remind me abourlollfor it again ai the end of the meeting.5 The management blamedrhe union agairstlfronlfor causing the stdk€.5 l'm writing to inform you lot / about l on ov new G ge ot prcducts,

7 We might have to split the otdet fotlinlintoNvo separate shipments.8 Can you thank L4r Mate us aboutl fotl with all his help?9 l'd like to congratulate Particia ohlforlaboutwinning Employee of the Month.

10 This safety feature prevents the operative agairsrlfromllv/t, suffefing any injury11 This year we'll be investing mo.e than f4m onl,lolto plant and new machinery12 This year we'll be spending more than €4m onl,lolto plant afd new machinery

Exercise 3 I DComplete these sent€nes with prepositions. Choose from: about, at, fot, frcn, ln, to, of at with.

1l 'mwri t inq.. . . . . t9. . . . . .at tourcustomers.. .4he!| t . .of fersthismonthonseecledmodels.2 Who was Georye talk ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? And what exact ly was he ta k ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?3 Nave you heafd anythinq ................. Head Offi.e? They said they'd decide this week.4 Who3 Giuseppe saponi? l've never head .---............. hlm.5 Do you like the new design? What do you think ................. it?6 Do you agree . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . me . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . th is?7 The imp.oved sales fiqures.esult -................ allthe investments we made an yeaf.8 Tre rrvenrnenB we re mdftnq now should resuh .......... ...... oener sal.s ̂exr yea9 | mun apologise .................. not contaciing you e.rlieri but l've been very busJr

l0 l 'd l ike io complain . . . . . . . . . . - . --- . . the manager . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . the food.11 Make sure you look.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the smal lpr int before you sign an), thing.12 Un ess theif quality improves, we'll have to look -.-............... a new supplier

46 VERB + PREPOSITIOI{ 193

Exercise 4l$ffigUComplete the sentences with one word from list A and one word from list B.

A: agrced apologised apply belong comply explain heard hoping nsist listen payqualit ey remind

B: about on on from with with to to to {€+ lor for for for

1 Youcan.. . . . . . . . . .e411.. . . . . . . . . . . . .&t. . . thegoodsintwelvemonthyinnaments.2 Excuse me, but does this umbrel la . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you?3 The f i rr t thing s to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the cl ient to I nd out their needs.4 I asked my lawyer to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . the contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . me5 Ev€rybody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the decision. l t was unanimous.6 Therc'sa new job in R&D. lwonder i f Chrir 6 goingto.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t .7 i i l l is a good te.m member You can always . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her ln a cr is is.8 They've . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ihe delay and sdid that the tems arc in the post.9 I'm certain to foeet. it nedrcr the time.

10 l t 's been a dlsappoint ing year We're . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b€tterresutssoon.1l Have yo! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jacke r€cennyT 5he hasn' twrt ten for ages.12 Does this produci. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eutopeansafetynand.rds?l3 No, no, 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . paying. Yo! ' re my guest.14 lf we build the factory in that area we l ............. a regional aid grant.

E x e r c i s e 5 A g e ' EComplete the emails with the cor.ect prepositions. The s€cond number in each brackei shows the number of

Iv6 jusr be€n lookins (1-2) ....-..41...... your weusite ano companns yo!r on-tin€ bankhs raciritr€6 (2-4) ,................. your

compot i to rs . Th€resaf6wrh ings Id l i k6ro $ tyou (3 -5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .

a) lt I want to boiiow mon6y (4-.4) ..........-....... you, how much will I pay (g!3) .-................ lh6loan? | .$!m€ rhat your

ch€aper operatlng ests will rosult (6-2) ...........,....., a lower int6Est rale than a normal bank.

b) | see thal ll I open an ac@unt this monrh I quarlt (7-3) ...,....,......... a credil cErd wilh sp€cial payment terms. oo you

otr6r In6uEnca (3-a .................. ontine fraud with rhis €rd ro prclect €rd-hotde6 (9,4) .................. hacke6 who mtght

I look loNard to headng (1O-4).-................ you. Thank you.

Thank you (i1-3) .................. ,oor re€nt 6mail a.d I apologis6 (12-3) ..-...-........... takinq e long lo reply,

Here is the informalion you requaat€d.

a) You en r6ly (132) .................. lh€ fact lhat our intor€sl ralos ar€ v6ry 6mpatiliv6,lrut lcannol glve exact fiqu€s 63 ll

depends (14-2)..........-.......lhe amounl you w6nt to bomw linvit6 you {1t2) ..................ch€ck lhe table on ourwebsit6

forthis infomalion.l €n assueyou that w6 d6alwith tha pr@ss v€ry quickly afrer applyhg (16 3)................. the loanyoushou ldn thav6rowai tmore thanafedat€b6for€hganng(17- " ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . usb) Yes,6s soon as yo! tnfom !s (1&5) ..........-..-...- any posibl€ fraud asecialed with yolr €rd we take €re(19-2).-.......-........everything and retund any mon6ythatyou hav6lost.In relation to our@n cunomerac@unls, w€ do

everything necessry to pr€venl hack€E (20-4)....-............. edenng fi€ syst€m, and hav€ invest€d h€avily(21 2) .................. this sr€a ov€I hope this ansers your qu.srions. Pl€se do not h*itate io @ntact us again if you lhink (22-4 -...-...-......... anylhing else.

A

djective + preposition

Adjective + prepositionI Sorne adjectves can have a preposl ion af ter them Theprepost ionmaybefo lowedbyanoun

We re al disappointed with the paar figures.I n rcsponsible for a sales tean of eight people that caves the south of the cauntty.

When followed by a verb, the 'ing lorm mun be used.We might be intetested in placing nore ordes in the futurc

a An adlecrive can a so be followed by a to infin t ve. lf we need to menton. person, we use for

between the adjecliv€ and the infin tveIt's inpoftant to follow the safen/ procedurcsIt's inpottant for us to move quckly in these negotiatians.

h\ good Jor childrct to ndhe thln ouat.lqi.6.Too Mrh u.Ll iM,nU lihunliyr ttdhs thnt it\hddo.fat n' ta \ct ban.lrti.\.tdr ,rcrr. (cu..di.n rvcbsite)

B Feelingsa Many erampes of adj€clive + preposton are connected wilh leelings

fed !p with

l'n rcally excibd about staninq ny new iab.l'n not very keen on fied faad, to be honest

Six b k at int.rested in lityillq ai 86yo 'tnke ii Por\ Bd a lati a. (Busncs NcwsAm$ic"s wcbsnc)

. For behaviour lowafds another perron we use adjeciv€ + to Examplee nclude good to, krrd ro,

nice ta pahte ta, tude to.When ny nothet was iI ffty @lleaques werc a very kind to rr,e.I thaoght he was ftthet rude to the waitress.

l lI n r t , l

1 * [l

_t.

l , t

f , . ' r

i \ i '

'N,, med,!\ re. H@ota&wi'w pltf'ryut

47 ADJEqflVE r PREPOSITION 195

C Other adjectivesa Here are some other com.non examples of adjective + preposition.

i t f o r

gu ry or

lacking in

good/bad at (ab I ly)

sorry ior (+ inq)

used to (= a(customed to)

My opinions arc very dilfercnt frcm you6.Au .onpany is famous all aver the wo d fot the quality af its engineeing.5he was full of enthusiasn when I expbineo ou Eea.We're used to the delays on the netrc. They happen all the tine.

D Adie€tive + choi.e of prepositiona Some adjectives can be followed by diffe€nt preposltons wth a smattdiflerence in mean n9.

Often one preposition is used torthings.nd another for people.'We ae eocl' ftsponsibl. Jor a paxnutu r.ot ptnal arca.'- Efpatt Serui.et Advnq Gebd

I n very angry about the delayI n very angry with them fot causing this delayHe was annoyed about what the jourhatist wroteHe was annoyed with the jaurnalist.

Ive nevet been very good at dealing with .onflict.A new petsan at the top wauld be good fot the (onpany.5he3 very good with diffiult cunonesAre yau happy with ny suggestion?Cangfttulations! I n very happy fot yau bath.I'n rcsponsible lor all the transpotl and bgistics_The Finance Ditector is directly rcsponsible to the CEA.I n sotry about all the trouble l've caused .I n sotry for cauting so nuch ttouble.lfelt sotry for George when he didn't get the pronotion.

196 47 ADJECIIVE + PREPOsITIOI{

47 Practice

Exercise l EttComplete each sentence 1-10 with an ending aH)

I Are you inter€sted g

2 This model is difierent !3 Arc you aware tr4 They were really annoyed n5 He3 become very keen n6 lane is really good n7 I'm so tired.l'm not used E8 are you ready !9 lwas quite surprised n

lo lcould bewrcng n

a) at motivating people.

b) with usforsending the wrong goods.c) for another d nk?d) oithe difficulties you arc creating?e) about this, but I don't th nk it's going to work.

0 bythe numberof Int€rnet caf6s in this town.

9) in anyother items from the catalogue7h) from the old one in some important ways.i) to the time difference yet.j) on keeping tit rccently.

Exercise 2 ! |Complete the sentences with one wod from listA and one wod trom stB.

A: attached tired dependent pepcler involved sale suitable seriousBr about for from in of on to *ith

1 This fund is very ...r9e4!+t:..... ....*i11.... investors looking for long"term groMh.2 The firewallshould make the network ..--....-.............. ................. attack by hackers.3 Forfudherdetaik,seethecopyofthecontract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thsletter4 Staft ing salary is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . previous experience.5 I don't think they?e ....................... ................. thE they haven't been in touch for weeks.5 Wete ,,............,,,,,,,,, ,,,,..........,,, every stige of the process, from design to production.7 | need a change. l 'm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . doing the same thing €very day.8 Hedge furds arc very isky They re not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the p vate investo..

Exercise 3 IUnde ine the coffect word-1 I m 'eally angry aboutl)ufu them for not letting us know sooner.2 l've spoken io Robert and l'm reasonably happy wtrlfolall the a(angemenrs.3 l'm really happy withlfor t\,laggie, she deserved to get prcmoted.4 l'm a bit annoyed aboutlwth all this rcnfusion with the wronq invoices.5 l'm a bit annoyed aboutlw,th them for sending the wrong invoices.6 I'm sotry aboutlforvthat happened yesterday.7 )'m sotry aboutlfor a i\ing so late - I got delayed in trafiic.8 I feel very sorry aboutlfor Frances. she didn't deserve to be treated like ihat.9 Low inflation is good atltorleyfh every sector of the economy.

10 She'd be ercellent in Human Resources, shes really good atlforlwith people.11 Richard, can you help us with this translation? You e good atlforlwithFrcn h.1 2 lf you ne€d to rcfer the decision upwadr who are you responsible forlto?I 3 A$ head of depatment, how many naff arc you responsible forlro?1 4 Who is responsible forlto the Scandinavian market?

47 ADjECT|VE + PnEFOSITION 197

Exercise 4RRmComplete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first senr€nce.

1 Consumers find the old models a bit boring.consumels are a bir bored ................ry.i.t.t'r...t1e,..-"ld..l.eC''s!a.................. .

2 JLrlia ls Adrians wife.J, a is named . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 l'm not accultomed to drivinq on the left.I r f nol u5ed

4 | need to get th€ room preparcd for the meeting.I eed lo gel rhe'oom ready . . . . . .

5 Do you find archaeology interesting?Are you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6 What he said has made me angryl 'n angry . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Mathematics was always my best subject.I wa< . wals ve-y 9oo0

8 The advenising campaign was a disaner You said it would be.You wer€ rght. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l t was a dsaner

9 There we'e lors o, peopLe In rhe conference r..The cor'ercnce La was full ..

10 I don't rcally like her idea.l 'n rct 'ea y very leen . . . . . . . . . .

E x e r c i s e 5 E n i gComplete the sequenc€ ol erna ls with a wod from the n below

a,i€r€ attached capable comparible covered dependent invoved lackng are opposedprepared right similar useful

Arc you (1) ......4W.41e....,, of the articre about customor R€tationshtp Manasem€nt (cRM) in ths rare$ BusinessW€6k? l ' ve scann€d i t and (2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . i r lo lh is Emai t .Basicallt it says that in the past @mpanies were (3) ..-......-.............. on lheir brend nam€, but in the tutur6 weI hav€ tob€ (4) ......................., for 6ustome6 changing s!pplier mo.6 ofi€n.To give betters€ruic€ w6ll need CRM soit .re (5) ........................ of inte€raling cusrom€r hlomaton across rn€ saBsror€, call @ntre 6nd w6bsiie That infomalion also be@mes (6) ......... ............. for mark€tinq thtngs tikeunders tand lngbuy ingb€hav iour r rememberyousay ingsomelh ing(7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to th is inameet ing tas tyea iand

as you are (3)........................ in tT purchasing decisions tlhoughtyou shoutd see lhe artict6.

Re: Cusromgr Retationship Manag6m6nt

Thanks forthe email. Yout€ absorutery (9) ........... ............ about th6 importan@ ofCRM, and if you remen,ue|proposed at that meeting thar w€ inv66r in new CRM soltwa@. Most p€opte @re (1O) ._......_............... to lhe idea, parlybecaus€of rh6d l f l rcu l ty in f ind ingsof i \ ra r€(11) . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w i l t rourorher tTsys tems. tsa idar the t imethat theywereab i t (12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . inv is ion ,bur i r ' s .o rbo(13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ fo rus to$an. f [pu t tog6rh6rashor t repor r

based on th6 id€as (14) ...-...........-.....-.. in rh6 arrict€ and circulate it. Thanks again.

194

oun + preposition

A Noun + prepositiona Here s a list of nouns and ihe prcpositions normally us€d with them:

B Noun + preposition (from unit 46)a Many oi the verbs in unit 46 have relat€d nount wlh the s.me pr€position. Here are

some examoles:

abilily in

ditficulty with

a9reement w th/about

C Noun + preposition (from unit 47)a Many of the adjectives in unir 47 h.ve related nouns wirh the same preposton. Here are

suitab ty for

D Rise, fall + oflina Words .efedng io inc.eases and dercares (like r,!e, laL etc) can be fo owed by of or rn.

Of rcfers to an amount. /, refers lo the thing thai has increased or decreased.There has been an increase/riselreduction/fall in aaeratino Drofit of 3a/o.

48 NOUN + PREPOSITION 199

E Connection, relationship + withlbetweena One thing has a link with another.

Ihete is a link between tyo things.

Words that can be folowed by elther pr€posiUon include: connectian, link, relatianship,

conttast" differen eThere is a cannection/relatianshiplcontun with what happened last year.There is a canne<:tionl relatianshiplcont?st between bst Wat and this year

F Need, wish, ,equest + fora Nouns meaning 'need' or tequest' hdve for aft€r them. Exa mples nc Lrd€ application fo,

demand fac need foc oder faa preference for, rcquest for.

G Prepositional phrasesa Here is a list of common preposilional phrares (peposition + noun phrase):

at short notice, at cost price, at a good pncei at a proft/loss, at first sight

I ve had ta call this neeting at short notice because af the urgency of the situation.It's tliffi.ult to sell at a rcasonable prcfit when labou casts are so high.

by accident, by carlbus/taxr, by chance, by credit cad, by hand, by law, by rn stake,

by posi/cou.ier by rcium {of post)

We net in the street by chance. lt was quite unexpected.Please let us knaw you decision by rctun as fw+ker delay will result in hlghet casts.

tor a change, for lunch, for pleasu.e. for sale

Wauld you like to lain us for lunch?We always eat pizza. Tonight let's go to a Thai rcstauant fot a .hange.

in advance. in bulk, in cash, in charge of, in connection wirh, in debt, in the end, in lavour of,

in general, in. hurry in the markel (companiet, in my op nion, in rtock, in fnancialtems,

in the pipe ne, in touch, in trouble, in other words, in wrt n9

We need 25o/o of the total pice in advance, with the balance an receipt ol the gaads.|'n sotry vtE don't have that nodel in sto*. We re expeclng sane mare next week.'Iruesto6

Ttst bought uhateuel sta.kr wta avaiLdbL h lk b.lieI tl&t uorc lositire ew ea! in thepipeline,'an ondlyt soid. (Shanghii D.ily ivebsite)

on the basis of. on bus ness, on foot, on hand, on hoLd, on hoiday, on the Internet, on the

other llfe, on loan, on the market (productt, on order, on ih€ phone, on p!rpose, on sa e,

on strike, on television, on tack, on a trip, on rhe whoeI think we (an nave forwatd on the hasis of what we ve discussedWe don t have any in sto.k ight now but there are 20 ikms on otder

ra A.hl.itdct. at , xp.,i.ttll dpdl'ndt n ldr CaLd,nan. Ct,hdn ap tuna, w^ on hand ,a dathe j"dftidl cngn'eeitg (Busines Week website)

The uonot'y tM on ha.h lot rcauery, Mr sakai:'d irt'sted. There twuld, he said, ba growth d nngtE dtent qua ex (FT.corn websire)

out of date, out of order, out of businessVetsian 6? Yaur softu/are is a bit out of daE isn't it? They re seling veEian 8 now.Sorry the lift is out ol otder. You ll have ta use the nairs.

up ro oare, up Io youI use ve\ian 8 of this sottware - it's the nost up to da€.I dan't nind which renaurant we go to. lt s up to you.

2|X, 4a OUI{ + PREPatSlTlOttl

48 Practice

Exercise I tIIlComplete the sentences with a prcposition frcm the list below.

between betw€€n {or tor in in cf of te to with with

1 Have you rcceiv€d a reply......l9---... the email you sent yesteday?2 ]he demand ................. microchips is very cyclical.3 lhe esults thi5 year are in nrong contrast................. those of the year before.4 There is a strong cofiast -..............-- these results and those of the !€ar befor€,5 What5 the matter ................. vour PC? Has it dashed?5 Last year there was a fall...-.....,,,,.... unemployment .................O,5o/o,7lsthereanydif ference.. . , . . . , , , , . . . . . . thesetwoboxes?lheybothlookthesame,I Atthe moment lcanlthink of any ro|ution................. the problem.9 The incrcase................. profits wa5 disappointing. There was a ise................. only47o.

10 l'd like to place an order................. forty cases of single malt whisky.

Exercise 2 f ![Complete the sentences with a word flom lin A and a word from lin B.

A: .advantage focus involvement objection payment price suitability tFecbhB: of of for tor in on to *ith

1 We're 9oin9 to change suppliels. we have so much ....1!'...r14h!-e-.... tilh.. rhem.2 The....................... ........... oil has gonedown by$2 a baffel sinceJanuary.3 The.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .usingasmall@mpanyisthi they' teu5!al lycheapel4 We'rewast ingt ime,wene€dto.. . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . , , , , , , , , , . themainissue.5 We haven't r€ceived ..,,,,,,,,............, ,,,,,,,,,,, the last invoice yet.

5 Does anyone have any ..........,,,,,,,,..... .......,,,, that propos.l? OK, it3 aqreed,7 There are rumours ot theh ,..........,,,,,,,,..., .......,... illegalarm5 dea15.8 l t !aviolentf i lm. l 'mnotsurcabout i6. . . . . . . , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , ,avounoaudience,

Exercise 3 trunderline the corect words,'I 4lrn filst siglt it looks like a good deal, but w€ need more detaik atltb a hurry2 A: Shall w€ try using a different suppli€r byllor a change?

B: tt3 uplout to you.

3 Arc you paying bylin ca:h ot bylin opdit cad?4 The house next door is torlat sale. ltS be€n orlir the ma*et for ages.5 Very few Eoard members arc atl,ir favour of the merge. ,n/O, the whole, they think it will create mo€

prcblems than it sohies-6 We need to keep,iDlon toudr with the situation as it develops.7 Are ],ou here onlfor business or onlfor de6ure?8 A: Did you do it bylon purpose?

B: No, ot course no! | did it bylon m,istake.9 Byl/n financial t€rms thqy're not doing well. rhefre $ t0m inlout of debt.

I 0 A: *tick, irs Paul Brock Jrcm Tyco atlon th€ phone.B: Can you put him atlo, hold while llook for hisfile? OK, l'veJound it- l'lltake ltat/on the otherline.

4a I||OUll + PnEPOSltlOltl 20i

Exer<ise 4 EStudy the underlined prepositional phrases. Write the entence letter aFl) containing each phrase next to asimilar phrase l-l2 belowa) l'm sony, I think we were talking at cross oumoe' Let me make myself clearb) Forthe time beino lthink w€ should wait We ran make a decision laterc) lt3 to our advantage to wo* together on this. We'rc all in the same boat.d) lr was fantasitic news And it (ame compleGty out ot the blue.e) Ther€3 two new products in the pio€line. They'll be launched later this year,f) You have to be really on the ball. The shuation changes all the tim€.g) l'm speaking qfflhC_Egad of course, but the company is close to bankruptcy.h) As you can 5ee its quite complicated. Bul i!_a_lgblhell we mun act soon.i) We?e adhidEg here. lf they take us to court we'll prcbably lose.j) l m afraid the new CEO is out of his deoth with this latest crisis.k) Sorry, its a!ftthe-qlr$iao. We could never ag€e to that.l) h the lono run shares are a better investment than bonds.

1 about diffeEnt things without realising2 quick-thinking and quick-acting3 to say it biefly and clea y4 in the same unpleasant situation5 ln a situation that is too diffcult for him6 in a situation that might cause trouble

E 7 unexpectedty

= 8 being planned and prepared

L--l 9 over a lono time Deiodn to for a shon-penod of trmen tt nol possrble

n t2 unoff'crally

!nnnnnExerc ise5l l l lComplete the sequence of emaibwith the correct prepositions, The s€rond number in each bracket showsthe number of letters in th€ word.

Th. IntBrurBG ior rh€ post of lt manager aE happ€nlnq n6n ssk. €nd PeEonnet have just s6nt m6 hrorm6ton(1r5) Aig'al. .ll the @ndldatos, I thoughr re should q6r logorher to diqse the CVs and th6 quoq ons wB are sohs rctocus on in th€ lnt€ryi€ws.H6b Er€ ny ihouqht6, (2,2)...--....--. myoprnron rh6E rsa n6€d (3-3).......,,... som6on6 wlrh a good knowt€ds6(4-2)............ Bystem8 lnreg€tion, b6eus6 rh6 ddn@ly (5-a) --...-...... ourdcnr tT sy6t6m ts thata[ thB parls worksoparEtely -!u. w€bait6, th6 bact-ffi@ p|b@slng. blllhg, our supply chain 6tc, I hop6 re @n find s endidato whohas shown.u@56 (6-2)...---.....- deallng with alr th@ pro@ss in rh€ir pEvloG lob. but Personner hav€ €r@adywamed me thst ih€€.6 lack (7-2) ......,..... Earry 3ton9 €ndrdates.Arao, a lot or our lT jnfra.lructurc 16 qult€ (&3) ..........-- of daie and @rl h€v6 to mak6 a bis inv€sh€nt (+2) ,,,...,,,,..n€w hardwa@ sn. w6 n*d som@n6 whoS (lo-2).....-...... touch wnh whars (113) ...._....._ sate (12-2) ,,...,,,.... themark€l and €n take €.ponsibiliry (133) ..--.....--. th6 whol6 pumha.lng prc(:es-

What do you think? lf3 (14-2) -....-....-- to you - l'm f.€€ for a reoting mGt momings n6x w€6k.

Yes, w€ should have a me€ttng. lt will be good to disos ttE€ rfiin$ (1+2) ....,....... adwn@ (16-3) ...-........ a chang€.Usually th6 int€Nlews are (17-2) .---....---. such shon noti@ that w dont g€t a.ian@ to calty took at lh6 CVs togglherand msk€ d€cbions (1a-5) ..----...--. the kind of qu€tions @ c going to.sk. Next Tu*day mominq woutd be good for

202

A

f6 1 5 six paunds fifteen

Note thai a dec rna point is written as a dof. not a cornrna ke in some anguages.

E t r : : L| ---| . . .

t--'-

t---.-t - \l \

r_L_

O25 noughtlzero paint tura f/ve (NOT p€+F++,*/eF{y+rfe)

nds, graphs and figures

craphs and figuresa Herc are some comrnon types of graph:

tlhtr@ffiNlmbe6 can be written ar symbols (10) or words (ten) nforma wlt ns r.rse symbos for tarqeamounts and wods for everything else (ord na s like second, two numbe6loqether, esrimates,etc) See exercse 4 on pag€ 205

Nole the fo owing ways to tay numbers:

Large numbers:

Acomma can be used to separate rhous.nds from hundrcds Notice the use of ,and inBrrishEngl ish.6,244 six thousand t a hund.ed (in BrE and ArnE)6,284 six thousand ttuo hundrcd and eighty (in UE, hut ArnE has no,and,here)2m two nillion (NOT Fdli€F5)2.5n two point five/two and a half nillion

B Trendsa Study these verbs lhat describe ditfeenl rerds (= rendenc es).

f-

49 TRENDS, GRAPHS AND FIGUNES 203

a Note ako: to doublq to triple, to halve.

a Note these iregularvel1) foms:

90 - went - gone grow - gtew - grown

ise-rcse-risen fal-fe - falen

O Note these nouns:a ise, growth, an inprcvenent, a fall, a drcp, a peak, a rccovery a half, a doubting

ManuId.tulns indbtry adeR in Jdrsdry rose 1|.1%ton the sone penod d fenr ea ier, Nnparcd

uith faM^ of an 11.2% ti'e. (wan SrreetJoulnal website)

see rho uni 43 a Nore _hp 'ollowinq plepoiilions:

sales increased flon 55.4m to r5.8rn. (nan and linish figures)sales increased by $0.4m. (diffepnce between stdft dnd finish fgures)

There was an increase in sales ot S0.4m. (aiter a noun or noun phras€)

There was a 3'k inctease in sales. (b€forc the thing that is changing)

T1r slnrc of U.S. copital s|tndks de@tcd b nfonotio,l teelhololl hG norc thai tiplcd lihd

1960,frod 10% to 35%. Fields tlrh a: biotcth olog dte booni'9. (B$ine$Weck website)

C verbs and obie<tssee ar5o unit25 a lt s important to use veds in the ight way. Study these thrce groups.

Transitive velbs are always fo owed by an obiectiWe'll Bise/lowe .ut/maintain his salary (with an object)(BUTNOTH*.*l€ry+vilkahe4€s€r aii€in.)

Intransitive verbs are never folowed by an object:lnflation will ise/fall/grodgo up. (without an obj€d)( B U T N O T @ )

Transtive/lntr.nsitive verbs can be used with or wilholt an obiecl:We'll inoease/de$ease/imprcve/rc<ovet ou maket share. (with an object)AND Ou natket share wI increase/deqease/improvelre@ver (wthoutan object)

D Adverbs and adiectivesa We can use adverbs aDd adjectives to give morc details about vefbs and nouns.

sleedquicklylquick rapid change significantlylsgnificant atge change

grcdualy/gradual const.nt,regularchange sharylylsharp suddenchange

steadily/steady slow,st€p-by-stepchange slightly/dight smach.nge

Sales qrcw steadily. There was a sbady growth in sales.

So Jdr, 6.25 billion USD hs poeBd itto Ronatia ow lE l6t dtude, with 16t y't\ fir"Esshawing a slight itd^e at 1998, otdi^! to lazst Tiade Regittry datd. (BLlcharest Business

Week website)

E Linking words and phrases

a Linking words a€ usefulfor descibinq tlends. They canjoln p.rts of a sentenc€ or link across

sentences. see units 41 -44. Herc a.e just a few exampesl

addition and, in addition

contrast b./t a/though (+ subject + verb), in splte of(+ noun phrase), however

be.ause (+ subject + verb), because otdue ro (+ noun phfale)

result so, thetefore

204 49 TRENDS, GNAPHS AiID FIGUNES

49 Practice

Exercise 1 nWrte in words how you woold say the numbers in brackets, if British Engtsh. There is an exarnp e insecrion A and another one belo', ro help you.

.f.eoj:..hrardred..*ad..fiftJ.tjx therr.'adr..t.'e.v.e^...hl,|^d..ced...a^d..s.iahtJ...r (4s6,780)

2 \1,84)3 02,300)4 (12,030)

5 (12,330)

6 fi20,300)7 (r23,000)

8 (12:,330)

9 (1,230,000)

Exercise 2 f !!Llnderline the correct wordi1 IleE was a slightly/rtgbt se in profitslast month.2 We roserhcreased our profirs s/tghttlsr?ht last month.3 Thefe was a sharp fall ,iolofour sales last quarter4 Our sales fellbylof6% last quarter5 we felllrecovercd ov market share last quarter.6 Our sha€ price h/t/beat a lowldown la* monIh, 6ut jt has since recuperat_.d/recoyeled and now

stands atJin 13.18.7 Ou shate ptice rcached/met a toplpeak in May, but itl fallen back sin(e then.8 lnf lation is inc.easing s/owBlor,ry'y at the moment, /h / by aboul 1 % a yeat.9 lhete is a slow / slowly inc.ease in the rate of inf lation, of I by about 1 ok a yea(

10 Operating profits went frcm t2-S.r. to/untilf3.1n.11 Dividends paid to sharehold€rs raisedlrose by 6%. Lan year they fu///cut1 2 Thk year we ralsedlrose dividends to shareholdels. Last year we lel//cut them.

Exercise 3 !Complete the sentences with a word or phEse from the list below Look ca€fuily at the punctuatiof to seeI the words join parts of sentences or link affoss sentences.

because because of so although in spite of ln-€dditisu however iher€for€

I sa es are up sx. ....1t!...4C.Ci!i9t.. , market sharc is up 2%.2 5. les are up 5%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ma*et share is down 2%.3 5ales are !p 5%, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - market share is down 2%.4 Sales are up 50,6. ........---.................. a drop in ma*et sharc of 2076.5 Sales are up 5%. ............--..---.......... , we should get a bonus at rhe end of ihe y€ar6 sal€s are up 5%, ..................... .. well all get a bonus at rh€ end of th-. y€ar7 Sa es .fe up 5% ......................--..... the new advertising camp.ign.8 Sales .re up 5% ........................---.. the new advertising .ampaiqn has srad€d.

49 TRENDS, GRAPHS AND FIGURES ZO5

Exercise 4 EMatch ihe rules for formal writing 15 with the examples aFO.

1 Use syrnbo s for dates and la.ge amounls2 Use words for ordinals (fi61, Jecond)

3 Use words for two numbe6together4 Use wods at the beginning oi. s€ntence

5 Use words for estimates6 Use words for numbe6 below ten

a) We ll need twenty fourpeEon teams.

b) Twelve people took part in the meet ng.

c) $100 wi l lbe pad on 28 AuSUst .

d) Therc are thr€e main recommendations.

e)We have abouttwo hundred employees.

fl This ir ouf th rd annual rcport.

; t

nnnn!

Exercise 5 g

Wrte the phrases from the i5t below on the appropriat€ lines 1-6.

considerably more than 50% arcund 50% a little ovet 500,6 exactly 50olo a most 50%

a ittl€ lnder 50% much less than 50% about 50% prccisely 50olo slightly rnore than 50%

404/d L......

4AVd 2a . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /

48-521o 3a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

5oo/o 4a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

5 2 l o 5 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

6ao/o 6 . . . . . . . . . . . .

E x e r c i s e 6 I I I I IComplete the conveBation between a financial consultant,

Andrew Cutting (AC), and a sales director, Chris Wood (CWJ,

by und€dinin! the correct words.^c, Right. B€fore we decide on the condicions for rhe

loan, we need to havc a caretul look at your business.I ve got rhe saler (1) lratqt /gaphic tot l2sr ye2r ttg}jrhere. UD. can you jusr go through the figlres for me?

cw, of couFe. Ar you can see, sal€s at the stafi of the ye:r

wer. gtire (2) fat / le'el, (3) so / althoryh r\at\ norsrtptis;ng(4) beerce /d/e to we alwys have a quiet pedod after ChrisrMs.

^c, OK, but iherc Mnt 6nch of ^ (5) ttuwr / ttu ery over the spring period, was there? From your

gnph I see rhat ar rhe (6) pe,l/r&,' in June you were onty Q) ketu'ed /up

(8) by / with l'ro (9) hi ion / ni iors (L0) pornds / oI potnds (11) sina / o4 t[e J^nttary fisure. whai

happened?

N, We[.it... itwsa dificult tmding period for us - our nein comperitor (12) ,r,4e,l their Plices(r3') sisnij&rt / sis"6antly. \14, HoM / In spite oIi tt\e se.ond (1s) hdf / halre of the yed things

starte.l to lmProve.

r, Um. How did that happen?

c\r, WeI. we launched a senes of new producis onto the market, and you'[ see that sales

(16) ised / nse (17) st'dtp / sha"t over rhe aurDm.

cw, In fact the ff went (18) rolatltl a tirde (19) rrtr / over ifeen nilli'on$ the end ofthe l€ar'

Nov, we wele very happy with those resDlrs.And we er"ecr the increse (20) o/tr sales to

continue this leat Ou sales foreca*s m looking very good.

e Um, we[. that does look pomising. ] tbinL Ne can - -.

@',

205

unctuation

A Capital lettersa captalletteE (al5o called uppeKase leners)..e lsedl

to beqin a 5entence Thank yau lar you leftet of 28 iuly.ior names of people Jin, Helen, Mr Armstrang, Mts lonesfor names of ofganlsatons Eurapean Camnunity, Ministty af Finance

for titlee of books, etc As lin Tucker said in 'Managing Change', ...for n.mes of places Pais, FBn.e, Europe

for calendar info.m.ton Monday, March, New Yearc Day

a Inbookandfrmtr tes, rnra l wo.dt ke and, a/ th€ and prcposi t ions do nor usual ly hav€capitals, unless they are at the beginningHis latest filn is (alled ln the Heat of the Night .

a Some wods can be written with capitak, or n lower care. These are:

compdss po nls

B Full stop (.)

the Ntnettes, the ninetles

She is a gnatl sales dnecbr (general use), sa/€i Dlrecrcr (ob t t e)

the east of Scot/and (description), the far Easr (pac€ ndme)

a Full nops are used at the end of sentences

a Fullnops are sometimes used in abbrevatons to show that letters n . word are miss ng. lnmodern British English they are not used so often.prcr.E Taytot Mp eg te et<

C Comma (,)

. A comrna in wiling represenls a brief pause in speech. Wh€n a sentence has severa clauses,commas are placed bebreen 1hem io make the sentence e.ser to readWe da a lot af business wlh Asla, and its an npanant matket far us.We da a lot af buslness with Asia, which is an inpanant narket far us.

But we lse a tull nop, noi a comma, to separate complete sentences.

We do a lat of business with Asia. lt s an inpaftant narket far us.(NOr@.)

a A comma is used in lists, excepi for the lan nvo tems where we use and.Thls product is safe, hygienic, practical and.heap

We can lse a comma before ard il the last two tems in rhe list are long.This product E safe, easy to naintain, and kind to the envirannent.

a Link nq words at ihe beqlnninq of a senrence arc fo owed by . comma.ln fact, the Poftuguese maket is gtowinq fan.

Linking wods n the middle of a sentence hdve commas beJore and afr€rThe Pattuguese narket, on the other hand, is qrowing fast.

seeunn23 a Commasare used with non deflning rel.tive clauses.This ptodu.L which is the tap of our range, retails at t250

a A comma can ntrodrce direct quotesA Llay.ls agent said,'fhis will nean sone very larye claims.'

50 PUNCTUATION 207

a When writing direct speech we use a comma before the actua words spoken. In report€d

speech commas are not Lrsed. Compare:Your sales direcbr said, Yes, that might be possible.'

Your sales dire.tot sakl it night be possible.

I Siudy whe€ we put a comma with large numbe6:

260 1,569 18,500 127,000 4,65A,000

Note that in sorne other languages a dot is used her€. A dot in English represents a dec mal

point.

D Semi.colon C)a We can join two sente.ces wLth related m$nings using a semi-(olon.

We need betbr technology; beftet te.hnology costs noney.

a A semi-colon is also used to sepaGte long tems in a n. Notice the use of commas and

semicolons in this examPlellnstlutional investo' include ̂lonura, the lapanese secuities house; GEC of the us; andAatterhouse, the UK investnent bank.

E colon (:)a A colon intrcduces items in a list.

The input sele<tor has four positions: CD DVD, tuner and auxiliary

a A colon can introduc€ an explanation oi the previous part oi the sentence.China is booming: output is up, profis are up, confidence is high.

a A colon i9 also us€d to introdlce exampLes.weJe enteing a lot of new rarke6, egl the Balt, states.

F speech marks (' ') (" ")a speech marks (also called quotation markt ar€ used when we write the aciual words that

someone says. Punctuaiion goes inside. Th€y can be single or double"rhis shate issue will supply the capital we need,' satd Alan Jones of MSD.Alan Jones oI MSD said, 'fhis shate issue will supply the capltalwe need.'

a Titles of book, €ports, films, etc, are sometimes put nside s ng e speech marks, a id we put

pun.tuation outside in this case.1 strcngly rcconmend Jin Iucker's new book Managing Change'.

Book iilles, etc. can also be put in ita ics ratherthan speech marks.

G Question mark (?) and eiclamation mark (l)

a Quenion mark only occur after the question.He asked, what are the nost inportant issues facing aur company?'

a Exclamation marks are used in inform.l writing, bui are not considercd appropri.te in fomal

witing. They show surpise, pleasure, etc.Guess what's happened! I ve just got engagedf

2OA 50 PI'NCTUATIOiI

50 Practice

Exercise I !Rewrite each sentence, putting in any necessary capital lette6.1 we?e meeting prcfessor thomas on tuesday e\,€ning at eiqht.

....Were..x+1r.lx .F.-e.f.e.r..;.er ..fb.*..p-+..IwCry...cyet\rA4..4J..sit!1:...........................2 last february i met mary caryenter for the fi6t time.

3 tim works in the nofth of france, about 50 kilometres from pais.

4 my favourite hitchcock film is 'stranqeE on a train .

5 carol works a5 an office manager in a marketing (onsultancy.

6 i've just rcceived the rcport published last may by the wo d t€de organization.

7 on ch stma9 day we ll 90 to my parents' house near brightof in russex,

8 thinkjean is gojnq to be interviewing the deputy finance minister next week.

Exe rc i se2 I l I l l lTick (/) the one 5entence in ea(h group aFc)which is punctuated correctly.1 a) 'What3 the best way to contrcl our costs, she asked?'

b) 'Whatb the best way to control our costs?' she asked.c) 'Whatl the best way to control our costs,' she asked?

2 a) We all agreed, that protectionism, was not the answerb) We all agrced that protectionism, was not the answerc) we all ag€ed that protectionism was not the answer

3 a) Helen who is a very experienced in\,€stment analy5t, agreed.b) Helen, who i5 a very experienced in\,€stment analyst, agrced,c) Helen, who is a very experienced invertment analysl ag€ed.

4 a) He told me not to wait and said, 'l'llsee you later.'b) He told me, not to wait and said'l'lls€eyou later.'c) He told me not to wait and said l'll see you later.

5 a) The p.oblem is simple, the€s too little investment, and too much waste.b) The problem is simple; there3 too little inve$mentj and roo much wane.c) The prcblem is simple: thereS too little invesiment and too much wane.

6 a) The fiqures are: inflation 4%, unemploymeni 5.4% and interest rales 80/6.b) The figures are: inflation, 4%, unemploymenl 5.4%, interest Et€s, 8%.c) The figures are inflation 4%, unemployment 5.4%, and interen rates 8%.

7 a) Ann explained that nobody had made a decision yet.b) Ann explained, that nobody had made a decision yet.c) Ann explained that, nobody had made a decision yet.

8 a) Sales hn year were $4s00000 while pofits were jun 9620000.b) Sales last year were $4,500000, while profits v/€re just $620,000.c) Sales last year were $4,s00,000, while protits werc just $620,000.

nfvLn!ntrnnnnnnnnnn!nnnnn!n

50 PUNCTUATION 209

Exe rc i se3 !E*H#ARewf te each g.oup of words so that it contains the punctuation listed in br.ckets.

1 Fi6t of.ll is there a demand in the ma*et asked sue \one fuI nap, ane rcnna, one quenian nark,

1 Fi!:t.t..91..A,11, i.1...r.19.. A.. 1.1W,!d i^ the M4rke t ?' Arked <ue-.

2 l'm sorry Kim he said the goods would arive on time but they didn't lone fu stop, two connas)

3 lack said that we should tear up the plant foEet aboui it and start again \one fuI nap, tuva connas)

5 On the other hand we could use a different firm couldn't we said F€neois (one full stap, two canna'

one ouestion mark, soeech ma(s)

6 Hel o Alan said Tina how was the meeting yeneday \ane lull stop, thtee conna, one questbn na*,

tu\/a paiB of speeah nark' one capital bttel

T lf l were vo! l'd ask for some help or perhaps look at the man LJa aga n (one fullstop, wo connas)

8 Oilsharcs did welllast week Standad Oilwas up 2% Exxon was up I 8ol" and th€ Ango-Dutch group

Shell gained 2.3% \one tullstop, t/to connas, one cobn)

4 When saw my boss I went up to him and eid Can I hdve Frid.y ofi p ease lone questian nark, three

canna, speech marks)

E x e r c i s e 4 X S E ERewr te this email, adding any necessary capitalletters and punctuation. The exercise also nc ud€s using

aoos$oohes for contracted verb lorms (/'ve, / rt, etc).

It was grear to h€ar fbm you and hanks lor th6 photo ot everyone on the MBAcouE6 il brinqs back happy m6mories

and im suro youl agr6€ rhat we were lucky te have such inter€sting pepts h ouryear

im glad lh.tyou w€r6.u@esstulin your s€arch fora job in plblic €larions iv6.ot been so lucky so far im afraid i

applied forajob atthe beginning ol lh6 month in theinan6 dapanm€nt of a large swiss owned pharmaeutical

company id ba very well qlalified for lhs iob but i slill havsnt haard an,'thing if i dont get an answer soon illlry wriling

ag.in actually ifidonr ho.ranythlng iwont be too dleppoint€d ba€us6 it s€6ms their@mpany isnl doing loo wellat

th6 momgnr and idonr rhink thered b6 many opportunlllestor pomolion

ivs t16€n m66ning to 6mailyou fo. ages aboutsomelhinq else do you by any chan@ have alison andjimR,ddress im

planning on vbiting lh6ir cily in the autumn and id like to €llin and s* thom wiat about you do you hav6.nv plans lo

6me h€r€ it would b€ wonderful to se6 you again a.d you knd you.6 w€t@m.lo stay whenever you want

w€ll lhats all for now im going away iomow aor a iew days to visn my parents and ive got to pack and get readv

rhanks again forthe phob and n was 5o ni@ to hear rbm you again

210

Test 1 Verb tenses: present (units 1-2)

Exercise 1Cornp eie the sentences by putting each v€lb into the presentsimple or prcsent cont nuous. use.ontractjons (/ m inne.d of I an, da't innead of do not, etc) where possible.

1 A: what .........C..9..)Pi.a..C9.......... (you do)?B: 'm an engineet

2 A: what .....^f.e...)P!a...d9.i1!...... (you do)?B: l'm looking for a file.

3 can you help me? | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not understand) spanish.4 Can I call you back? ! .... ....- - (talk) with a client.5 This pDduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not sel l ) as wel l as we hoped.6 l ' l get in touch with you as soon as | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (know) the results.7 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (stay) at the tv lar iot t Hotel . t l lbe there unt i l Fr day.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . (you of ier) any special deals over the summerT9 o!r company ................... ........ (make) parts forthe automobile indlstry

10 When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you usual ly ar ive) at wo in the moming?11 Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (come) to wolk with us on the NBC prcject for a few weeks.12 Jack.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (come) f .om Leeds in the north of England.

Exercise 2Decide if uses aFh) are usually associated with lhe present simple (P9 or present continuous (PO

a) facts and permanent situations E

b) actiofs and events in prcgress now Llc) arrangements forthe future

=d) verbs of thinkinq and feelinq L l

l,,4atch sentences 1 -8 below with uses aFh).

e) habts and rcutines n0 temporary stuations ng) fixed timetables trh) current trends and changes n

1 Shes talfing on another line nght now, can I ask her to call you bacl? E2 We ofier a net! orking solution that is customised, rcliable and secure. Ll3 We relea5e figures for total sales and net eamings e!€ry quarter. n4 lm arr iv ing in Munich at 10.30. n5 The plane arrives in Munich at 10.30. n5 l'm working in our customer services department this month. !7 Internei fraud and qberc me is increasing allove.the wo d. n8 OK,lunderstand whatthe problem is now- n

Exercise 3Put the time expressions ftom the list below into two categories: those usually used wth the present simple,and those usually used with the pFsent continuous- Wfite the expression in the correct colurnn.

aiier, always, as soon as, before, curently, every day, hardly ever, never, at the moment, most of th€time, nexi time, normally, now, nowada)'s, occasionally, often, |a|ely, sometimes, these days, twice ayear, until, usually, when

Present simple

^++.erPresent continlous

TEST ' VERB TENSES 21

Exercise 4Put the words into ihe correct order The firn word is given ea.h tim€.

1 | at dboui one o clock have usually lunch. I2 Lunch just a sandwich often is. Lunch3 lfiom time to time visit in Pads Head Office. I4 ever hardly am late in ihe moming. I5 ever hadly take the train to work. I

6 | prcparc once a month a sales report. I

7 | mits a Eoard meeting never I

8 | am ate for a Board meeting never. I

Exercise 5Some of the following sentences are ight and some are wrcng. Put a ri<k (/) next to the rght ones, andco.rect the wrong ones.1 I'm supplying you with everything on your last order.2 fr+g{€eing with you completely.3 Ou. chocolates are containing only the finen ifgedienrs.4 Our chocolates ar€ winning prizes alloverthe wortd.5 We'e sett ng up subsidiaries in Peru and Bolivia.6 We're owning subsidiaries in Peru and Bolivia.7 'm th nking they will make a decition thisweek.8 I'm thinking about what they will decide this week.9 At first sight. itS seeming to be a sensible suggestion.

l0 At iirst sighr, hel making a sensible suggestionl1 We'rc hav ng a lol o'trouble with our suppliers12 In these circumstances we'€ having no alternative.

. | ^{e?......

Exercise 6Compete the sentences by putting each verb into a form of lhe present simpe or present continuous. Ineach sentence the verbs may be in the same or differenr renses.I Every i ime inf lat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (qo up), people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (demand)higher wages.2 Inf lai ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( fal l ) qui te quickly, which . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (mean)rhat ih€

government can keep rnterest rates low3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iyou/wait) forVictor iachambers?t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not^hnk)she' betong.4 What exact ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (our custome6/wanr)? Nobody arcund her

s car lo doesn't have much-experience of this si tuat ion. | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (hope) he.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (know) whal he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (do).

6 Whai exacrly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . (you/mean)? | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (nor/understand).7 Whatexacty.. . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/say)?.. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/want)torenegot iaterhe

8 ........................... ..... (your chicken/tane) oK? The food here is usually very qood, but of.oulse it atl.. _-. (depend) on which particularchef .. . .... (work) in the ktchen on

Test 2 Verb tenses: past (units 3-4)

Exercise IWfite the past simple form of these irregular verbs-

7 eat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 14 lend

' I become... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 fal l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 begin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 f ind.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 pay.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 break.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 foryet . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . 17 send . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 br ing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 grow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - 18 shui. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 buy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . 12 keep.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 spend.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 choose.. . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . 13 lead.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 undeEtand.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exercise 2Underline the cofiect words.1 When I gatlwas gettiag home, I heard l was heaing your phone message.2 When I was at Norcom I used to dainlwas claining all my travel expenses.3 When the complter crashedlwas crashing I pinted outlwas printing oul last month's f gurcs.4 while the plane fook offl was taking off, I statted lwas sia,'ting to feel unwell.5 We wanted lwere wanting a reliable firm, 50 we chose / were choosing Phillips.6 We used to havelwere havlng an office in Latvia and Lithuania, but ihen we combined/werc combihirg

all our Balti( operations at our Estonia office.7 When I afiivedlwas ahving at the office Jan waitedlwas waiting fat tr],e.8 The door was open so I knockedlwas kno<king and canelwas coming in.9 Ihey arguedlwerc aeuing about the merger when he suddenly /osflwas /oslng his temper

10 When lwaslused to be in London last summer lylsttedlwas visiting a difte?ntn lseum every day

Exercise 3Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the fiBi sentence and contains the word inbrackets. This exercise practises the past perfect and used to.

1 Michael made some notes and started witing. (had)

After ...........111i!kql..ll*d...&*ds.......... some notes, he started writinq.2 This Internet connection is slower than belo€. (didn't)

This Internet connection .... ........... to be so dow3 | was sure the di5k was in this boxl (forgonen)

I was sure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the diskl4 In the past, the factory ptoduced 4,000 units every month. (used)

The factory . . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . - ------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -- . . --- . . . . . . . . 4,000 units every month.5 | thought the article seemed lamiliar (had)

I thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the art ic le before.6 Franz left before my arival. (akeady)

By the rime I arrived, Franz .7 when I was younger I went skiing a lot. (used)

1.. . . . ----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . .alotwhenlwasyounger8 The meeting finished late so we went straight back to ihe hoiel. (had)

Wewentst laightbacktothehotelbecaule.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. lat€.

TEST 2 VERE TENSES 213

Exercise 4Comp ete edch sentence with a suilable lime expression frcm th€ l5t below

at on in wh€n while/when

1 The computer crashed ...v.!hilC1.Yr\e^.. I was loading up the new software.

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d id you f i6 t not ice th€ faul t?

3 We sent you the lnvoi.e .................. ....... the end of last month.

4 c entral Europe was changing very Iapidly .................... the nineties.

5 we lent th€ goods ........................ the fifteenth. Haven't you rccelved them yet?

6 ........ .................... they raised interest rates ihe euro rccovercd aga nst the dolldr.

7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . she was checking the invoices, she noi iced a sma mistake.

8 The t lvo companies melged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998

9 we mel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e iqht for a business breakfast .

10 What were yo! doi .g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ca l led you th is morn n9?

1l We changed our advenis ing campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the beg nning of the year .

l2 l ' l lch€ck my f i les and cal lyou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the morning

Exercise 5Compete the sentences by putting one verb in the pan simple and one in th€ pasi perfect.

1 when the f i lm srarted | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rca1i1e4. . . . . . . . . . . ( real i !e) | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hAd..r .el ! \ . . . . . . . . . . . Gee) t

2 By the t i rne | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (geo to the phone i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Giop)nn9rng.

3 H o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( y o u / f n d o u t ) t h a t y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( g o 0 t h e j o b ?

4 Before | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (oin) ABN L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (work) as an

Investment ana yst.

5 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (send) her an emai l jun to see how th ngs were going. Meanwh e, my

boss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (akeady/spoke) to her boss.5 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (always/suspect) that the coniract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(not/be) legal.

Exercise 6Complete the sent€nces by putting the verb in brackets into either the pan perfect or past p€rfeci continuous.

1 By an christmas L....... ...h4.d-..deSjded......... (d€cide) t was time to change rnyjob.

2 | .....ha.d..be.a^..Jh.1Bi13.... {think) aboutdansing myjob forsometime before fin.lly decided.

: | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (wait) for over an hour by the t me he arr ived.4 Actua y, | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (already hear) the news b€fore she told me.

5 Thelrshare p ce.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . ( r ise) steadi ly b€forc the merqer was announced.

6 lcouldn' t give hjm a l i f t because 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (notf insh)work.

7 Theyqetonverywel l ,bl t they.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (nevermeet)unt i l th isyear8 Myeyeswere hu' t inq be.ause 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( look)atthe screen a day.

9 Aftef I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (see) the new design I real ised i t was go ng to be a great success

10 They closed down the factory because it ................ . ..... (lose) money tor yeau.

Test 3 Verb tenses: past and present (units 5-6)

Exercise 1Underlife the coffect or most appropriate answe6.1 t'n waitingll've been wailrc herefor ages.2 The markets ha!€ hadlhad a sharp fall last week.3 The markets ha€ hadlhad a sharp fall this week.4 Wait a moment, /'ve /efal/ /eft the innruction manual in the oth€r room.5 /'ve /eftl/ /eft the instruction manual nen to the PC when I was using it earllel6 How long are you vwkitg/have W been working he'€?7 Hurry upl Howlongare you goinglhave tou beal going to be?8 We can't supply the goods because they haven t pa id ldidn\ pay \he depos l.9 We couldn't supply the goods because they ha!€n'tpaidldidn't pay lhe deposil.

10 l'm waiting for Sue. When have you last seen/did you bn see het?11 l'm waiting fo. Sue. Have you seen her?lDid W see het?

Exercise 2Crogs out the mistake in each entence and write the correction at the end,

1shei5sendingemailsal lvveekbuthasn'tplacedanod"ry"t . . . . . . . . . . . . .14t. . .b1q1.2 We have stafted this cou6e th€e weels ago.3 A: 'What have you been doing all morning?'

B: 'l've been w tten lettels.'4 When have you arrived in this city?5 You have ever been to India?6 Paula has been organised a press conference.7 sales have been riging since three months.8 I live in this city since lwas born.9 I wait here a long time. where haveyou been?

10 L didnt giva a presentation before, so l m a bit nervous,1l L'm wating fof their €ply to our letter for three weeks.12 How long do you work in this company?

Exercise 3Completethe sentences with a suitable time expression from the list below

yet for €iF€e often ever never alrcady sofar jun always

'I 've lived in my city-centre flat ---t!.^Sg... 1998.llove it there.2 Thanks forthe present! l've...........--... wanted a gold Rolex!3 l don' t think l should dr inkany more. tve -- .- . . . . . . . . . . . . hadfourwhiskies.4 Have you ................ been self-employed?5 I ve ................ head that we've won the contEctl Congratulations everybodyl6 Huffy upl Haven't you finished ................ ?7 Nina has worked in this company ................ over fiv€ years now8 l've -............... been white-waler Efting before. lts an interesting experiencel9l 've.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .passedthisbui lding,butthis isthef i6t t imel 'vebeeninside.

l0 We've been very busy on the stand this moming. ................ we've giv€n away over 200 brochr.res.

TEST 3 VEiE TENSES 2T5

Exercise 4complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to th€ firsl sentence. You may need a new verb,

or a t me expresslon like those in ex€rcis€ 3. Use contractions where possible.1 lan€ doesn't work at this company now

Ja"e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h4r, . . !9. t1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th is company.2 This s the first time l've been to ihe United stai€s.

| . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . ---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . to the United States before.3 Thai3 sttangel My wallet jsn't here!

That3 nrangel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d isappeared.4 | saw a friend of you6 a few moments ago.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a rr eno or yours.

5 l 'm st i l lwrUngthis report .l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th|sreporiyet.

6 We started working here thrce yeaE ago.We v€ be€n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . three years.

7 ls this yourfilst visit 10 Latin america?Have you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . betor€?

8 lt3 a long time since I spoke to Giorglo.| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lo GioEio for a long t im€

9 ls Anna still out of the office?Has . . . . . . . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . back yet?

10 l'm sorry but Rachel Dawlon isn't here.l 'm sory but RachelDaw5on has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . out.

11 | last saw David in 1996.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s i n c e 1 9 9 6 ,

12 | ctsme to live h€rc three months ago.l 've been . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . thr€e months.

13 How nupid of mel My laptop is still in the carHow stupid oi mel | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my laptop in the car.

14 l'm still reading this report.| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rcading lhis report yet.

15 Paul left the bllding a moment ago.Paul has.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lhe bui lding.

16 Have you b€€n to Scandinavia at any time?Have you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to Scandinav a?

17 l've had English l€ssons in my company since Janlaryl 've been . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erglsh since January

I 8 lt3 ages since we lan had an order from CWP.We... . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anord€rfromCWPlorages.

19 This is the first time l've eaten snails.l 've.. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snai ls before.

20 | narted playing tennis about six monihs ago.l 've been . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about six months.

2l I don't femember Helen\ phone numberl 've..-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HelenS phone number.

22 she h.s a different opinion now5he.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her m nd.

23 The last tim€ ls.w M.rgarct was Monday.I haven'1.. . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monday.

216

Test 4 Verb tenses: future (units 7-8)

Exercise 1llnderline the cofiect answers.

1 W aiI Iat me. ALbel l'l have been r€ady in a moment.

2 We'd better wait he€ until the rain itopilnil/ siop.

3 That looks very heavy. Wil/ //5ha// / help you?

4 We finish the cou6e tomor@w so we're g)ing out/we go out fot a dink.

5 l've just head the weathet lo.ecatr, and i6/it's going to be sunny tomorrow

6 A: Do you want me to phone them?

B: No, it3 all .ight, iT doli m dol149 it.'

7 Please don't leave until I cone back/wil .one back.

8 Julie won't be here next 'week. $e'll wo*lshe'll be ,rorking at our other office.

9 The flight attendant i5 calling us. I think we wll//v!€ re 9oin9 io boad the plane.

10 fhey'I proba ylhey obabt wiil cut back the traaning budget nextyear

Exercise 2Cross out the mistake in each sentenre and write the correction at the end.

1 tg€+€fhr lenn6 on Sarurday. Would you hke 1o come? l'i...lgtY.. t"...pl+y...

a) luture facs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !* i ! ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .or f ) ,ed f Jture arrangements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c) nstant decisions ...........d) fJrure p ldns dnd in lenl ions . . . . . . . . . . .

e) p€d ctionswith present evidence .............

0 generalopinions about thi futu.eq) looking back from the futureh) activiiies in prcgrcss in the futurc

Match sentences 1-8 below with uses aFh).'I wete going to launch the new model at the Bologna show d2 sorry about this confusion. l ll took into it ightawayand I'llcallyou back. n3 l'm meetinq my bank manaqer on Thulsday. We're having lunch toqether L l4 |ihinkwe llprobably make a smalllossthis year. Ll5 Next year will be the renth anniveEary of our companv. !!6 During rry pFs.ntarion lllbe describing th. key benefitsofour rewseace. Ll/ Judgrng by rhese ngutes, we're gorng ro makF a smdll loss rhis year n8 . lt3 not a difficuhjob. We'll have finished by lunchtim". tr

2 The visitors from iapan will here at 9.30.3 Justine will probably to get the sales job.

4 Sue is going lend me her copy of the repon.5 Bye for now I see you later this evening.6 sorry l 'm not see you tomol low I have to go to London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . , , , , , , ,7 What you going to discuss at the next meeting?8 The flight prcbablywillbe delayed.

Exercise 3Decide lf uses aFh) are usually associated with evl4 e|o,l?g to, ihe present continLrous (/m dolngr), the flrtureconiinuous (/7 be dolhd or the future perfect (/? l)ave done).

TESI4 VERB TENsEs 217

Exercise 4Complete the s€cond sentence so it has a similar meaning ro the first sentence. Th€ answers inctude thesetotms: will, wan't, shall, prcsent simple, present continuous and futu€ contnuous.

1 | promise to phone you when lget back.when r set back, .........|.i!1..p19t:-e........ you.

2 Wo! d you like me to close the window?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I c lose the window?

3 After the conference we can trar,€l back together.When the ..........-....................... we can travel back togethe.

4 They €fuse to lower their pdce.They.. . . . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lower their pr ice.

5 What job will you have aft€r the company reorganisarion?What. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .doingaftefthecompanyreoEanisat ion?

6 l'll wait here until it nops raining-When i t stops rajnin9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . leave.

7 How about having a drink after wo ?.. . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . . . we have a d nk after work?

8 Ale you free tomorrow evening?A€.. .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , anythinq tomorrow evening?

Exercise 5Rewrite each sentence wiih will, shall ot goir,g to, $ing the velb unde ined.

I Sarah doesn't plan to get involved in any researd yet.

..J*f*h..i:nl!-..1q!.Y..1e...4-. invotved in any research yet.2 How about h.vino a game of tennis at the weekend?

,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . , a game of tennis at the weekend?3 l've decided to !llJ!! Arabic in Caa.o.

. Arabic in Cato.4 | prcmise to be back beforc midday.

.. before midday.5 | have an appointment to see the doctor, so lcan't come.

. the doctor, so I can't come.6 | promise not to i9I9g!.

7 l plan to dq my MBA in F6nce.

my MBA in Fran...

8 Would you like me to beb you with those bags?

with those bags?

9 lt! possible for us to qooe back later if you like

. back later if you like.

10 intend to lsk my boss about opportunities for promotion.

- my boss about opportunities for promotion.1l I want to hale the salmon

Lhe salmon, pl.asF.

12 l've decided to haye the salmon.

. . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the salmon.

2ia

Test 5 Passives (units F10)

Exerrise 1Cross out the mi5take in each sentence and write the conection at the end.1 Nils hiE+€€a€#€r a new Fb in Brazil.2 Your parcelwas been posted '€sterday,3 A new jndustdal site i5 be developed out5ide the town.4 All the food at the receotion was ate.5 Gold is nill produce in large quantities in South Africa.6 Nothing will being decided before next we€k.7 The prerentation is giving at the Hotel Intercootinentat.8 l've just heard that Cada i5 been promoted to Ma*eting Dir€ctor9 The introduction to the report was w ting by the CEO.

1 0 lMany customeE are losing through poor after-sale5 s€rvice.

Exercise 2Rew te each sentence with a fEssive ve6, without mentioning who did the action.1 The authorities have closed the casino.

.........119...sn'j*"-..f sr-..*-4.^..ietd.|.......2 Someone broke into our hous€ last !\,eek.

3 People all over lhe world speak English.

4 The local authodties have finally opened the new motolwata

5 Someone left this umbrella in receotion.

5 The city council will ban all raffic from the cjty centre.

7 Fi6t w€ mb( the two liquidt th€n w€ lea\€ them lor 24 hours.

8 The organiseE a€ postsoning the meeting.

Exercise 3Complete th6 second sentencaso it has a similar meaning to the firn senience and contains the wod in

1 They have jun servi(ed all our machines. (had)w" .................h+ygjl.'l...kd_..+!1..9!f.{:..}+li!^ot,c.ui."d.

, .o..,,*"o.y","*f"*n;;;.d,J-- --

Tomorow | .,.............._-...,,,3 They pdnt€d lome business cards with the n€w togo. (had)

We -.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . .4 They are coming to dean the carpet tomorow. (having)

We... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 ]hey have jun ref(6ed my requen for oedit (hao

TEsr i PASSTVES 219

a4v,

Ex€rcise 452 underllne the cor€ct words in this articl€.

,- olemmrs acos Euope e ateady

lJtrt sraau grleur sta .d to norry.

wlly? B€aurc low bi.th .ales combined

with loreq Iife expelarc' (2)acdrlary

hea|t thar the conlinent wil soor have

fewer people wotkins md few{ Peoplepayine 1ae9 As a rcsull, a whole mep

of measurcs mu$ 13) rakelbe raken ro

deal with the problens thar rhis chage

in demognphics (4) v'ill brinelvill be

At the rccenl Annual World Economic

Forun iD Dav@, Swilzerltud, a ession

called 'Refomirg Pcnsion Systcms'

lhe few comtries wberc the popllation

will prcb^bly (10) iacreose I be increased.

And as the population8 eel sndler,

they e also getting oldei F om 2007

onedds d enomous pdl of Eurcpe\

Wpttati,o (11)Nilt sta t*ill be staledro

ctir. solutions wiu hale ( 12) mrrdlr, ,.

lound to deat vhh the problems that

tttis Nitt (13) createt h. crcat.4. Cen^inly

gove.nmenh must (14) .ftowd8e I be

encoltuged prieate persion plms, and

old"fashioncd tax and social security

moA.k must (r5) took dtlbe loak.d dt i^

d completely new Pay, r

A Race Against Time(s) took plo.etws taken ptace. 'rne

spesker, dircctd of the population division

of the United Natiom, (6) ,igli/t8rt d/rar

,tgrliBrred that ihis is a global problen,

nor jusl a EnrcFd one. Ho{ever the tuctr

cmor (7) is,orclr" is,ord: tbe situation

in Eurcpe is psticulely snous. tsk di

fte findinss of a recent Europ.a.

Conni.sion study: Iraly s popllation

(8) expeckt is exp..ted lo drop fron

58 rnillion to 48 milion by 2050, Spain\

\9) \'ill Jolt t t il be la .a fton 40 nillio

ro 35 million, and Ccmlny s from

82 milion to 76 nillion. Swcdcn is one of

Exercise 5Compete the se.ond sentence so il has a sirn lar me.n ng to ih€ lrsi sentence. Do not mention who did th€

1 Someone checked these figu€s tor me last week.L !+d..tt'e1.e-..!jA4l.-et .S!!ejl-e-d. ...... .... ast week.

2 They grow much less coffee n Coombia these days.-hese d4s

3 someon€ de vefed this p.ck.ge lhis morn .9.T's p.cr aqe

4 The city council is redeveloping the od dockands area.T'e ojd do.kl . -ds a,ea

5 They've pui !p inlereet raies aqarnnLe en .let

6 We discuss yolr ide. in ihe meei ng tomotrov'.You ided

7 The technician innalled some new softwarc on my PC yesteday

Yesterday | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on my Pc

8 Tokyo is my place of birrh.| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n Tokyo.

9 When is your date of birth?When exact ly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . born?

10 Someon€ sioe Peters c.r hn w€€k.' l o e l c ' l w e " l

11 D d anyone tell Alex about lhe meeiing?

, , ; " ; " ; , ; ; " ; ; ; " " ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , i ; ;

a b o r t ' l h e m e e t n q ?

220

Test 5 Modals (units i.t-14)

Exercise lUndedine the coffect word/s.1 That looks like Cartor over there, but it qaatlmun t be HeS in G€rm.ny.2 Marie isn t at her office, so she canlmust be on her way here.3 | think you ne€d tolha!€ ,e.esray ro get some advice from your co eagues.4 ls your car door damaged? Someone mun fiedlhave rr'atto bre.k in.5 ltb getting very late. I rhink we d better t we w)utd pay rhe biil and teave.6 | night/can be able to hetp you, but t,m not sure.7 Yes, its a good idea, we should/musr consuk mo€ (tosety with the unions.8 lt! absolutely necessary we sho{r/d/mujr consllt more ctos€ty with the unions.9 LlCy .an't harclnust have h€ad the bad news. She tooks so happy.

10 Satry, I must tolhave to qo now. tdon t want ro oe Er.11 You night notldon,t need ro come ro the meeting if youte busy.l2 Thi! invoice can'rlmu5fnt be right. It says f550 to repai. rhe phorocopierl

Exercise 2Complete each senience wirh a word or ph€se fiom the tisr below

haveto had to d€irt+arc+e didnl have ro musl mustn,t rnlst havemight have should coutd

1we'retryinganewdresscoae.we..denl i . . |4v.g.. t9. .wearfomalctothesonFridays.2 You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . touch that buttont The whote product ion t in€ wt stopl3 l 'm not 9ure. but l th ink | , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . rnade a mistake,4 Before we a9ree, we' l l . . - - . - . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . s luoy ihe cont|act rn more detai l .5 Sorry I can' t stay any longer | rcatty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9o now or t , rniss my train.6 lf you needed the goods u.qentlla we ........ ....... ... ....... speed up the oder7 Sorry l ' ,m late, but | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go lo rne docror.s.8 l t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b€en embarrassing for you to torget his name9 l th nk we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a(cept their of fer l t3 the best we, l t get.

10 Luckly, L....................... ....... attend the meeiing y€sterday, so J managed to finish a nry paperwolk

Exercise 3Match the uses of would.)-g) wirh the sentences i-7 betow

a) ofieflfg hetp b) ofiering thinqs c) potite rcquest d) tnvitationse) repodrng whar someone said 0 imaginary futore with ,if, g) pasr refusai

I Would you mind ca ing back t.ter? C2 What would you do if th€y refused ro neqoti.te? n3 Wou/d you like some miik in your coffee? I4 Would yoLr like ro jojn us for dinner tomorrow evening? ns Theywouldnt reduc€ rhe prtce underany circumstances. ll5 Would yo! like me to open the window? n7 He said he would cal ba.k later n

TEST 6 MODALS 22'I

Exercise 4Complete the second sentence so that it has a slmibr meaning as the first s€ntence. Use a word or phrase

can't miqht should hdveto don'thaveto €cgh{-i€ can't be miqht bem'.rst be should b-"

1 lt would be a good idea to bing in a fim of consulrants.we ........9$|J...1-o-....... b ng in a firm of consultants.

2 lt's not necessary for you to leave a deposit.You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . leave a deposit

3 I m sure that isn t John. b€cause hes in Pans.That. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John, because he's in Pa s.

4 ann is almost ceftainly with a custom€rAnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wi th a customer.

5 expect the meeting will be finished by ten.The rneet ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f in shed by ten.

1., , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . taIe.7 We arc not allowed to dispose of wasle in that way.

We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d ispose of waste in that way.8 Perhaps l'll see you on Thu6day evening.

...... see You on Trru6day evening9 ts the rule thatwe check all bank refercnces.

We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . check al lbank references.10 You'd better speak to her as soon as possible.

You . . . . . . . . , , , , . , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . speak to her as soon as possib e.

Exer<ise 5

Compete the second sentenc€ so that it has a similar meaning as the first sentence. Use a phrase lrom thelist below

f,€h*e€ can't have could have should have (x2) mt]n have shou dn't have might not have

I Perhaps David made a mistake.David ......x!41''t...hav.e...... made a mistake.

2 'm sure that she worked very hard on this prol€ct.

She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . worked very hard on th s prcject.

3 L'm sure the warranty hasn't expned akeady.The warranty.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . expned akeady.

4 lr woLrld have been a good idea for you to tell me.You.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ro|d me.

5 Perhaps you didn t see the ine we launched at rhe Munich FairYou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seen the l ine we launched at the Munich Fai l

5 lwds expeciinq them to call by nowTh€y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cal led by now

7 i was a bad ldea for us to drop our prices so rnLrchWe .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dropped our p ces so mucn.

8 ll was posslble for us to see this problem coming.we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seen rhir oroblem Loning

Test 7 Questions (units 1F15)

Exercise IWhen we make questions in spok€n English, w€ often teaw out the auxiliary verb and the subject pronoun.For exampfe. innead of saying, Do you |ike it7' we say,Uke ir?,. Wdte fult questions using the lldediled

Have-..ye$...{i.^itk-d-.. y.el 3I Finished yet? We're allwaiting!2 see you tomonow? Are you bury all day?3 You Iook rela€d. !o4e a nice time?4 Pauls a bit difiicult. (!eW what I mean?5 Hi, Tim. Coming out for a ddnk lat€r?6 Eeen waiting long? sorry tor the delay.7 Interening conferencq isnl it. Eniovino youlself?8 tlea&lthe laten? babel is taking eart retircmemr

Exercise 3Match the beginnings of the phr6s€s with theh endings.

I Do you mind if 1... a) closing rhe window?2 Would you mind if | ... b) closed the window?3 Would you mind..- c) .lose the window?

Somebody asks vlbuld.you mird ff I cl6ed ttrc window2 yol want the window closed. Tick (/) the answersyou could give.4 Yes, lwould. !5 ruq ol coure not. E6 Go ahead. !7 Please do. n

tEltt 7 QUE5IIONS 223

Exercise 4W te short ans e6 for ead question, beginning as shown. Use contractions (don t insiead of do no0.

1 Do you like Brazil? Yes, ...........!...d..e.......... . No, ........1..-d9!\:: ....... .2 Does Karen l ike Srazi l? Yes, . , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . - - . - . . - . . . . . . No, , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,3 Have you wo*ed here long? Yes,. . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - No,, , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , ,4 Are you coming wlth us tonigln Yes,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 ls Karen coming with us tonigl t? Yes, - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . .6 Can you come on Friday? Yes. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Wll you be here tomonow? Ye5, ............................. . No, ...-......................... .8 Didyou have to pay a lot? Yes,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No, --- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 ls that your coat? Yes,. . . . . . . . . , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No; . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , . . , . . . . . , , , , .

Exercise 5Complete each s€ntence, using the vetb in brackeb where necessary,

1 A: ,...-y.g*4...h4!e..4p-t-.. (have go0 the fit€, haven,t you?,B: 'Yes, of cou6e.'

2 A: They'llbe back by 4.00, .................................. ?'B: ' lexpectso. '

3 A: 'You ,,,,.,.,,...........,,,,,,,...,... (eave) no /, are you?'

B: 'Sorry, I really have to 9o.'4 A: 'They've been here before, .,,,,.,,..........,.,,,,,,.,...... ?'

8: 'Yes, lthink so.'5 Ai'You can m€d Madoleine et th€ station,,..........,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.... ?'

8: 'Yet of course.'6 Ar 'You.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ---- . . . . . . . . . ( forget)thesamplet did you?'

Br 'No, of cours€ not.'7 Ar '.................................. (be) here yesreday, wee you?'

B: 'No, I wasnlI A: 'You dont happen to know the time, .................................. ?'

B: '59rry | don'f9 A: 'LetS have a brcak now, .................................. ?'

B: 'O( good idea.'10 A:'You had the same thing for lunch yEterday, ..................................?'

B: Yes.'

Exercise 5Put the words in the con€ct oider to m6ke questions.1 take vEa do youf ....De-..ye*...+*t+e..Y.rf.+.?2 pleas€ lcan s€€ the menu? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I excus€ me here anyone is sitting? ...........................4 trom whidr country do @me you? ...........................5 towhoyouwereiunnowlalking?.. . . . . . . . . . . . .6 \ivhat mean do you er€ctly by dtal? ........................7 a littl€morespecificyoucould b€7 .........................8 'ivhat time the next bain to Brussels is? ..........9 youcanrel lmev,/hatt imeisthenexttraintoBruss€ts?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l0 thisbr iefcasetowhodoesbelong? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1l could I trom here a phone call make?1 2 do think you I could make lrom here a phone call?

Test 8 Conditionals (units 17-18)

Exercise 1Under ne the correct words.1 lf we sent the goods by sea, ihe transport costs w'i{/ueqd be much owef.2 lf thet prcnotel pranoted the brand better, they'll gain rnarket share.3 ll you left / had left ealier, you might have got there on t me.4 lf anyone from Head Office visits, they always naylwil/ stay n a five star hote .5 lf I wele you, / d/i 7 call then Technical support number.6 lf l hayeliad more time, l'd be ableto come up with a solutlon.I lf it break downlwillbreak doM, ittakes ddys for the service engin€er to arrive.8l fyouneededrhemoneyDryenI ly, Icouldphone/couldha!€phoredAccountsnowtotryandspeedup

9lfyouenterthedateinthewrcngfomat, thecornputerdoesn'r /d/drtrecognisetheinformation1a ft we d beenlwe werc morc careful, we wouldn t have lost so much money.ll lf I had bought mo€ sharct, I would beconelwould have be<orne rich!'12 lf your second interview goes/ev,// 90 well,l'm sure they'llofferyou thejob.13 ll you vwuld have backed uplba.ted up your files mo'e of\en, yau wauldnl iskldidn't risk asing all

14 ll you hadn'tlwouldh't have a(ed so quickly, w€ dbelwe are in b 9 trouble.1 5 | need to contact Head Office. I wish I haL€lhad my mobile phone with me.16 lwish ir 6/rvas F.idayl

Exercise 2

Complete each sentence, using the verb in brackets in one oi these torms: wil/ do, would da, wauld have

1lfwegotavirusonthenetwork,we.. . . . . . . . . . . . rdl1.r ld. . . l9r9.. . . . . . . . . . . . (ose)al lourdata.2 l i mytrarn isn' t ate,1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) in Parisai sx.3 l i y o u r t a l k h a d b e e n s h o r t e r , l t h i n k t h e y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( a ! k ) m o r e q u e n o n s .a I 'youte mewhdlyouwart. | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {get) i r fo ' you ar I .e a 'po'r .

5 We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (get) morc inqurr ies i f we adv€ri i5ed more often.6 lf we hadn't left so early, ......... (miss) the tra n.7 l f wo*ed abr@d, | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not see) my farn y so often.8 l i y o u h a v e n ' t g o t a n y c h a n g e . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( e a v € ) t h e t i p .9 We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . (sort oui) the problem much sooner l we had had ih€ manual.

10 l i you were in his si tuaUon, what -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/do)?

Exercise 3Complete each sentence using if ot unless.

1 Their offices are very near. We'll walk therc, ................. itb ralning.

2 We would probably get the contract ................. we dopped our price a little.

3 Come on! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . we hurry we' l l miss the p lane.

4 ............ you have any quenions, please feelfree io call.

5 Whatwould you do...........-..... they refused to negoiiaie?

6 l don' t feel abletotakea decis ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l haveal l thef igures.

TEST 8 CONDTTIONALS 225

Exer<ise 4Complete the sentence {or each situation.

1 Emma didnl leave early, and so she missed her flight.f fnmd kd le{+ e^r!y . she 4q4!dt:!...kyg...yi.ted het t ishl

2 He didn't make more copies, so we don't have enough fof everyone.l f he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . enouqh for ev€ryone.

3 l fo.got to bing your map, so l went tothe wrong building.l f | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , | . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the wrong bui ldinq.

4 They didn'r invest in new t€chnology, so they didn't survivethe recession.l f they . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , they . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the rccession.

5 You didnl wait, so this has happened.l f you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 | didnt realise you we€ so busy when I asked you to help me.l f L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -- . , 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to help me.

7 The Government didnl collapse. so therewasnl a c sis.l f the Government . . . . . . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , there . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a cr is is.

8 They didn't bring out their new model on time, so they losi market share.| i they.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , they.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . market

Exercise 5Choose the correct continuation for each s€ntence.

1 I wasnl taking notes, and now I can't rememberwhal she said.a) | wish I took notes. b) lwish l'd taken notes

2 This is a very unusual situation.a) | wish l'd known what to do. b) | wish I knew what to do.

3 Our offices arc in the city cent€ and the rent is very high.a) | wish we were outside the centre. b) lwish we are outside the centre.

4 They gave the job to an external candidate, but oow they regret it.a) Ihey wish they hadn't done it b) lhey wish they didn't do it.

5 | can't enter the system because I don't have the password,;) lf only lwould have the password- b) lf only I had the password.

6 There are too many simila. models on the market now.a)lf onlywe launched our veGion ea ier b) lt only we had launched our version earlier

7 l'm woded about the meetinq next Fdday. We need to reach an ;qreemeft.a) lwish we succeed. b) | hope we succeed.

Exercise 6complete each sentence using the verb in brackets.I We're not the market leader, but lwish we ........ .!Ygl_e.......... (be).

2 He made a mess of all my photocopyinq. lwish | ....-... ........ (do) it myself.3lpressedthewronqkeyonthecomputer l fonly1.. . . . . . . . . - -- . . . . . . (not do) i t .4 lcanl undedand anythinq Marie sa),s. l wish | ....................----..... {speak)French.5 You dessen look good- lwish 1............................. (order)that too.6 They?e meeting atthe moment. lwish 1.. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . - . . (be) a f ly on thewal l .7 This information is impodant.lwish you......-...................... (give) itto me beforc.8 Lookl There3 . s3le at Haffods. lf only | ............................. (have) my Visa card with me.

E

trtr!

n

nn

Test 9 Verbs + -ing or infinitive (units 19-20)

Exercise 1

U!ds[!g the coffect words.1 | realy canl afford lqrailealrhg in such an expensive restaurant.2 Do you mind to comelcont g back in haff an hour?

3 Do you want to comelconing back in half an hour?

4 Kate denied b givelgiing the office key5 to anyone else.5 He admitted to ma*e/nd*ing a s€rious mistak€.6 Remind / Renember me Io call SyMa this afternoon.7 we have been ting to enterlenter;,,9 ihe Chinese ma*et for some time.8 | hope to belbe,]og at the next meeting, but l'm not sure if I can make it.9 | expect to belbe,hg at the no( meeting. I think I can make it-

10 lf she isn't in the offi(e when you call, keep to lrylt4l,ing.ll I considered every possible option. I even imagined b resignlresigning.1 2 I refuse to be/le!€/be/leving that we can't do it. We have to try hardet13 ladmit fo belbe,ing a little careless lan time, but lwon't do it again.14 I cant stand people to lnterruptlintetrupting allthetime. lt! so rude.15 Wherc do you fanq to golgoing fot lunchtoday?I 6 l've arranged lo mee|/rneetirg them at their hotel.l7 We guarantee to der!€rldelt€lng the qoods by the end ot lune.l8 lmagine to wrl4lw/hnh9 the lotteryl1 9 The manager Ffused to seelseet 9 me.

20 | realised I had foeotten to packlpacting any spare batteries.21 lf lmiss my connection, it means b aftivelativing in Bonn after mldnight.22 | ttied to liftllifting i\, but it was too heaw23 | etioy b qrt awaylgeting away to the coast at the weekend.24 I'd love to get awaylgEfting away to the coan this we€kend.25 | iied to peEuade him, but he rcfus€d b rnenl/istert g to me.26 | '€ally enjoyed to visitl v,i5it/ng yout factory Thank you very m!ch.27 'lhey decided to otderl order,inq I ,000 units.28 He offered io meetlmeethg me at the airport.

Exercise 2Compleie the sentences with a verb frcm the lin bebw. Choose either the -ing form or fo + infin tive.

cause come compromise get get through give raake ise unpack wat

I He admitted ..........k4fri4........ a minake on the invoice.2 Do you fancy .................--.----..... with us fot a drink?3 wages tend..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . fasterthan inf lat ion.4 l .an r m.n.ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when l cal l . l keep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . an e'gaged -one.

5 Do you mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . --- . . . . . . . fora couple of minuteswhi le lwri te this emai l?5 They agreed................-.-.......... us thirty more days to pay the invoice.7 The transport company dpny .....---....................- the damage.8 Their neqotiating position was v€ry iqid. They refused ............................. .9 lsawhim...- . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ---- . . . . . . . thpgoods,andtherewasnodamagevisible.

227

Test 10 Reported speech (units 21-22)

Exercise 1Complete €ach quenion in direct speed, ending as shown.1 Jack asked me whether I was going out for lunch.

..........'..Arc..g..fitl...e!+1..ftr..ltnsl?1............. rack asked me.2 Carol asked Ann what sh€ had done the day befor€.

. . . . . . . . , Ann?' aik€d Carot.3 John asked us if we often w€m to Germany for meetingis.

........ ?, John esked us.4 Kate asked me how many intervieu/s l'd done that day.

........ ?, Kate a5ked me.5 George asked Sue if 5he was 9oin9 to change jobs.

,,,,,,,. , Sue?,asked G€orge.6 Alice asked me who I had talked to at the conterence.

........ ?' Alice asked me.7 The technician asked me if I would be there the next day.

8 l\,4ary asked me where oul new offi(es !\€F,

9 He asked me if l'd seen Sill re@ntly.

1 0 He asked me if l'd be s€eing Eill at the conference.

?' the technician ask€d me,

?' Mary asked me.

?' he asked me.

?' he asked me.

Exercise 2Rewrite each sentence in reported spee.h, using 6 verb frcm the lin below

advised apologised for congratulated on invjted offered Freni5edrcfused suggen€d

1 'l'll meet you at the airpo( sue,' said Mike.Mike .......d:g!ait:gd...t9..X-e-e.i..5149....... at the airport.

2 'Would you like to come to the product launch, .,ean?' asked Chds.chris .................-----.-..''. .. . ._____--... the product launch.

3 | wouldnt sign the contract if I were you, Dave,' said Patsy.Patsy ..............................:.........,.............-....,,,,,,........ the confact,

4 'How about getting an alternati€ quote?'said Nick.Nick ..................____.._.....................................___..... an alt€mative quote.

5 'l'm tenibly sorry for arriving so late,' said Serena.serena.. .--- . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 'Shall I give you a lift?' said Ma*.Ma* ----- , . , , , , . , , , , , , . - --------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -- me a l i f l

7'Well done, you've won the Emplo)€e of the Y€ar award!' he said.He ...........--.---.-..............- her -..........-.-....................- Employ€€ of the Year awad.

8 'No, I can't accept any tunher delays,' said Pat.Pat ..................--.....................--.-......................,. any further detays.

22|l

Test 11 Phrasal verbs (units 23-24)

Exercise 1lvatch the beginnings of sentences 1-12 with their endinqs aFl).'I n my job ldeal2 The Govemment is trying to €ut3 Heret the application form. Can you fill

4 | deal with the rctail side of the business, and

5 | hope lohn qets better soon. we can't do6 Thanks foryour call, and lloot7 Fi|st l lltalk about the history of ou| company,

8 Before yoLr switch off the PC, make srre you

back9 Some of the smaller compaaies in the market

will prcbably be takenl0 We need some new office chails. l'll look1l These days you need to do a lot of €ading to

keep12 lt's important to find a candidate who fits

after the wholesale s de.up with deveopments in the fied.with allthe p.perwork rclated to

without him on the negotiating team.

in with the cornpany cu lurc andthe other people in the departm€nt.oown on oureaucracy.on io our prcduct range and markets,over in the next few years,foMard to meeting you on the tenth.through the catalogue and see whatcan l ind.in both sides and s9n it at ihe bottom

a)

b)

c)

e)

i)

n 9)

tt

Exercise 2Rewrite each sentence by replacing the underlined words wilh a phrasal verb from the st below

come ac.oss dealwith go on go over l66k{eA /erd*€ pick up put back torun out of sort out take up

1 Lth]!! l'm SerSlg_edq th€ woekend very much.I k r@k'rM +otu ̂ rd tP. . trr weeleld very mu(h.

2 The machine !l!C! about four square metres of tloor space.The machine , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , , , , , , , . . , . , about tour square metres of f loor spa(e.

3 think we'll have to dclEjr the meeting until next week.thinkwe'11have.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nextweek.

4 They .re not an easy company to dorbljrnelsrdUl.Tl 'ey .re nor an easy company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Can you !q!!Ed me from the airport in vour car?

Can you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . l rom the airport?6 sorry l'm rcally busy, I have to continue writing these reports.

Sorry l'm really busy, I have ............... these repots.

7 Therc! a small problem. wele just trying to plt it dqbt nowTherc! a smal l problem. We?e just t ry ing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .

8 Before we finish, l'd just like to summalise the main poinis again.Before we finish, l'd just like -.--....:...... the main points again.

9 l've lost my pen- Let me know if you lj!!! it bylhalle.l 've ron my pen. Lei me know i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 We'll have to continue the me€ting tomonow. We have no morc time lgfr.W€'ll have to continue the m€€ting tomorow. We have .

I;I

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IEST 1 I PHR]|TSAL VERBS 229

Exercise 3Complete the sentenc€s with a word {rcm the lin below

away back by down into off €€ over out through up

1 Ho|d ......-o ...... a moment, that3 not exactly what I said.2 Ciare will take ...............-- myjob when I change department next month.3 l hate itwtren they put you on hotd and you cant 9e1................. .4 The totalbillfor four nights works .........___..... at f380.5 The factorywillclose....__...__...... next year They re moving prcduction to China.6 itt going to be difficult to get................. with sLrch a smattbudget.7 Paola grew ................. in a little village outside Venice.8 l ' l l dropyou.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at thestat ion on myway home.9 l'll look ....... . ...... the problem and get ................. to you tornorow

l0 No, I don' t have i t any more. I rhrew i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exercise 4Complete the sentences with a phtasal verb frcm the tist betow

catch up with cut down on d€pifi-€a face up to get back toget on with get round to look forward to move on to run out of

1 Will we have time to ...C1-_9t...i4..9!!... Gunter white we,re in Be in?2 lf you've all helped yourself to coftee, I think we should ............................. th€ meeiing3 The repon says we can .............,,,,,........... a lot of waste in the factory4 lve tr ied eveMhing and t 've completety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. . . . . . . . . . . . new ideas.5 Sorryi t ! taken 50 long to.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . answering your emait .6 Afe you going outfora drink right now? thave a fewthings to do herc in the office, but t,ll

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you later.7 Please feelfree to contact me if you have any funher quenions. | ............................. hearing from you

8lt lnotgoin9tobeeary,butyouhaveto.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yourresponsibt/ tes.9 Now l 'd l ike to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .___.____.. . . the next st idewhich 5hows oursates by reglon.

10 Ineed sometime to look intothis. Can t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you later?

Exercise 5Match the beginnings of sentences 1-12 with their endings aH).

1 My pa€nis were quite st ct and brought me tr2 When are you arriving? W;uld you like me to pjck n3 When are you leaving? Would you like meto drop !4 PeterT Any comments? Would you like to come ns Would you make sur€ you turn n6 | can't make the meeting on lhursday. Can we bring n7 l can't make the meeting on rhursday. Can we put n8 Yes, it is a strange word- Have you tried looking n9 l hope the con of our raw materiats witt .ome n

lO I lltry and lind her can you hold n1l HelJo? Are you there? | think w€ were cut n12 My do{tor sals lshoutd give n

a) it back to Friday?b) it forward to Wednesday?c) up In a very traditional way.d) ofi ihe lghts when you leave?e) up smoking.

g) you up?h) off when we entered a tunnel.i) in here?

k) it up in a dictionary?

230

fest 12 Makeldolgetlhave (unit 27)

Exercise Illatch the uses ofgetin sentences 1J with rheir dictionary definitions aFh)(sth. = something, sb. = somebody)

I I didnl get home unril eight last night. E2 I'm qettifg a dnectflightto Dussetdod. n3 Wete only getting a 4% pay rise this year n4 My nam€ s Hugh, H-U G,H. Did you get thar? tr5 lts no good. We ll never get them to agree. n6 l'm getting lired. Shallwe continve tomorrow? n7 | should get sornething for my wtfe at tre airporr. n8 l'll get last yeat figurcs. lust wait a moment. tr

Now match these senrences with some oithe definitions aFh) above.9 l'm sorry | d dn t quite get thar lan point.

10 Don't worry you'll soon get used to it.ll I'rn gettfg a bit oi a headache frcm tooking at the screen iortoo tong.I 2 ls that your new car? When did you gei it?l3 Can lget you a coffee while youte wairing?14 got here by taxi.

Exercise 2Complete the sentenceswith makq doot have. you may have to change the fom.

I What afe you ....q-ollt.... ar the weekend?2 l 'm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . se. ious doubts about the whole lhing.3 OK, sha||we.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a start?4 Could you . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . me a favou.?5 Can | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a suggest ionT Why don't we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a m€eting to discuss whar to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 l t h i n k w e n e e d t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m o r e t e s r s b e f o r e w e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a f n a t d e c i s i o n .7 Th€ company.. . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , a loi of money last year, but lhis yearwe,re not. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . so wel l , We

rnight even have to .................. some peopie redunda.t.8 l t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m e e a t t y m a d w h e n p e o p t e c . n , t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h e i . j o b s p r o p e r t y . t , m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d i f f i c ! t y

in ........ ........ any plans when the situaiion is io conrueng.9 Go onl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a got t t doesn't matter i f you . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . a m6take.

10 The help lgotf .om my employer. . . . . ._. . . . . . . . . . . i t possibte for me 1o.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . an N4BA.l 1 l ' m . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . m y b e s t b u t l r c a l l y G n ' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e n s € o f t h e s e t i g u r € s . t , m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a o t o l

trouble seeinq what they all efer to.12 The menu looks really good. l'm going to .................. French onion soup as a startef, and then the sreaK

with b6arnaise sauce. Bui tthink t'll .............._... without dessert. t,m .................. a bit of an efiort rolose weight.

a) obtairvbuy

e) br ng sth. to a place/felchi) undeEtandg) peEuade sb. to do sth.h) travelby/carch(transpon)

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TEST 'I3 RELATIVE CLAUSES 2!'I

Test 13 Relative clauses (units 28-29)

Exercise 1Undeiine the corect words. In number 10 choose the most common usage.1 The stationery whotuahql you o'dered has arriv€d.2 the speaket v,thichlwhose presentation I heard before lunch was very good.3 Everyone evhrthlthat I met in the Milan office asked how you were.4 lhe pe6or ol whkhlwhoie newspaper I borrowed has disappeared.5 the petsoti t/tholwhon is relponsible for ihis is Antonio Platini.6 This product, wl,lchlwhose featu€s are descibed in the leaflet, sells very w€ll.7 lhis Wadud, whichlwhose 6 our best seller, is avaihble in four colours.8 The person whoselahat book this is wants it back.9 The person whoselthat lent me this book wants it back.

10 John is someone wrh whon I use to worklwho I used to work with.

Exercise 2Decide if you can miss out the relative pronoun (who, whtct that) It you can, put a bracket rcund it. f you

can't, und€dine it.1 There is an attachment (that) you can u5e to link to a Pc.2 The attachmenl, lhal comes free with the product, is used to nk to a PC.3 The pe6on who I told you about is standing ovff there.4 The mea , which was nothing special, cost us more than f50 a head.5 The mea that we had last night wasn't very good.

6 The first thing that your customeE will notice is the price.7 The information, which is strictly confideniial, comes from a very good source.8 | cannot provide the information that you wanl.

Exercise 3Rewflte each pair of sentences as one sentence using the word in bracket!.I Rani showed me a magazine article. lt was rcally interesting. (which)

R"", ....t1P.led..x9-..4.. l.rja?!.r.e- aJ^tiflg..*hish. .p.a{.... realy Inreresnns.2 Some lapanese visirors came yesteday. They gave me this gift. (who)

The Japanese visi tors . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , . th is gi f t ,3 This is a gift. The Japanese visitors who came yesteday gave it to me. (that)

Ihis is the gi f t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gave me.4 I boftowed a fiiends laptop- He wanls it b.ck. (whose)

The frend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . back.5 A marketing manager wo*s in my department. SheS leaving the companytomoffow (who)

The marketing manager.... ... is leaving thecompany tomorrow-

6 We went to a presentation yeneday- lt was very intereninq. (that)

The presentat ion . . . . . . . . . . - ---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . very intercnlng.7 | met a woman. Her sister work for A8N. (whose)

I met . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . ABN.8 A rnan is waiting in reception. He wants to see you. (who)

Th€ man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see you.

232

Test 14 Nouns, pronouns and articles (units 30-35)

Exercise 1cross out the mistake in each line and wite the correction at the efd.

1 | spent e{se talking to Jack, and then I went home.

2 Ka 3 sister is doctor

3 It this umbrclla your or mine?

4 They say that the wine is good for you in small amounts.

5 Wite down the .eference number all the time you sell something.

6 Can you give me an advice?

7 Ilr sorry we hdve lwo hfls but either one is in setuice.

8 | need some infomation5 about accommodation in London.

''Ye..a.tr.\.e

9 We iied io qet the machine working aqain but no one of us could do it.

10 walking will take too long - lets 90 with the taxi.l 1 sorry I m late, ihe traffic were very busy.12 Our marketing director is excellent, she has so much good ideas.'13 A: How many people visited your stand this aftemoon?

B: No at al .14 Have you ever met ihe colleague of.,ane?15 Therc3 coffee and there! tea. You can have both.16 Therc is too few information to make a decision,1 7 We have two payment options - every one has difterent featurcs,18 Nave you seen the inflation predictioos in the Ministrys reportT19 We haven't got chai6 enough fot the meeting.20 There are none spa€ parts in stock at the moment.21 The new5 are on in a few minutes.22 You'll find all the statistics at the report3 end.23 We'€ a leading player in eitherthe film and music induslries.

24 There are enough free samples lor one every25 Alison keeps talking about that idea of hels.

26 Could you give me an information, please?

27 Can you speak up? | can't hear nothing.28 we looked at two sites but either of them w€re too smalL.29 At the end of my presentation, there was none single question.

30 Please come back tomorrcw. There isn't no one to see you today.31 Please put the manualback in it3 proper placewhen you finish.17 He! only gor rle job betause he3 lhe boss son.

Exercise 2Each pair of words contains one countable noun and one uncountable noun. Put the words into the coffect

column and w te a/an or some before the wod.

accommodation/flat desk/fumiture baq/luqqage work/job iravel/tiptrouble/problem chance/luck wine/litre equipment/machine dollar/moneyemail/corr€spondence f.ctlinfomation advice/suqgestion hour/time

countable nouns u!ca!d&le_!9tJ!5a Oat tore ^ccoMModatio^

ETI 14 TIIOUI{S. PRONOUNS AND ARTICLES 233

Exercise 3Complete the s€.ond sentence so thar it has a similar meaning ro the first sentence and contains the word

I The box isnl empty. (someihing)

............4ere3...*-u+!.|li19...i1.............. tre uox.2 Let me tellyou what I think you should do. (advice)

Ler me 9ve you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 We travelled therc on the t€in. (by)

We ravelled rrere

4 | feelworied. (something)

5 Every moming lwalk to the office. (foot)

EvFry norn ing I Lore to the of r , (e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Matin s a iriend oi rny boss. (one)

val in 5

7 Chrs advses people abouttheir rax. (adviser)

C h ' s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 t\,lanlela knows thi5 business better than anyone. (knowt

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . benef than Manuela.

9 | haven't got anything to do. (got)

Ive . . . . . . . . . . . . do.

10 We are all tea drinkeG here. (everybody)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . tea.

1 I People who are unemployed need bette. training programmes. {the). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bet ter t ra in ing prcgrammes.

12 The prototype needs to be changed a lot. (redesigning)

Tl^e prctotype needs..

13 We can't do anything. (nothing)

There . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do.'14 What did that piece of machinery cost? (how)

. that piece of machinery cost?1 5 There is little rravel in my job. (much)

There . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t ravel in myjob.

l6 Clara does peoples accounts lor her living. (accountant)

Clara s

17 No one was on t me yesteday. (late)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yesterday.

18 There was nothing I could do about it. (couldn't)

| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about i t .

1 9 Nobody at all was available to see me- (single)

.....---.................. ",/as

available to see me.

20 There isn't any €ason to worry (no)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reason to worry

2l The €pod did not contain the information lwanted. (in)

The i f format ion lwant€d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the reporr .22 This copy belongs to the customer. (copy)

T L 5 i -

23 ]here's nothing in the posr this morning. (anything)

. . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . -- . . . - in the pon ihis morning.

Test 15 Adjectives and adverbs (units 36-40)

Exercise 1Cross out the mistake in each line and write the corFction at th€ end.

1 l'm rea y in+er€.*ing in forcign travel. .............i*ef.91t9.4

1 1 T h e r e i s t o o m u c h n e w e q u i p m e n t t h a t w e ' r e s t i l l l e a r n i n g h o w t o u s e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 lt was so a risky project that we decid€d to cancel I

2 They'll have flnished the new shopping cente unti the end ol the yea.

3 P€ter has been working very hardly rccently.4 l bought a blue lovely silk tie.5 We had a grcat ume on holiday. The people were ioo f endly.6 This magazine article is extemely excellent-7 | thought the meeting went very good.

8 Using my PC for a long time makes my eyes teel tiring.9 We give discounts never on these plodocts.

10 Arc you interening in extending the gua€ntee)

13 n my opinlon their management team is not enough exp€ienced.14 Their company is larger as ours.1 5 Their company is jun as brge than outs.16 lt! the betrer price I can otfer1 7 l've been working in this company since three months.

18 The negotiation was such tense we had to call a shofi break.19 When I will get back, l'll give you a rinq.

20 | have to plck up my ticket untilthe travelagency closes.21 You work much harder a5 | do.22 The presentation was enolgh long, and so the aldience got bored,

Exercise 2Complete each sentence with one of the following wordsi Choose from lo on, at far, sin.e, duing, ago,

after\/vatds, aftet, later.1 Shall we all go out for a med --........o.^'......... my birthday?2 He naded worf inq here 'our years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 | won r ohone L m now l ' l l phone him . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 | haven't head from th€m ........--............. thfee week.

5 | haven't heard from them... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lastweek.

6 This bar closes .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . midniqht.7 Lucki ly I arr lved just.---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t imeto catch the train.8 L€i3 tryto start the meeting.. . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t ime.9 My p€sentation willfinish at mid-day, so we (ould meet for lunch ....................... .

10 ...--.................. my presentation l'll be talking about three maln areas.11 Don't worry ...-................... your presentation you'll be .ble to rel.x.l2 l 've been wait ing . . . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . more th.n an hour

13 Dont wait for me,lhave somethings to f in ish here. l ' l lsee you a| | . . . . . . - . . . -- . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 We have th€e shitu in ihe factory including one that works.........--............ night.

23 The meetino wasn't velv useful.ltwas much little usefllihan last weekl.24 Golf isn't as good foryour health than swimming.25 ' Lwalt he.e by six, so try and be here by then.

TEsT '5 ADJECNVES AND ADVEIISS 2:'5

Exercise 3Complete the s€cond sentence so that it ha5 a similar meaning to the filsi sentence and contains the word/s

in btackets.I Your speech was really e(cellent (spoke)

tDake .e llv kell

2 we $aned working on the proiect in lanuary. (wo*ing/since)

We,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Retail banking isn't as profitable a5 invenment banking. (more)

Invesvnent bankin9 ...........4 She! a very carefulworker (works)

S h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 I haven't seen worse seruice than this. (ever)

Thi5 is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -- .5 Monica left Pa s in July. (slayed

Monica . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , - -- . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , . . . . , , , , , , , , J l r ly,

7 Do you find opera int€rening?Are,, , , , , , , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

8 The me€tinq had a positive finish. finished)The meeting .

9 This hes been hard wo* for you. (wo*eo

You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , . , . . . . . . . . . .10 Frank is a good Miter (writes)

Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - .11 Kate is ill. {well)

Kate,. . . . . , , , , , , . . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . , , , , , . .12 could you not talk so fest, please? (slowt)

Could you.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 lhe chines€ market i5 biggs than tfie Indian market. (at

The lndian ma*et .........,,,,14 Alan sells the same number of products as Richard. (us0

Alan se1|s.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 5 The oiher membeE of the t€am are more exp€rienc€d than Romy. (ban)

Romy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 l'll s€e you in a few houB. {later)

f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 7 | shrted this job in 1 998. (doin9/since)

1 8 Diane is on holiday. she! bad next week- (away on holiday)

Diane is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . next we€k.

1 9 The tEin arived exactly when it w6 supposed to- (time)

The rain adved ................20 His intervention w6s too late to save the negotiations. (time)

He didn't intervene ............21 | \,!onl anive ther€ lat€r rhan rwo. (get/by)

t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 We li€d hard but finalv we garc up. (end)

We tned had but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23 lrs tw€l!€ and l've been waiting for you since ten. (two)

. l've be€n waiting for you --...-...........--.. hours

Test 15 Prepositions (units 45-48)

Exer<ise 1Comp ete e.ch sentence with a preposition of place. Choose frcm at in, on, ovet ta, under.1 My brother wok ......4i--...- the airport.2 can you cal l me back? l 'm . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . the middle of a meeting.3 The taxi drcpped me off ................. my hotel ..... .......... the city centr€.4 We f]ew....... ........ the new sports nadium as we were landing.5 He had a sui tcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . one hand, dnd his guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the other.6 Go down the corrldor and my oflice is ................. the right.7 There3 a fire escape ................. the back of the building.8 5he wasn'r feel ing wdland her docior sent hef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hosp tal .9 We had a lovely l'ohday ............. .. lhe country.

l0 He had a portrait of himself hanging ................. the wall.I I The author3 name i5 ................. the bottom of lhe page.12 Before the tunnel was built, you had to drive ................. the Alps.13 lhave t ix junior manage6 workin9.. . . . . . , . . , . , , , , , me,14 l'll be working ................. home for most of tomorrow15 Hel lo. This is Ukike speaking. l 'm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pa s, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ihe HotelVeEai l les.16 Susanna's just r !n9. Shes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the restaurant.17 Susanna'sjust run9. Shes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the bus stop.18 I m gave me a l i f t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the stat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h is car19 I met Kati .............. .. the bus yesterday.20 Stratford is................. the river Thames.

Exercise 2Decide which prcposilion from the list below goes wlth each verb.

abolt (x2) against for (x3) ffom in into of(x2) on (x3) to (x2) wth(x2)

1 | must apologise .....fpl..... beinq late.2 l'd just like to add somelhing .......--........ what Jawad just said.3 ls the factory insured . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . f i re?4 The cost? Wel l , i t depends . . . . . . . . . . - -- . . . . wh.t you're looking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 The whole package consists .............-... the main unit plls all th€se accessories.6 l've divided my presentation..---............ three main parts.7 We need to d versit to prevent us................. becoming too dependent on one produd.8 Please. let me pay ................. this.9 We can supply you ................. a full ranqe of sizes.

10 We specialise ................. commercial caterinq equipment.11 Do you know anyahing ....-..--........ the Portuguese market?12 He congratulated us ---.............. getting the contJact.13 Llsbon reminds me a bit ..---.---........ San Francisco.14 | agree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - that.15 Does this bag belong ................- anyone here?l6 In the net! meeting lthink we should focus............-.-.. ihe planning schedule.

TEST 16 PnEPTOS|T|ONS 237

Exercise 3Und€dine the corec( word in these adjectiv€ + preposition combinatons.

I Ar€ you cerra n tolabolt/fro.n that?

2 l hope rh€y don't 9o on strike. We?e dependent ollonlbythem for our 5!pp €s.3 This line is very popular forltolwith customers ooking for va ue for money.4 Our country is lack ng ,n/oflfor enercy rcsources w€ have to impo( allour o .5 Ate yor awate talbylof jun how seiou5 this probem is?

6 Are you nterested l' /forlof long-term groMh for you. savinqs?7 I n rcspansible tar / to / by a tedm of eight consultanls.

8 li anylhing goes wrofg, l'm di€ctly responsible forlaolbyih€ CEO.9 Let me Lrse a calculator l'm not very good arlforlby maths

1 0 lt would be good atlforlby your carc€r if you worked abrcad for a few y€ars

11 'm annayed with lfarl abour therr lack of ilexibility

12 m arrcyed with I far/ about them with / fot /abaut beinq so inflexib e

Exerci5e 4

Compete the sentences with a noun from list A and a preposition frorn list B.

A: advanlage advice inv€slment lack matter pe55rni9m iR€e reason repy soltionsubslitute trouble

B .bout for for in sl of of on to to wth with

1 A1 the moment the Pl--isg. 9{......... oil is abour $25 a bafie.

2 Canyoute methe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the de ay7 We've been wa t ing a long r ime.3 The rna n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p .oposa I is that i ts much cheaper4 The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . proposa A is that i ts v€ry expensive

5 WhatS the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l i l l? she looks rather upset6 Have they sent a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yo! r lan €mai l?

7 Thereb a . expei€nce at the lop o{ the company8 l 'm sure we can l nd a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . th is problem, bur t may rake some t rne9 Clever adve. t is i fg is no. . . .good qLral i iy ata reasonabe prce.

10 Thi ty€arwe' remaki l ]g a major . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newtechnoogy.11 Can you g ve me some ...... the ben way ro nven rny savlnqs?12 Ev€ryones worr ied. There! a lo t of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the fut ! re o l the economy

Exercise 5Compete the texl wiih ihe prepositions of place from the list below

across at(x3) down nslde near next to off on (x3) opposite ro

Lizlej lear lytogotohe. jobinterview-shegot(1). . . . . . . ' 'o. . . . . rhebus,paidherfareandwenr(2) ..............-.. . She sat down (3)............. . a woman. They sta.ted talking and discovered they wereboth going (4) ....-............ the same stop.'l've got an intetuiew i5) ...._.__......... a place called MurcortHouse. 'said Liz. ' ls i i (6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the bus stop?' 'Yes, i t3 not far You walk (7)-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the park.(8) ................. forbes Road, and it3 (9) ............-.--- the riqht, (10) ................. the end,' the womanrepl ied. ' ln fact, l l ive (11). . . . . . . . . . . - . . . -- the oth€r slde of the rcad, just(12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , so l can show youthe way.'when they affived (13)................. th€rr nop they got {14) ......-.-........ toqether

Appendix 1 Regular verbs: all forms

Present simple (unit l)Atfirmative: l/youlwe/theywork.She/he/itworks.

Question: Do l/you/we/th€y lrork? Does she/he/it work?Negative: l/you/we/theydon,twork.Sh€/he/itdoesntwork.

Present continuous (unitl )Affirmative: lam helping. You/we/they are helping.she/he/it is helping.

Question: Am t helping? Are you/lve/they helping? 15 she/he/it helpingTNegative: l'm not helping. You/we/they aren't helping. she/he/it isnt helping.

P.st simple: rc9ul6t (unit 3)affrmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theysiarled.

Question: Didl/you/she/he/itlwe/theystart?Negatlve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidn'tstart.

Past simpl€: iri€gular {unit 3)affimative: l/you /she/ he/it/we^hey went.

Qlestlon: Did l/you /she/he/ it/we/they go?

Negatve: l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidntgo.

P.n continuou3 (unit 3)Afinmauve: l/she/he/it $rar helping. You/we/they w€re helping.

Qlestionr Was l/she/he/it helping? were you/we/they h€lping?Negativer l/she/he/it wasn't helping. You/we/they w6r€n1 holping.

P.3t perfect (unit 4)Affirmative: l/youlshe/he/itlwe/iheyhadleft.

Qlesiion: Hadl/you/she/he/it/we/lheyleft?Negative: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyhadn'tleft.

s5ed to (unit 4)Affirmaiive: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyu$dtowork.

Question: Did l/youlshe/he/itlwe/they use to work?Negative: l/you/she/he/it/we/they didnl use to work.

Present p.rf€ct (unit 5)Aff rmativei l/you/we/they have left. She/he/'t has left.

Queniof: Have l/you/w€/they left? Has she/he/it left?Negative: l/you/we/they haven't left. She/he/it hasnl l€ft.

Pres€nt p€rf€<t continuoui (unit 6)Affirmative: l/you/we/ihey have been waiting. She/he/it has been waiting.

QuesUon: Have l/you/we/they been waiting? Har she/he/ii be€n waRing?Neqatve: l/you/we/they haven't been waiting. she/he/it hasn't been waiting.

APPENDIX 1 REGULAR VERES 2'9

wir,luniti)Afiirmatve: l/youlshe/he/it/we/they 'll (= wlrj) + verb.Question: Willl/you/she/he/it/we/they+verb?Negat ve: l/you/she/he/it/we/th€y wo n\ (= wil not) + vetb.

gotng to (unir 7)Affirmative: l m/youte/she's/he5/it's/we rc/theyte going to help.Question: Am i/Are you/ls she/ls he/15 itlArc we/Are they going ro hetp?Negative: l'm not/You aren't/she isnl, etc going to help.

Future perfect (unit 8)Affirmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywillhavefinish€d.

Question: willl/you/she/he/it/we/theyhavefinished?Negative: l/you /she/ he/ itlwe/they won,t have finished.

Passive {unit 9)

Adle err5]leshe helps. she i5 h€lped.She s heping. She is being helpedShe he ped She was helped.She was heping. She was b€ing help€d.she had helped. She had b€€n helped.She ha5 helped. She has been helped.She will help. She will be help€d.She will have heped. She wlll have b€en h€lp€d.

Reponcd spe€ch (!nit 2l)Acrualwodsspoken Eepad' always work there' He said (that) he work€d the.e.'l'm working the.e.' He said (thao he wai working there.'ltook it. He said (thao he took rtlhad taken t.'l was read n9 it.' He said (that) he had been reading it.'l had left by then.' He said (that) he had left by then.'l've forgotten it.' He said (that) he had forgotten it."ve been reading' He said (that)he had be€n reading.'l can help.' He said (that) he could help.'l will help.' He said (that) he would hetp.'l may help. . He said (that) he might hetp.'l could/'rould/rnight go.' He said (that) he could/would/might go.'l rnlsvshould 9o.' He said (that) he must/should go.

InfinitivesPresent: to likePresent passive: to be likedPast: to have likedPast passive: b have been Jiked

Appendix 2 |rregular verbs

verb

oegrn

bind

bleed

bnn9

build

catch

drgdo

ddnk

fallteed

fight

fly

ioqet

getgive9ognnd

hang

hud

lav

Past simple

began

bitbled

brou9ht

built

boughtcaught

deahdugdid

fellfedfeltfought

{ld

forgot

sor

hunghad

hadhit

laad

Past participle

begunbent

binen/bhbled

bro0ght

built

borJghtcaught

dealtdus

fedfeltlought

ned

90t9ivengone

hung

hiddenhitheld

laidled

left

APPEITDIX 2 IRiEGULAR VENES 241

Verb

light

ridedngrire

thoot

shutsingsit

sllde

speed5peI5pendspillspinspitsplit

spring

steal

sting

tellthink

Past simple

lvlight€d

paidp(.n

rang

said

soughtsotd

shot

shutsng

rleptslid

spelt/rpelled

5pilt/spilled

spatsplitspoilUspoiled

spran9

strn9

tau9ht

tnought

PaJt participlelentletlainlit/lighH

put

ddenrun9

sought

shaken

shutsung

slid

sp€h/spell€dsp€nIspilt/spilled

spatsplitspoilt/spoiled

sprung

nun9

iaught

thought

Appendix 3 SpellingPr€sent simple

ln the thid pe6on singular. a p€senrsimple ve.b ends in -r. Blt verbs ending in o, r ch, sh, x add -es.

He goes He misses She watches t{e wishes She relaxes

when a verb ends consonant +y. the/ changes to -ie5. But we do not change the -y after. vowe.

hutty - hunies .opy copies BUT rtay - fayr enJoy - enpyg

Pr€sent continuous (and adding -ttg generally)

We leave out ewhen we add -tng to a velb. Butwe keep a double ee.

decide - de.iding wite - writing BUT 5e€ seeing agree agreeing

when a verb ends in'te, we change le to -y'ng. Butydoes not change.

die - dying lie lying BUI huny-hu ying

Sometimeswe double a finalconsonant. This happens when a verb ends ln'consonant vowel-consonant'.

plan - planning stop - stowing BUT meet - me€ting vn* - wotking

Most tovo+yllable verbs are regular But if the final syllable is nressed we double ihe lan consonant.

na*et ma*eting BUI bqin - beginning discuss - discussing

Past simpl€ (and adding -€d g€n€rally)

When a verb ends in consonant + y, we change y to -ie.

tty - tried deny -deniel1 hu y-huried copy - copied

Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a verb ends in 'consonant-vowel-consonani'.

plan - planned regrEt - regretted stop - stopped BUT meet - meeting

Nouns add s to make a plural. 8ut after <h, -sfi, -ss, -x we add -er.

natd' - natches wish - wishes glass - glasses box - boxes

lvlosl nouns ending in o add -s. 8ut a few have -e5.

kibs photos pbnos snJdios BUI herces potatoes tonEtaes

When a noun ends in consonant + y, we changeyto -/bJ. Bul we do not.hangey aftef. vowel.pdny Darties sloty sloties BUI day - days puney - totheys

Adverbs

we fom many adverbs frcm an adjective + /y. On a few occasions we leave out e.

safe - safely strange - strangely BUI ttue - truly whole wholly

when an adjective ends in consonant +y, we.hange y to'it.

easy easily angry - argrily

When an adjecUve ends in consonant + /e we dange e to -y.

prcbable- prcbably sensiUe sensibly

When an adjective ends in -,c we add -alt. There is one exception.

autonatic - automatically ronantic- ronanl.ally BUI publk publicly

APPEI{DIX 3 SPELIING 243

The suffix -ful has only one I When,ryis added for adverbs, a doubte / is formed.

su..essful successtuIy

There is a useful rule: i before e except after cwhen the sound is,tl

field believe science Gound is not n:, .ecer,r€ (sound isr:,Exceptions to this rule a€ theit weigh and welght

g a n d u

The ettef g is always followed by u.

question reguire qualitl

Silent lett€E

Many words coniain letteEwhich do nor obviously folm a sound. These a€ sornetimes ca ed 3ibnr ten€rs,.The silent let1e6 are underlined.

bt douOt ps psychotogy psy(hiatist

nb plunbu kumb sc s<bn.e desserd

gn sign foreign wh wha why

kn Lnow knife w gong viE

Same soun4 differ€nt sp€lling

The same sound in Engiish is often spelt using diffe€nt tettefs. In each group betow the sound undertined sthe same.

vowels consonants

canpany trAlble ubbish blq4,d relatbn Sbarc swe contsious deticiaus

ead nest hgne thalJgh Cheap funiturc waEh

eafth fafthet wtd shltt pbone ljnish tauEh

wait geat late wE-ight

new lqld dgwn faund

Same prcnunciatioD dlfferent sp€lling and meaning

These wods are called 'homophones'. Common examptes are:

allawedlaloud couttlGught farellair findlfined knewlnew no/know

saw/sore ttivokoo waitlweight warntwDn wastetwain writelrightWords with a syllable whi.h is not prcnounced

Some words are spoken with fewer syllables than they look. This often teads io spetting prcbtems.

tibnry people Wednesday (spoken with 2 sy|ab es, not 3)temperature vegetable intercnlng comfortable (spoken with 3 sylabtes, not 4)l{ouns and verbs with . and s

advke prc.tice lrouns) advise wctise (\e-bs)

244

Appendix 4 Diagram of the English verb systemNo'€s to the diagAm

The diagram is a way ofshowing the whole Enqlish tense tstem in a simplfied forrn Using the diagram has

. lt can help to study the individual tenses if you see at the same time how they are.ll rclat€d

. lt shows that thee is a pattern and logic to English verbs.

. Some people like a visual picture to help them to unde6tand and eam.

Read through these notes and rcfer to the diagram at the same tim€:

I The first time line shows the past simple as a completed action^ituation. the present sirnpe as

rcf€ring to actionvsituations that 90 allalong the time line (facts, habiB, etc), and the wil/ futur€

as a future fact or gene€l beliet.

2 The seco.d time line shows the three continuous tenses, which a have th€ m€aning oi an act on In

progress (there is also an associated meaning that th€ action has a limited dutation)

3 The third time line shovls the three perfect tenses, which all have the mean ng of looki.g back The

past pedect looks back fiom the past, the ptesent perfect looks back from the present, and the

future pedect looks back from the fulure.

4 The fourth time line shows the three perfect continuous tenses, which all have the meaning of

looking back at an adion in progress. Note thai this is a combination of the mean ngs oi the

prev ous Nvo lrnes.

5 The iith time line thows lhe two ways to use golhg to, which both have a m€aning of ooking

Un G ]J of the book have a much fuller explanation of all these verb tenses.

There afe some uses of Enqlish verbs that a diagram cannot show. Many of lhese other uses can beexplained by on€ ldear 'the pan' in English can refe. to soc/:l dinance and distant prcbabllitl as we asibmore obvious meaning of dkbnce intme. so.

. Knowing that we can use the past to show socialdistance helps to understand why Could / ? is moreformalor pol i te than Can / . . .?

. Know ng that we can use the past to show distant prcbability helps to understand why we use t folimaginary or unlkely situations Uf I were the Finance Ministet, rd ...).

AI?EXDTX 4 DIAGBAM OF TIIE EIIGLISH VERB sYsIEM 245

simple

Past corfinuoui

<^^.^.>

Past Simple

I s',r'rd this jobdlr.,9- wB ago.

While I wE tMtdng atABC I rnoved fton Sdesto Ma*eting.

Pagt perfect

The herget had ahadyhepperrd vhen I joined

Past perfect(ontinuous

l4h'd been seling thesane produ1forwEbefore we dEnged the

I usudv te.w arouncl730.

R€6ent

We'ftproducF at

perte.t

wirl future

I'll befony next yearlnflation w l probably

I'll bc wo*lng at our

Future peded

Futute continuous

<-^.^>

b."'' { 2.'t I

2-- 'J<."v">

--t I.@

tSony I was going 6 ayou, but I coarpletely torgot.

mr€e r,tlrrsjob tor E the end of the Wt sales

w l he€ lntoved.

Future perfe<t<ontinuouScontl

PerfectuouS

was gping to

this retrortaI |ro/''ing.

lf I retire when I'm sixtt l'llhave been wo*ing hercbt norc than tr/enty WE.

to futuregoing

---\

l'n going b ask ny boss for a pay rise.fhafs going b be diffrcult.

Appendix 5 British and American EnglishMost difierences between &itish English and American English are malteE of pronunciation, vocabulary andspellinq. Ihese are not covered hee. In terms of grammar, therc are few differences in formal, writtenEnglish. But in infonnal, spoken English therc are some differ€nces. Thefollowing arc the most important.

,rave and ,Eve got

ln BrE ha!€ got is more common. In AmE ha!€ is mo€ common. But both countries use both forms.

Britilh English Ame can English

Have you gat any children? Do you have any .hildten?

rve got two children. I have two childrcn.

I haven't qot any.hildrcn. I don't have any children.

Present perfect and p.n rimple

n BlE the present perfect is used lorthe present result of a pasr action and life experience up to now (unit 5).n AmE the past slmple is more common, especially with lust, aheady, yet, ever ard never.

You tai has just arrived. Yaur tun just anived.

I've aheady spoken to her about iL I already tpoke ta het about it.

Have you finished the repoft yet? Did you finith the rcpod yet?

Have you ever ea'€n sushi? Did you ever eat sushiT

It's never done that before. lt never did that befote.

goftE

In AmE golten k usually used ar the past participie of the verb get.

It's got quite late. Maybe we should gio. lt's gotten quite late. Maybe we should go.

He's got a new jab. HeS gotten a new hb.shal and srrorrrd tor suggGitlons

In AmE should is used in suggestions where sha// is more common in BrE.

Sha we break for lunch now? Should we break far lunch now?

Quostioh tagj

Question tags (unit 16) ae much less common in AmE.

Yau can speak Ftench, <an't yott? Vou can speak French, ight?

tI cal a tati, sha t? l'llcalla taxi, oK?

In informalAmE the -/yending to adverbs is often left out. Ako, in infomalAmE an adj€ctive is sometimesused n place of an adverb.

It's working rcally slowly at the monent. lt s wotking rcal slow at the nonent

It s working rcally well at the non$t. lt s wotking rcal good at the nonent.

ln BlE can't is used to say thai something is logically impossible (see unit 13). In AmE mush't is ako used.

I called but there s no anflver I caled but there s no ansvrcrThey can't be at home. fhey can't/mustn't be hane-

APPENDIX 5 BR|T|SH AND AMERICAn| ENGLISH 247

Prepositions

Note the folTowing difierences in the use of p€positions.

aritish English Ameri€n Engtish

What did you do at the wpekend? What did you do on the weekend?

Pat is in the team now Pat is on the tean now_

16 ten ninutes past three- ft's ten ninutes past/afEr three.

It's tuventy to three. It s twenty to/of three.

We'rc open fron Monday to.lti satufliay. We re open frcn Manday through Saturday.

I looked out of the window. I looked out the window

I stayed at home on hturday. I stayed home Satutday.

He wrote to me about his visit. tle wroE ne about his viit.

t 'iet an old colleague yestuJay. I net with an old colleague yesterday.

I looked roundlarcund the nuseun. I l@ked arcund the museun.

She walked aowads/roward /r,e. She walked toward ne.

I haven't seen hin for several weell. I haven't seen him in serEtal weeks.

Go a''d ...

n AmE the word 'and' is often left out of this nructure.

I'll 90 and speak to Mary t ll go speak to l\4ary.

Emphatic do

In BlE do can be used wilh an imperative foremphasis. Th s is ra€ in AmE.

Do have sone nore coffee- Have some mare coffee.

sornerrrte c end sorreprace

ln informal AmE ioreplaaq anyplace and no phce can be used as well a9 somew/terc, anryhere ard

Let s find somewherc to eat

meLet's find sonewherc/soneorace to eat

Note this dlfference for the word'hospital'.

My nothet is in hospital. My mother is in the hospital.

two hundred and fitly tA/o hundred flftt OR two hundrcd and fifty

On the telephone

HeIo, is that Paul? Helb, is dtis Paul?

Answer key

Unit 1 Present time I

2 don't know 3 doyou know 4d@5n1wo{ 5 Y6, I do 5 shercdc7'mwlnq SlheyrenolEpynq 9 shappennq 10 A.e tou enjotlnq11 She! speaknq 12Y6, she i j

2 is 3 knos 4'm 5 doyou do 5wo 7 make 3don'tmake 9inrclwrl0 isn t l l supp ier 12 'F 1 3 do you o l len .om€ 14har 15dos1 lak€

4 a beg nning/b expedaions5 a G app@ach n9lb market shae6 a 5 attracting /b attention

Unit 2 Present time 2

2 a .e you do ing I a .eyouwo{ ing 4do} ! !h* 5 l .one 6 l 'mcom'ng7Im dea ing w i lh 3 ldea lw i lh 9 a .e you go inq l0 doyougo

2 loo ta l 3d6n iwo 4Bntwod ing S lh ln [ 6 'mrh ink ing 7Bn.y ing3 s tays 9 rake l0arc rakng l l aG 12arebeLng

3 don't beliae I 4/ 5r' 6ldon't undeEtand 7.onl.ins 3/

2 ieed 3ooyouknN 4 ! rc*nq 5 th ink 6@* Torgan ie3',e expeclnq t have 10 9i€ I 1 are your visiro6rbyinq 12 don'r knw13 5 dealing 14donlwod/ d not woding

2 is movinq I i5 @king lor 4 prov de5 I E ie5 6 s rrying io7 G inve{igating 3 wants

Unit 3 Past t ime 1

2 did you lee/told 3 tel/rd d 4didn't see/qot

2 Did/h.ve 3 Did/make 4werc 5made Sddn'ttke 7Didn1/lke3wasn i 9so ld loMEnt 11was 12d id^h ink 13d ldn lhave 14bought

2 went 3 @e pofrot nq/dopped 4w6@*idg s called/eid

2had 3qave 4cme 5 supplied 5 beqan Tbuilt ajoined 9t@k10rcn 11b{ame 12€n 13so ld 14cu l l5meant 16 tumed17 changed l3made 19grs 20 bought

249

3 happ€n€d/cll€d 4 was explain ng/interupred 5 were investiqalinq/rcsgned6 Jinished/qM 7 w3s waiting/@lled 3 was cean ig/d@pped9lound/was lookinq 10 ariEd^old

Unit 4 Past time 2

2 used to/was 3 had boughvnaned 4 ued lo hde/changed5 eid/hadnl anired 6 had locked/was 7 uie! io be/used to wa k3 renl back/iound/had iaken 9 saw/knew/had met10 was l@king/turned/w/had grcwn

2 Ms sure/had *t 3 caled^tillhadn l linshed 4 had spoken/rea sed5 had gi@nreh 6be@me/hadaEadywo.ked 7 hadn'l Fen/puta had ro/had run ou ol t had siopped/gotoui ot l0was/hadaFadyleil

2 @mpaigned/had ddpaigned 3did$eDanesejed 4wathad been5 waslhad ben 6 perfomed/had perfomed Thadtaen 3@re/hadbeen9 t@sed/had fdued r0made ll feaEd 12wanred

2 had ban ldidyouget 4lnifiad{ofhadiinished) 5@ni6 hadnr decided 7@c 3&slooknq 9 gave l0 d alreadytaken1r complered 12ent 13 inleryiewed 14lelr l5(hanged l5went17 w:s Wt inq Iawasb*odn! (o rhadb<ome) l9ddn '1have 20had

2 u*n lo 3 ued ro/rculd 4 u*d ro

Unit 5 Prcsent and past 1

2 @.ever s.en 3 haven r compla ned 4've a €ady spenl 5 flave $ey Ep Ed5 [*n1 gor 7 ha3 goie up I 3iun efi t haF lallen 10 Na@you der laken

3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 b 3 a 9 b ! 0 a

2iun 3tu 4n*r 5 y€t 6 aLways 7 since 3ryer

U hd b€en 3 harlalle^ 4 have perfomed 5havecul 6tuvelaun(hed7 haswirhdrawn 3 ha5 had t has 5pent 10 has laken

2D-b€€n lA- lo r 4c- jun 5B-a l ready 6D ye t 7B-qoneA A - r o l a r 9 C - & e r 1 0 D - n m r

Unit 6 Present and past 2

2 have wo*ed her€ 3 hasiun adved 4 have made 5 | saw 6 wentThasb€€n awa 9left l0has eli

2 a€rare/hareet up 3 d@sn't look/have come 4Hawyouseen/et(5 hare jusr mevDo you kn@ 6 have n@r spoken^pok€7 @rt/have b€€n/Do you know 3 have wo*edlwant/Have you lread

2 v. b€€n phoninq/!qone 3 Have you sen/'w b*n @kinq toNatd4 he you ben pndu.nq/'v€ invened

Z5O AF'ER TF'

2hentbeen s ve b€en 4 tpfr s@ud 6 iatked 73b€er3 ve nwef done 9lmagined 10 Hav€ you *r benr |ve often rhouqhr (of often th nk) 12had t3'reknM 14,rehadl5 have b€one 16've a readydone 17 pul la didn,t qd t9 hareyu ptn

2 began 3 have (ashed 4 announced 5 has peak€d 6 fett 7 was3 dropped 9 rel€aFd 10 hde dsen I I has gained 12 hs managed13 has oothil 14bought l5havebe.ome

Unit 7 Future t

2Wercgo ing ioopen 3 i t l l poba b ty suc .eed 4 t tsF tou th€n5 whar ae you gong lo do? 6 Arcyou doinq anrrhing

2 am meetn9 3 i59o in9bbe 4wi lbe 5 isgo ing tohe6 wil p@baby repa.e 7 a@ 9oln9 to t6r/ae€stn9 3 am gonq 9 @nt be

2 le 3arc9onqbba 4?e9ongbre l t ludure 5 i s i l go ing ro happ€n6wIbe 7wiIprcbabydisppear 3 e qoing to ha@ (or te having) 9, ter10 ?e 9o ns ro o l le r 11 , thaw 12wIbe 13wi t ihenv job in rc t@14 rc going ro expand 15'lbe t6 tmea. lT U ne€dl3wont be(orrenotgongb be) t9'm going lovkit (or,m visiling)20 Wl l rou have 21 ' l ig ive

2 I adve 3 w lbe 4'E Eeing 5 l p.obabyilke 6 are.,r doing 7,thawI te nay ing 9 'm90ng 101g ive

uhit 8 Future 2

2 w l lbe mdlng 3wi l lhavem@ed 4d6r lo$an 5youteave6 @'ve rcceEd Twillhav€cpaid 3 they'e I w6 going lo wile lOthoper l dueroat rve l2 thopetwon, t t3 tdon l th tnk t , l t taB t5shat @

2 d 3 a 4 c 5 l 5 h 7 q 3 e

2 leaw/atrr 3 wl l be eeng 4witt hav€ finished 5 wjl b€ ptainq 6 hsr7 wr I have {aned 3 wil you have learnl 9 Wityou be using lO R

2B-expe. l 3D-wi l fa l 4B-w pbbabv 5a-abou i lo 6c i sdueb7A-wl lhavebegun 3B wt tb€ t iqhnnq 9D k p tann inq io

2 @re goinq ro be 3wittbe.oteding 4, hawp@duced5'llbedrusnq 6wil have aq@d 7 happ€B S come 9gets lOmeelr rw i l have lnkhed 12wt tb€ f tnd^g 13hf t t4wasgo jng lohe

Ljnit 9 Passive 1

2 isseen 3 w ll not be linished ahavebeen.@d 5aEbeing@€wEd6 cannot be sh pped

r,/ 4ltir€€h.ki* 5/ 6t+€m

3 Tnis fine was @aled by one ol ou b6l young d€siqneu4In etry.lhat 6nt b€ done

6 ThB rear moE itun a mi lion dollaE it beinq spenl on adren: n9. / More than amil ion do la6 is b€ing spenl on ad@nising rhis y€ar7 Tnit Fyment may not b€ authoried by $e r'{.ounts Depanmenr.

2 c'epd I ndn"buled . d?,.-. b.cl 5 Loffpr.o 6 . ana'j"d

2 willbe needed 3 are being ordeEd 4aEbeingprinled 5 shoutd be I nished

Unit l0 Passive 2

2log@ 3wasbom 4cleaned 5 haEdemanded 5 asembted7 @e you bo.n I lo be l@king

2lw6 qi€n 3 weE pomied deliEry 4Thslabicwasfiade SWemfe5enl

3 hd been bbught 4 har b€en encouraged 5hasplvat5ed6 ha@ arb rnvgled 7 has b*n mded (or has dded) 3 have been 5otEd

2 i5 sid to be 3 aF knoM to be looking at 4 I bet ded lo be dse oping5 h eported ro ha€ 5p€nt 6 is lhoughl ro be/ s thoughl lo ha@ ben7 is u.de6t@d lo h:E negoliated

2 6 beihg d€ah wirh 3wilbedetEre! a has been included {or i5 n(uded)5 @n be opMed 6 are only gu.Enteed

Unit 11 Modals and related verbs I

2 l6ncon€ 3b€ab le to 4 l .ou ldn1 5 wasn lab te to 6wi lyou7 6n E do 3 lo be able 9 | muslspeak 10 | manag€d 1o 1 1 I cou d

2 b€ .bla ro 3 coutdnl 4 coutd 5 canlb. ab . to 6 can/can r7 can'l/b" able lo a b€ abte tol6nt 9coutdn,t l0(oud

2 d 3 g 4 . 5 f 6 e 7 a a h

2 l'll pu! you lhouqh r ca^ t help you 4 aoutd you iet me 5 t lu{ qo6 Could you hold 7 r'llwail a can't a 9 t'U need 10 Can tca tyoull.ouldyouspeak 12Canyouhear 13 Coutd you repeal 14t,] beon15 l'll qel back to you t5canyouqnd lTt,ttputone

2 h 3 e 4 . s d 6 b 7 a a I 9 t l o m 1 1 i l 2 k 1 3 1 t 4 n

Unit 12 Modals and related verbs 2

2 d 3 b 4 a 5 h 6 l 7 e 3 g 9 1 0 k 1 l j t 2 i

1 nun 2 have to 3 have to 4 musr 5 haw to 5 mun

2 D 3 r 4 r 5 5 6 t 7 D a t 9 r 1 0 5 1 1 t 1 2 r 1 3 0 1 4 l

2can 3hawto 45houd 5ca^ 66n1 Tshoud Sdontha@tot hav€ ro 10$ouldnt rr should 12 @n

2hadto 3 .oudn ' i 4hadro 5 .o !dn , l 6$o! ldhaw 7 shou ldn r have3 d dn't hava to 9shouldn'tha€ 10ddn1havelo

Unit 13 Modals and related verbs 3

2<an l be 3 must be 4mightbe 5 maynotbe 6on ' tbe 7 mun beSrhoudb€ 9<ou ldbe 10@n' l l l cou ld be 12munbe

2 d 3 b 4 a 5 i 6 9 7 e

2 might 3 cant 4 mun 5 migh l 6@n 7(an l Smur t

2 a 3 d 4 c 5 c 6 b 7 a 3 d

2wrldefiniiey 3miqht 4ls almost cenain ro s ru^liketto

2 hghlhave 3 6n1 have 4mighl 5 cn't 6munhaw

Unit 14 Modals and related verbs 4

2 Would you 3 Would you like 4 M.y | 5lalking 6 Shalll 7 L€l meSCoud 9youshoud 10coudrcu 11 cou ld 12open 13 opened

2 1 3 h 4 a 3 . 5 e 7 h 3 i 9 q 1 0 1 l l k 1 2 m 1 3 J

2Wouldyou l ike 3 don lmnd 4Doyoumind 5Oi@ueno l6 would you like me 1o 7l'd apF*iate $at ash.llwe 9 wduld you mindl0 rshou ld r r w6u ld you ikero 12ofcoue

Line 3 Could you spe I that lor me, ple&?Une 5 Wou d you m nd ednq you pa$pod?Une 6 Do you think you could book m€ an edy moming cdllTLlne 3 lmnder il you could iell me lvhen brcaHan is?L ie l0 Would you mind 1l left a messge lor a col eague?L ne 1 1 Would you ike me to lend you a pen?

ANSWERKEY 25I

[Jnit 15 Questions 1

2 say 3Y5,ldo 4 d6 thii machine m* 5setupMicrosoft6 did Mi@eft ei up 7 i€lephoned me 3 did you telephone

2Doyouwo*from home? r can you undeEland GemanT4 Haw you ak€ady had lunch? twil youbeba.k ntimelorlunch?6 Are you enjoyinq th€.ontercnce? 7 Did,ou aE€e wilh her?3 Haw )ou @r lpoken to P €r€?

2 hN you invnei 3are)ougoing 4didyoupal( 5ae)ouherc

2 vlhat haw you done? I where d d ,ou pul the rcpo.t?4 Why do you slay h€F? 5 H@ reE you tee nq yeneday?6 wheE are you slaying? 7 Who do you r€pon b?a WnE is lhis b.q/Whoe bag is th s?

2 w€r do you do? 3 H@ onq ha€ F! been @* nq rhere'4 wrt did you do beloe ihar2 5 Doe5 you iob inrclve much l.avel n975l! ihi5 yo( li6t vi5it to Lron? 7 When d d Jou ariva?a Hd onq aE you sraying for? 9 Wherc a€ you naying? 1 0 Whals il ike?

28@tury 3hwduch 4h@i4 5howlong 6whar Twhosea how olren 9whid 10whar ll shch

Unit '15 Qu€stions 2

2 doi'r you 3 ddnlyou 4haveyou 5 hashe 6willyou 7 5 hesd idn ' r@ 9aGn1r lo iha l lwe

2 enr the iar, didnlyou 3 5n1Mr Pete6, i5 1 4 s Mf PeleE, 3n l r5 hava @Eded then oder h*n t they 6 ha€nlcan.e ed then odet have t,rey

2 lhe dad€tng emina. e 3@6h 4you lelt 5l(ould

2 who didrou ger the intomalon irom? 3 wh (h lunds do you in@sr in74 whai was rhe weatef lik€ in sreden 7 (of whar was $e ealher in sw€i€n

2 shal!w 3wn1he 4shouldnl he 5 wasn'l it 6 ha@n'ttheyTwuldn'til aisn'ril t hare lhey l0 doesn't il

Unit 17 Condit ional5 1

2 take/@,|| ani@ 3 wo*ed/we'd ger 4goetis s don'l hwy/re' be6chanqe/qi@ me Tdick/t@nr aoderend 9lend/wi you relurn

3 hN/,|ldel 4 banned/Muldn't be 5knew/'dtel 6l€ve/'ll(aLh7 Mit/'llgi€ 3 had/'d lm

252 ANSWEB KEY

2rcn t 3dont 4wi t 5s 6 un t6s 7 isgotnq tob€ Bbe 9Unt6l0 rcn t 1 r@ud t2woutdn i l3d idn l 14wutd

2 dolwi 9w 3 mrked/wouldni be 4 @uld happen/@ored5 ms/don l5em 6lan.y/give

Unit 18 Condit ionals 2

2look/mighll€e 3 had Inen€d/wo!dn'r have made4 @'d found/w€ d have moved 5 k€pt/mighr preent5Id known/mu dn'1 have done 7 had been/coutd ha€ suc(H{

2 ncase 3a5 ongas 4un€s 5as lo i !as 6 incare 7 whe^ Sones

2 had 3 .ou d stly 4 enioy 5 had taken 6 knew 7 coutd typesddn ' i in renup l thad rohave l lourddo 12 hadn. r bough l

2 Gn 3A5 ongas 4 'd have 5 'd Swoutdnt h& 7 d a@utd /have9 in case 10une$ 11 12 un le$

2 a 3 d 4 c 5 9 6 h 7 e 3 l

Unit 19 Verb + -irg or infinitive 1

2go lng 310use 4 spend ing 5 toc losed@n 6 todetEf 7@t tn93 los ing 9 lopEpae 1010be l l wa i t ing l2 tos ign 13 pd tpon inq

2 to e(ognie 3 ldverts n9 41o kdve 5 wrti ̂ 9 6 to rpeak 7 dak nq3 lhnk ing 9 lo fy 10 to he lp

2 peBuade h m lo 3 rcmind me lo 4 hep you lo 5 expe.t her to6 encouraged melo 7 iorced us io

2 losing 3 ro (ash 4 io do 5 to lix 6 to.ome 7 cating a io wait9 iodo l0askng l l ro iype

2laking 3lopay 4 worrying 5robe 6 pretendinq 7 Glertng 3103hd

Unit 20 Verb + -ing or iniinitive 2

2 iomee i 3 me t i ng 4benq s l omake 6 tospeak 7saynq abop€n9open ing l 0qv inq 11 ro l ooka t l 2 t oa inounce l 3qu inn9 t 4e f l i nq

2be lng 310be 4 i obe 5be ing 6be tng

2 lobook 3 to {an 4 tocome 5 toqo 6d$ ing 710g i ve 3 r c l k i ng9 tohave l 0 i o l on r r@*n9 12q€nn9 (o r1oge l ) 13 m iss i ng oL , r14 to have l5being r6Lft9 17 Jinkhtnq (or rolinish)

2 to take 3 hearing 4to rctuh 5torsk 6 buinq 7 dumingabac.€p t 9 tak ing l0 tocopy r r beng 12 tob inq l3 th tnk inq14behaving I5 to tra n 161odea

Unit 2l Reported spee(h 1

2lle'llb€ back afler lun.h 3 SheS 9on9 to conta.i rhe fi nt€E4lwanl lo make a phone.a 5 rm meering the bank manaqerar e ev€n6 l lound out aboul the prcblem a long tme ago7 lhave 1o be back in the ollic€ by lh.ee th.q 3 l,tt tel you knM

2 $eelme 3 they d/our/before 45h€rqht$e^

2 (lhat) he d .ead the '.pon and (rha0 he d dn'i undeErand 5<tion 43 he linished h s presenralon he war going ro have a d nk4 {lhal) +e was pepadng the iquE bui (rhal)she Mu dn'lbe rons5 ($a0 sh€ iked playing rennis bul (1tur)5he d dnl do r very onen6 (ha9 she wa5 9oin9 to visit rhe I Po $ 5ub5idiary bul ($ar) she wasn r sm when

7P| IC 3PISI 4P| IC 5 6p t IC 7p l la 8 t 9p / tT tOp/ ' , t c

2h is 3he 'dsem 4$edaybetoe 5 lhe 6$eyve 7me 3 lherc 9waslob€toe ] l had lone 12was l3 tha t t4me

Ljnit 22 Reported spee(h 2

2ey 3 le i l 4 iad Srod/e id 6s id^ad Tsad/ to ld Se idro^e l

2 e 3 b 4 a 5 d 6 k 7 i 3 i 9 g 1 0 1 1 t h 1 2 1

2 whar $e lene6 'URL meant3 d/whelher I had prepared the liquE

5 illwherher he had rehembercn (or he ,emenbefed) b b!.k up rhe ii e6 why I had luhed off the aif.ondtoninq7 illwhe$er I ipoke rralia^3h@mu.h h? had pa id (orhe pa id ) lo fhhcr

2 ruqqded Sprcpoed 4aEeed 5 decided

2 lo ld lh€m 3 to l i s len 4s id 5 lhdd 6 lake Tsr ingup 3nor tosay9lochaif l05hould @pon 11rcmlnd€d rhem thal 12 tomk'

unit 23 Phrasal verbs 1

2 b 3 d 4 a 5 b 6 d

2 hord (or hans) o. 3 rill;n 4 go (or G[y) on 5 g)ue up 6 dea with7 pi.k up 3 9o (or.ome) bacl 9lakeup l0tmkaier

2l@k up lhe inlomaton/lookthe nfomarion up/took ir up3 kep dM our cosE/kep ou. .osts dowd/keep rhen doM4 do without my mobie phone/do wilhout 15 tumed dM lhe id€/lurned the dea downnuhed it d@n6 en oul the pmblem/en $e prcblem od/son ir oul

2 drop off 3 ru.n !p 4 checking Ln 5 qei by 6 ed olt 7 draw up3l@kingrhrough 9cal on t0ringup ll kep dNn 12lindourl3 breaking down l4printoul l5backup

2 back 3 off 4 doM 5 ihouqh 6 on 7 oul 3 @r

Unit 24 Phrasal verbs 2

2 back 10 3 dowi on 4 out of 5 on to 6 in wilh 7 up wfth 3 up lo

2 up 3 o f f 4behnd 5 o f 5 b3 .k Twi rh 3on 9on r0 ihough11 ro 12 out 13 n r4wilh

2 ge t$rough 3c l /back 4hodon 5goahsd 6€ng/up 7 t@kin lo3getback to 9$eakup l0beak ingup t t cu to i i t2sn /od 13qoder

Unit 25 Verbs and oblects

2 / 3 t 4 , / 9 X 6 t 7 / A r 9 / t O j i

3 / 4 t 5 X 6 , / 7 X g , / 9 , / 1 A t 1 1 / 1 2 ' l 1 3 t 1 4 /

2 a)r 2b) I / fte ma.ker nq department

5 a) 5b)J / my fam yandlriends

2 5u99estlo them 3p@miFdm€ 4etpainedloihem 5 cau5ing us poblem56 lhe ch clen ro you 7 the Lulr ro the r4hnician 8oldthem9 lhe who e sitlal on to$em l0tod me ll introduce you io Joeph te

2le la.kelheanide aboul ma*elinq3 ent $em an ema yesieday! erta^ erailro.Fei lusoFer \ea A depafrrl yrn.ddy5 od h m $e dGplay modelthart b*n in lhe window6 bd lhe dGplay modelto a rcmdn who.ame n rhis moming7 gav€ her my rcport $G morning3 gave my rcponb her s{@tary rh 5 morning

21ohat 31otl1o 4tollot sl.tlra 6 rolfor 7 to/for 31o/ror

Unit 26 The -,rg form

2 a 3 . 4 b 5 g 5 l 7 e a h

ANSWERKEY 25!

2 meeting 3 shoppinq 4 inlerening /coilus n 9 5wearnq/laning6mr@ming 7 oninq ad nq

2 me€r 3t3ke 4$kn9 5 working 6mrk

2 of beinq 3 by lakinq over 4 Beforc qo n9 5 nsread ol usinq

2 sA€+ S lhir+ 4v**

3 hoping rhal the marker MUld qo up4 trol b€rng an exp€ienced n€gotiaror5 Arsuminq 3he rculdn'r fr,nd6 nol kneinq il would cearc $ many problems

Unit 27 make /do,/9et/have

2 did 3 make 4dohake 5 do 5do/ma[e 7 make 3 made/do9did/mEde lOdid/made 1l make/do 12do

2 a 3 t 4 b 5 e 6 . 7 h 3 9

2holday 3lun.h 4.han.e/look Slime Saltematve Tbreak8 appontde.l 9thetish l0doubt ll dill(uly 12 headache/day ofil3 @rd l4go 15 @nveElion

2get 3do ing amake 5nade 6do ing 79or Smade 9done l0makel ldo 12qot 13mlde 14qor r5made 16do 17do 13got 19made

[rnit 28 Relative clauses 1

2 N D 3 N D 4 O 5 D 6 N D

2lhal 3 wtro 4whde 5who 6who 7 whose athai 9who 10who

r (which) 4/ 5 (hat) 6/ 7/ 3 (who) 9/ 10(rhal)

2 hav€ b€n waitnglor rnayedal 4 usua ydea w$5.h(lalhe empler lbm 6 am responsible for

5 P 7 t 3 P 9 L r 0 P ] ] P 1 2 P

254 ATIiWER TEY

Unit 29 Relative clauses z

2 who ou d be a us€lut contacr lor tbu3 wh6e CV is on youf desk4 who s.oming nexl week

6 wh6e preentaiion I head7 ihar lwai €llnq you about3 wherc they re loinq 1o bui d the new la.rory

3J 4n S t6ey 6 i r 7 / a i l

zwh6e 3who 4whom 5 rhat Srhar Twhar aihal 9 whee to$at

3 / 4who 5wha l 6wh i .h 7 / awhch 9 / to la /ha l 1 l l 12whar

2 wh ch wa5 rhe iargesl luxury g@ds @mpany in rhe rcdd3 which would dec de ihe fulure of rhe ndunry

5 who was the chlei iinancia ofiicer6 wh ch was m€ant lo be a me$age tor Ahaulr7 which rcpresented 34% of Gucd! totatnock3 who Guccihad b€en look nq ror9whowasthe head of a non-lood rcla tgmup (a ted ppR

l0whlchwasa 42% stake in Guc.

lJni t 30 Countable and uncountable nouns

2AB/maiy 3Ghlch 4H@much 5a€ 6a .e 7 equrpm€ni Smadins9 a piece oi equ pmenl l0a machine 1t some/was t2 mu.h t3tr/se

2 fme 3 much 4 many 5an 6 bfie 7 many B much gmuch 10m.ny

2a) G 2b) s 3.) s 3b) c 4a) t 4b) c

l@d: Theret bmet Therc,scrothesr haven't qot hanyj Tnere

arc omej lieyrercrk: I haven t got much; TheF G somej fteEkjob: I hawnt sol a; rherer aj t|s amoney: I haven t got much; TheE G somej fteEkdo a" . lha \en lgo na ly , -Fq .ar

f1a ,1e / rexpenses: haven tgoi maiyrTherc ae omqlteyteidea: lharen'tqol mu.hj I hawnl qoi an; Th€F is an; ts an

2 nothing 3 anr{hinq 45on6ne 5 anrvhere 6 Fmelhinq Tson@ne3 antlhing 9 anylhing toNoone

2 enjoyed ouel6 3 taughr himsef/isrea.hing himFtf 4hunyouEeff5 expEi heEff 6 help rcuetvE 7prepa€youett a inroduce hyseff9 blan€you6eJ 10 make touetvs

2 fell/elared I anylim€, anywtleE 4 @member/Mrry 5weryUre6 havthen 7 anylnere a iomewherc 9lhemelres tO€chorhe.

2 Fmewhere 3 anywhere 4 somene 5 Everylne 6 Anyone 7 smelhinga everylhing 9 anythinq

I help youelf 4 met s inircnuce you6ett 6.hange 7 ask mFetf srctar

Unit 32 Determiners

2 a ts o l rheh 3b@of them 4maiyo t lhem 5hosro i lhem

z s<h 3 Not one 4 Some of 5 Some 6 enher 7 Our curomeE e..na bo$ dals 9Attot t0any ll Ereryrhinq t2amobiephoneeach13 Erery odion ha5 be€n 14 *erylh n9

2 ncr 'e , lher 3ne i$e .4At 5e€ry /a l 6each 7Mry Bnone ganyr0 borh 11 ei$er 12 each

2 Ew.y pani(lpanr 3Nolasingepe6on 4 Nenher idea/Neithe. oi the ideas5 Sohe of $e audien(e didn r 6Noneotmycoteague 7Alwewa is8weren'tanyddumenB 9Nerherhotelwas/Netherotlheholes@rero Sorh rhe propoek ael8orh otthepropoek aerr Noie ol rhe* rrems ae t2ioneatall

2 A - aach ode 3 C - Nelher codpany 4 A - a I ts 5 C _ftey arc bolh6 C-ery 7 3 -mo5to t 3 c -Mrr lh ing

Unit 33 Possegsives and compound nouns

2you 3youE 4you6 SourM 6 ou&tves Tmne BMy gher 10 r

2 Ajicet l ands name! 8ill. Heg one oJ Medl LFchS top ana ysE.I Tolot t d.al on is .ompany @6 k bener than ou6.4 | @nt to my do<roA and he3 comp urer se! al the palienir, recodr5 ll! imponant io Kognie that wery ompany h.s is own panrcubf .u e,

6 My bo$s PA reads all rh€ cBroders bneu7 L@k at thoe trm Mercd6. ones our dnetloG and lhe orhel3 a visitol!.

7 ndfl neun9/!t6,o@r 1 ( Fd( Lcm/d"pa.rnff soF4 iiternar a.G/summerlle 5 inflaion ligures/pnce ranqe6 ma*et suNey/rush hour 7 inlomaion te.hnotoqry/.ar keys3 3hop asistanvpow. laitu€ 9 shopftoor rcrker/@rking tun.h

10 iNUGdc6nl,?cr/banktoad j1 pmduclteatures/p@ducron.ossT2 ma*et l@derlmarkelinq budgel

2 Jad< ol 3 ercr ol 4 6i9€ of 5 t* of 6 pi<e ol 7 n@ke oi B i@d ot

5 pe6on 5a 7mu.h 3an 9bme lOa t j much14a oi ol rs infomauo^ 16an

Unit 3l Pronouns

2 no one 3 anylhinq 4 anyone 5 Something 6 emede 7 ftrronesanrihing 9 *ryth nq lONothing

2fryp€n 3mine 4iama!dftumenis 5 colleaque ol he6 6islo(bo$37 an expert in company 3 shos lhe el6 figu6 9 cunomer of 0!6

2 €he€& 3€** 4F€€ 5 €r$c{ 6shR 7li* 3R.*€r 9d

Unit 34 Articles 1

2an l lhe 3a lThe 4a 5 thenhe 5 lh€ /a 7a aa 9a l0annhe11 anlth€ orher 12$e^he 13rhe 14lhe Porruque

2a 3 anl 4 -l- 5 al- 6- 1 ala a la 9 arl 10 ala

2-/a 3at-h6e 4 /lhe 5 ^h€/a 5- Ta^he 3 rh€/anh€ 9-l-10A/an la r r a^he r2

2 r h e 3 - 4 - 5 a 5 a T T h e 3 9 $ e l 0 r h e l l 1 2 1 3 r l el 4 t h e 1 5 a n l 5 r h e l 7 r h e r 3 - r 9 a 2 0 i h e 2 r -

4 a 5 - 6 - 7 a f t e 9 a 1 0 - 1 l - 1 2 a n 1 3 t h e 1 4 - 1 5 -1 6 1 h e r 7 - 1 8 a 1 9 f t e 2 0 2 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 r h a 2 4 r h e 2 5 -

Unit 35 Art icles 2

2 Crcle 3 h6pira/<hool 4 Healhrcw/underg.ound5 He mut Koh ̂he Chance orlcemany6thealpyMonr Slanc 71henediutu@ 3 home9 NeYo*/lheUnited ttates r0lunch11 Deu$che Sanklhe Cily of London/$e sian 12 un{eaiv13 takewndehere^heL.keDi5tria.^he nonh-@3r/Enqland r4 Bondsr@r151he p@f 16ftelJK^hesourh-easr/CanieduryCathedGl r?c@n13lohn/rcrk/the frome 19lraly/cr 20 The Danube/Cen|a €urcpe

2a) The 2b) - 3a) - 3b) Ine 4a) , 4b) lhe 5a) rne 5b)6a) 6b) Ihe 7a)- 7b)lhe

2at 3 theendot lhe 4 n lhe 5a t 6 rhesutond 7a l 3a l

2 th€ 3rhe 4 f te 5$e 6 7 3 g lhe 10- 11 12 1314- 15rhe l5 rhe r7$e 13 19 the 20rhe 21 (o r rh€) 22 lhe23the 24 ihe 25- (or rhe) 26$e 27 f te 23 the 29 30 .3 r lne32 the 33 ihe 34 rhe 35 rhe 16 rhe 37 33 the 39 lhe 4!

unit 36 Adiectives and adverbs

2 mprded dramatcaly 3 has d@pped signifi@ndy 4 pauF brielt 5heimp@ed stead ly 5 rc.overed s@ly 7 has nFn gradually

2 bored 3borng 4eKiling smded 6larqe 7 enomoG a bad

2 hed t pomoted r badly d6lgied 4 exiremev helplols eas t rc.osniebre 5 undpecredly delayed 7 completet illesal3 qu te ate

A SWER I(EY 255

2 two squaE wden Gnons

3 an am-ing ne efiwaE package

4 a difiicult $@eno^th transition peiod

5 hiqh-qualily Taiwane compder chips

6 a mllplanned inv6hent nEteqy

7 deap hiqhjp€€d htehet acc6

3 a r@lulionary ne handh€ld .ompubf

9 a @nd€rful ns w.shinq pordef

l0 alvlulch€p planjc Fmnns

2 late - adv 3 a€ adj 4 wel ad. 5 ha'dly adv 6 good adj

7 ha.d - adj 3 had a& 9lan adc r0 iast adj.

2 @nwntion.l 3 rapidly 4 pbp€ y 5 qood 69@d 7we 3bady 9easy

l0d@ l l d rec t t 12€ t y 13 .h€ap 14qu i ck l y l 5 f qh t 16huge

Unit 37 Comparing I

2 $e n6l pDlitable 3 Renl 4lhan 5 rcEe 6 best 7 as ong as 3 wo6e

2 sm.ller rhan I ls inreetng thadnor as inrresing as 4 $e honen5 b€ne. ftan 6 a5 9@d a5 7 mo€ ditl(ur 3 ai large as 9 wo& rhan

2 a5/a5 3 than/des 4least 5 ben 6most T rhan/had Satas 9lun/as

3 more s.<1ions ol lhe €pod rhan me4 a5long as le4e<ted/ar long 4 r'd erpecled

6 mon imponai! preni.tioh I have eEf gi€n

9 $e ben communi@ton 5ki 15l0 $e m6l inlerciting peple I have e€r met

2lorer 3 better 4doEattE live 5 tukiest 6 Eeater 7 wo6ra morc ensible 9 eaier l0mosraggre$Lw ll hiqhef 12b61

Unit 38 Comparing 2

2a I rhe bener 4moreandmorc 5lhewondlarc.n 6 dighlly 7la*eia moF and more expensive 9morequickt 10 much beiter 11lhesamea5

a littk/a bn b./mu.h morcorls/buqhly lun/eecty2 nea.lylvntually 3 just/esart 4 a ltile/a bh 5 farlmuch

2 the fane* g@ing 3lhemosi.ftryd€sqned 4bslseling5 rhe le6r kn@n 6 the mosr rapidt.hanging

2 roughly th€ eme lrliqhtyls 4aLm6tasmaiy 5alm6rdmu.h6 rcnsiderabt l6s 7 moElhan l'ri.e sbyfar 9 nor nea,ly l0a ol

256 ANSWER XEY

2oughlylheeme i consde6b/y more 4 similar 5 dilfe€nt 6alotTby fa f 3 tw i .€armany 9 iwceasmuch 10a i f t le

Unit 39 Adverbs of degree

2 c 3 d 4 a 5 9 6 l 7 h 3 e

250 iew 3 loohuch 4such 5e 6 loomu.h 7omlch 3emany9 so lillle 101@shon ll tallenough l2enouqhmoney

2 so mu.h 3 so many 4sofs 5 b linle 6t@ Tsuch 3 enough 9e

2a)50su(ce$ru that 2b)su.h a succes rhar3a)50 @llhat 3b) su.h a good ode. pMes ng t,slem that4a)such alqe bank dehs $at 4b)so raEethal5a)io fasi thal 5b) 5uch a fan niemel connedon rhat

2 wa5 such a dnicull p6bem 3ft€t@lewopies 4i@Inb5pa.€5 presenta ion was $ qood 6ddn ' rse lenoughun i t5 Tksbusy8so manybr*hurcsrhal 9 ioo nrlerme

Unit 40 Time adverbs

2 a t 3 a t 4 o n 5 n 6 a r 7 o n 3 i n 9 i n 1 0 o n 1 1 o n 1 2 i n 1 3 a t

2 a 3 k 4 m 5 f 6 i 7 e 8 i 9 b l 0 l l l n 1 2 h 1 3 d 1 4 c

2 neNt wee[ 3 $e day after tomori@ 4 at n]ght 5on time 5in time 7 torSdurnq 9n loyeauaqo l0 be lo .e I l Dufnq r2wh l le l3w l i le14durn9 l5by l6unt lT then 13 a f tedads 19Af te r 20 la le r

2 Q:Now long haw you had a subsdiaryin Ponuqal? Ai S n(e 1998.3 Q: Now long has Peter Midd€lhoff been CEO? A Since the 5rad ol the y?ar4Q: fowlong has your conpany had rhe em€ loqoT A For tenryysr5 Q: fowlonq ha€ you owiedyourTeekom shaB? A:slnce pdatstioi.6 Q: Fow long ha€ you knen A ex SonT A: Fof a onq rime.7 Q: NM ong have rou lved in this !M7 A: S nce lwas bom.

2 ago 3 tor 4duing 5 afier 5 belore 7 for Ssince 9 for r0$hilel l5n(e 12ago 13Be lore 14whi . 15 a t le tuads 16 a f te r

l jn i t 4l Linking words I

2 Although 3despte 4whie 5 Whe€a 6ihouqh 7bll a{heEas

9 any l vay 10 rn5p€o f l l a rhouqh 12a rhouqh

b) odlt v Fd rh" Mad"d o'file "!

re d5 LpBdl"lon"o!fi p

2a)We.an hand e lhe tEnspon arangemenis and ako the insuEn@.

2b) We can hand€ bolh the lranspon araigements and the insuranc.

3a) want ihe eles lisu6 lor october and N@nber as @ll.

3b) | want the sa es I sures lor o.rober as @ll as N@mber

4a) we?e setting up ofiices in Peru and alo (in) E.uador

4b) we'E setting up ofi @s in Peru and (in) Ecuador t@.

2bLt 3 still 4lhough 5hspiteof 6wher€5 7 anyway

2a) In tpite of my headache I slil @nt to $e meeiig /h 5p 1e of hav nq aheadache still mnt to rhe merinq.2b) | had a h€da.he, but I nil rent to lhe meelinq.la) some anabds rhink ihar siq* wil lal in va ue, whereas olhe6 d egree3b) Allhouqh $me analtdls lh nk thar ntrks w ll ia I in value, othe6 d 5a9@.rta) D6pile lhe dilfituhie in rhe negor aions, re won the contac.4b) Enn though rhee @re diffituhi6 in ihe negol ations, we won the .ontraar.5a)Whereasoilpl.6 rcFdlhlylanyear, thi5 ye rhey have qone down.5b) Oil pd@s oe sllqhly al year, ahhough thi5 ye rhey have qone down.6a) Ive win€n tvvi.e, yel lslil haven t recd€d a eply.6b) Despne writing twic, I nill haven t receiv€d a rcply. (or Despite hav n9 wr fienlwi(e Inillhawn l rcc€iEd a rcply.)7a) Ahhouqh he didn'i u* any noles, he grye an ex.e enl presenlalon.7b) H€ d dnl ue any nor6 He gave an excellent preEnration,lhough

2a l$ 3 desp i le 4a l lhouqh 5 .swe l 6Both Twhe.eas 3asml las9)d l0athough 11 despite 12Althouqh

Unit 42 Linking words 2

2 so l * hera .opyo l themlnutes .3 b<ause Ihad a lol oi papeM lo fnhh.

s hed@5n1kn@, llark bmeoneehe.

2 b 3so that 4 n oderlo 5 tor 6 can 7 could 8@udn1 9woi1

3 a 4 b t b 6 a 7 a 3 b 9 b 1 0 a I l a l 2 b 1 3 a 1 4 b

2 t 3 P 4 t 5 P 6 r 7 P 8 P 9 r 1 0 P

2 aglike 3 like 4 as,,l ke 5 like 6 !s 7lke A atl ke

2 to 3 lke 4 becaus 5e tha ! 6b 7as I 3 io r 9 [e 10 tol1$ .snor loMrry r2a5 13 l i ke 14sothar r5 to 16 ike

unit 43 Developing an argument 1

2hand 3Asatu le 4 ex(ep l 5 e r ther 6Asamat te ro f lac l TOi thewhoea On ft€ olher hand 9 36ides 10 such as 1l lor example 12 nslead ol

2 *ept 3 therclorc 4innead 5 n qene.al 6su.has TElher3 As @llas $is 9 Nmrihd6 10 So

In qenera!, tak nq an M&A is a good id€ tor an amb t ous young pEle$ onal,hl]wr you do haw to make some ldifice' You mks out on lvvo yea6valuable m|t axpe ence, for *mde and t cn be very expeis ve.

23 F i6 to l a l l 3A-aswelas 4D-Second ly 5C asaresu l t6A H@rer 7B Inaddn ion 3D- lo rexampe 9A-suchas

2 lnadd lon 3h fa . r 4 lhere loE 5r ia ru te 6h@mr 7 ln condus ion

Unit 44 Developing an argument 2

2fiomourpontolvs 3 Appaeddy 4 trFms rhat 5 tonunaret 6&tuattT lMdnqonto S in theend 9a lan 10Unt€s l t ud6 12 o lhemiF

2Of@u6e 3 Unforlunalely 4Bytheway 5Iobeirank 6Ahsatl7Appaen y 3 Anylvay 9 Abrye att l0or6ther

2 npancular 3Cleary 4Toqveanexampta 5 excepr ior6Aslaraslhe geneG pub ic is concerned 7 funhmor€ asrnudt9 As a maner ol fact l0suchas 1tp6aresuh 1 2 0n rhe other hand13 or 6 the . 14 ln lenera 15 a f though ]6 losunup

2Asamatteroliac1 3 r'6 iar as ... is concehed 4To9i€anebmple5In EeneG 6 Clea y 7 Funheno@ 3Asa rclutt 9Ontheo$erhandl0tosumup rl excepllor 12athough 13 *ntu.Iy 14or ra$ei

ATIISWER KEY 257

Unit 47 Adjective + preposition

2 h 3 d 4 b 5 j 5 a 7 i a c 9 i l O e

2 sfelron 3 atiached to 4 dependent on 5eriousabout 5 nrctved in

2 wilh 3for 4 about 5wiln 6 about Tlor aJor 9for lOwth ll at

2 lo Addan 3 to dtung on the eir 4 lo. rhe meeing5 inteEied in archaeoloqy 6 about whal he eid 7 at ma$enar<s3 about lhe adwnising Ghpalgn 9oipeope l0onherid6

2 at&ned 3 dependenr 4pepared 5cpabe3 inrcl4d 9nght l0oppGed ll compatibe

Unit 48 Noun + preposition

Unit 45 Prepositions of place

2on 3 above/be@ 4 in 5on 6opp6n.7 . tl l nex t lo 12 in 13over 14near 15 in 16on20 by

2on 3on 4 in 5on 6aun T ido i 3a t 9on13 n 14 in 19 ida t 16 n 17at 13on n t9a t

2ror 3 with 4 benreen 5with 6i./oi 7 ber€en 8to 9in/oi lOlor

2 pnce ol 3 advanrage ol 4 tocu5 on t paynenr to. 6 objection ro7 nwlvement in I suhabilry lor

2 forlup 3in/by 4lorlon 5in/On 6in 7 an/lot Santhy 9t^/n

2 r 3 h 4 c 5 j 6 i 7 d 3 e 9 r r 0 b 1 l k 1 2 9

2 r i 3 t o f 4 0 1 5 w i t h 6 i n 7 0 1 a o u t 9 i n l o i n 1 1 t o . 1 2 i n l 3 t o r14up 15 in 16 lo r 17at l3abour2 lowads 3 al 4 der 5 p.st 5 on 7 in a $@ugh 9.r t0 on

2 at 3 in 4on 5 nexr 6 n 7 in 3on 9 opposite t0in lt to t2at

Unit 46 Verb + preposition

2beeve n 3wairfof 4lead1o Sdependon 6kn@aboul 7 suflerIrcm

2wilh 3ol 4aboul 51or 6 abour Tinb Alor 9on t0 from in

2 lolabout 3lrom 4 ol s of 6 wilh/abour 7 fbm 3 in 9lor10 lo /aboot l1 a r 12 lo r

2belonglo 3l5tenro 4 explain/io 5 agre€i wirh 5 appvlor Tetyon3 apoiogied lor 9Remnd/about lohopnglor ll head lmmr2compywilh 13 insisron 14 qua iry Jor

2with 3 aboul 4lmm 5for 6in Tlor 3 againn 9i6n lotroml l lo r 12 for 13on 14on 15ro 16 fo f 17 f rom tB abou l 19ot

Unit 49 Trends, graphs and figures

2 om lhou$nd, nrc hundcd and $idy3 1$€l€ rh@end, rhe hlndred4 rwelt€ lhouend.nd lh iy5 twt€ lhouend, thR hundcd and th.ty6 me hundcd and t*€nry thou5and, $re hundrcd7 one hundr€d and h€nty three rhouend3 o.e hundrcd and r*nty $ree rhouend, three hundred and lh dyI one mill@n, tm hundred and $iny ftouend

2 imed/slbhrt 3in 4by 5EMr! 6 ht/tow/EoveEd/a17 mchedheak 3 slowly/by 9sN/of 10to 11Ge/l€ll 12 ra$d/.ut

2 HowMr 3 ahhough 4 in spite oi 5 TheEfo€ 6 so 7 becue or

254 ANSWER KEY

2a alm6l 50q/6 2ba lnbundef50%3aabund 50% 3babou i50%4a €n. y s0% 4b precisey 50%5aa i ieder50% sbd iqh ly nore than 50%6 .onr deGbly more ihan 50%

2Uat 3allhough 4be.ause 5 ecwery 6peak 7up 3by 9mittonl0pounds 11on 12cut r r s ign i f i can l l y 14Hdewr 15h. t l 15r@17 sharpy 13 lo 19ovs 20 in

Unit 50 Punctuation

2 Lasl february mel Mary Caeenier lor the fi6t line., abo-r 50l'lor4? I'on odn!.

4lvlylarcur€ Nilchco.ktim k 91fan9e6 on a Tra n'.5 Cao works as a^ oli .e manager n a ma*ei n9 consu tancy6lw jun rcceived ihe repon published a( May by rhe wodd T6de Organzaiio^7 On Chrshas Daywel 9o to my parenG' houp near Bighron n5usx3 lh nk Jean s qoinq 10 be inleto s n9 the D€puty finance Minkter ne{ wk

2 c 3 b 4 a 5 . 5 a 7 a 3 c

2l'm 5orry Km, he eid the g@ds would aiiive on time. bur $ey d dn1.3 Jacksad ihar @ rhou d l€r up th€plans, togel about it and nan again4 When lsaw my bo$,lMnl up lo hm,.nd e d, Can I ha@ Friday ofi, pleae?5 Oi the othe. hand, we could ue a ditiecnr tnm..oudnt we?'eid f.an@h.6'Nello, Alan, sid Tina, How was lhe menng yened:y?'7 lf were you, i'd ask iof bme help, or pedaps look ar lhe manlataqrin3 O shafesdd well anwk Standard Oilwas up2%, Een was up La%, andlhe An9lo-Dutch grcup Shelgainen 2.3%

Dear Angela, (opriona comma)ll was greal to hear tiom you, and $ank lor the photo oi *ryone on rhe MBAcou6e.ll brngs back happy memodes, ahd lm sure yo! l age that we weplucky to have such nErcstng p6ple n oury€rI m glad rhat you ere succesfu inyblf €dloralobin publc elaions |venot bsn so lu.ky $ lar l n alraid lapplen lorajob ar lhe begl^ning ol $efronth n lhelnan.e depanme ola alge Sws-Mned phaha.eulcal(ompany 'd be v€ry wellqua ied iorrhetob, but Inil haven'r heard anyrhinq. rfldonlqetan ansmrbon, llry wiliig again Acrually, illdon't hear an,,lhinq, Iwon1 be too d Fppoinled beGue 1 ehs $e I .ompany isn't doinq to Mll atthe moment, aid ldonl think there'd be frany oppodunitiglof pomotDn.'ve been m€ning lo email you for aq6 about somelh nq ee. Do you by.ny, Fdn!" -"F Alkon a-d J'r \ doa A. rT pta.n'ng on{}lng lrtr Ltryn lheaurumnand|d lke to .a l nandsee ihem.rvna labou lyou?Doyouhaveanypansio come herc? rt @uld be rcnderlulto ee you aqain, rnd you kn@youre rekome to sray when4er you w.nlWell, that3 all lor now I m qoinq away lomorow lor a lM dayr to vkll myparcn$, and've goi lo pa.k and get reaCy. fi ank again lor rhe phoro, and itwas $ nice to hear lrcm you aqa nAl the bel, (optiona .omma)

Test 1

3 don't undeEland 4 m talk n9 5 isn'tse inq 6 know 7'm naynq3aFyou0L rdDo yo- o f fe ' 9 ro le i l0doyou. d l ld t rN"

b)Pc c )Pc OP5 e)Ps 0Pc a)Ps h)Pc2 a 3 e 4 c 5 q 6 f 7 h a d

Prenr slnple: aNvays, as soon ar, befoe, e@ry dry hard y trr nweL mosi oilhe lime, next lime, nom.lly, o.caionaLly, oien, Grel, smetimes, twice a year,

Penl conrinuous: at lhe momenl, nM, n adays, $6e daF

1 lusually he llnch ar abod one o crock 2 Lunch s oft€n tun a sandwr.h.3 I visn Pads H€d Oflice f.om I me ro ime4 am hadt evs lat€ in th€ morninq 5 | hadt mr lake $e rran ro work.5 I prcpare a !15 Epon on.€ a month 7 | n*r miss a Boad meel n93lam n4r lare tor a Boadn€tinq.

3 .onrah 4 t 5 . / 6weowi 7 lh ink 3 / g l rse f f i r0 l ] ] /

r 9@s upldenand 2 I iallinq/meaG 3 a€you wa nng/doil th nk4 do our <unohe6 wanlk*ms 5 hope/k^@tis do ig6 do you mean/doi l undedand TaEyousyng/Doyouwant3 0c you. chicken ta$e/depeidr/ sw*ln!

Test 2

1b{ame 2 began 3blole 4 b.oughr 5 bought 6(hose Tate 3iel9 to lnd l0 lo rgor l l g@ 12 lepr l3 led 14 lenr l5mel l5pad17 3ed lashut 19spefl 20 undeElood

2 ued rocraih 3 mshed/wa5pdnrnqo 4was€ling ofl^laned5wanlen/d6e 6 used 1o have/combined 7atrved/waswaiiing3 kndked/.ame 9@eargung/lost 10 watv sred

2didn'lue 3lhadn'tfolqonen 4uedlo prcduce 5l'd rcad (or san)6 had already left 7 ued ro !o ski ng/used lo sti Sthameetinghadlnished

2When 3ar 4 rn 50n 5When TWhi le /when a in 9a l l0when

2 got/had nopp€d I did you lind ouvhad qoi 4loined/hadwo*ed5 *nl/had a mdyrpoken 6 had alw4$ suspe.lei/wasn t

I had bed waiting 4 had ak€ady head 5 had beei dsing 6hadn'tinished7 had ner met Shad been l@kinq thad@n r0had bee^ losinq

Test 3

2had 3havehad 4rwbf t 5 l le f t 6hdercub*nrc rk ing7arc 'ougong 3hNn ' tpa id 9d ldn lpay l0ddyou anse

2 stanen 3 been writing 4didyouaniE 5Hareyou6 has been oryanGing/has oqanls€d 7 for rhe months3 have iEd/have been living 9t'€banwaitnghm lOthmntqi€nl l l ve been waitinq l2 have you rclked/helou benrcrking

2 always 3 aheady 4*f 5jun 6 yet Tfor 3ne€r 9 ofG^ t0Sofar

2 ve nsef been 3 My wallet har a ve jusr sen 5 havenl fin sh€d (or wftinq)6 rcrkinq h€rc for 7e€rbenlot tin Anen@ (or rer visid Latin Amenca)a haven i spoken 9Aniacome lCqone ha@n,l sn Oavid12livingherefof r3 ve eft 14hen'rf nished l5 jun teft t6Mb€enl7learning (or nudyng) 13hmnlhad l9n@reaien 20 plaing lennis for2l torgoilen 22 \ changed 23*n Marqarclsn@

Test 4

2nops 3Sha l 4we?€qon9ou l 5 i t tgo inq tob€ 6 t ldo 7 come b :ck3 She be @rking 9w?egoinqio 10lhey'ttpobabty

2wi l behere 3w lp rcbabyqer 4 i59o l^9b end 5 t l l kyou6 won't (or can t)see 7 Whal aF rou 9o ̂ q 3 wit pobabty

b)prese .onrnuous ()wil d)9onsto e)qoinqro i)wll 9) futuc p€rle<l

2 c 3 b 4 i 5 a 6 h 7 e 3 q

2 Shall 3.onfeence ends (or f nkhes of i5 o@r) 4 wonl 5 witt you be6 l l 7 Sha 3youdo ing

2 sha lM have 3 'mgongto5 tudy 4 ' t tbaba.k 5 tmatng6 lwon't iorgel 7 Im qoing to do a Shall lhelp yoo 9 we'rcome10 l 'mgo ing toask 11 l ' l haE 12 r 'm 9o ln9 b h*

2 was posted 3 G be ns d* oped (or G to be deEropd) 4 w.s aaten5 is sri pbdu.ed 6 wi be ddden 7 k being gi@. 3 has ben prcmoled9waswifien 10 arc lost (o. arc be nq ldt)

2 ourhousewas boken inro last week3 Eng sh is spoken a lder the @rd.4 the new moloeay has rina V opened . (or ben opened).5 Thk umbreLla was eftin Repton.6A lrafi c wi I be bann€d tom the c t cenrc.7 -ia rh" 1o 'qu'4den'{ed. -er lh.} ae leh lo,24 4or53 The meelinq h b€ ng pslponed.

2 am having nry cr rcpaired3 had sohe businesGds prlnled wirh lhe ne toqo4 are havn9 the carpd cleaned tofro@5 hava lust had nry requen lor .edit rclued

2mean 3beGken 4wilbrtng 5t6kptae 6 hightightei 7 b€ ignored3 is expeci€d 9wil fal 10in.reae 1twittst.t 12tob€found 13 cearel4encouEge 15 be looked at

ANSWEN KEY 259

/ nulr lN , o1ts r a6f i r Co onbb 3 wd . d. F@ rhis ao- nq4 6 being renmbp€d 5 have been pur up aga n5 wlll be dl<used in the m€€rinq tomorcw 7 had some nM oltwarc nsta led3 was b.rn 9rereyou 10Pete6c.was wasAlexlod12 Hat . ba.lup copy ol this ti e b€n

2mun 3ne€nto 4h* l r ied 5 re 'd be t le r 6n iqh t T ihoud Smun9 can l have rohave io t i don ' tne€d ro t2 (anr

2munn ' t 3mlhrhave 4have lo 5mun 6 .oud 7h .dro Smusthaw9shou ld l0d idn ' th :E lo

2 i 3 b 4 d s 9 6 a 7 e

2dontha@io 3can lbe 4mu{be 5shoutdbe 6migh lbe 7Gnlamlqhr t harc lo l0shoud

2 mun have 3 can't haF 4 rhou d haw 5 mqht nor he 6 shou d have7 shouldn t have S could haw

Test 7

2 Wtl I s ,bu tomor@? 3 D d you have a nke limeT4 0o you know whar I mean? 5 Ae you cohing out Io. a d.ink latet6 Have you b*n waillnq long? 7 Are you enjoying youuellT3 Hae rcu head $e larn?

2whatthi5m€ns 3h@muchrhr.on5 4 what ime $e bank opens5Im inlheighteat 6 whe.€ lhe Opera Hou5e s7 lh( is lhe way 10 the s<ience Mueuma $no lhe sp€aker i5 al the nerl se$ on (or who rhe speaker ar the next sss on k)

1 . 2 6 3 a 4 5 , / 6 , / J /

2 she ds/$e d@sn't 3 iha4/lhavenl 4 am/r'm not Sshek/rhe isnt6 l6n / l .an ' l 7 lw i l / lwon1 3 drd / lddn l 9 tk / i l i sn t

2 @.1 they 3 aEnl €avinq 4 havenl rhey 5can'lyou 6 didn'l iorcerTYou@@it 3doyq 9rha l re r0d idnryou

2 Can lk the nenu, pease?3 Excue m€, s anyoie sining herc?4 WriCn .ounta/ do you .ome I@m?s Who wrc you ralkinq io jun now?6 what eEdly do you msn by lhal?7 Cou d you be a litlle mF $€.ific?3 wlEI tihe is lhe next train 10 Bru$e s?9 Can ybu tell me s,hat t me the nexr raln to 8tus*ls ts?

10 Wro d@s lhis bnelcase belonq to?11 Could lmake a phone cal lom he€?12 Do you lh nk I could nake a phon€ ca! lom here?

250 AI{5WER t(!Y

2pbmote 3had le f t 4s ty 5 Id 6had 7bmksden 3 cou ld phone9 doesn l l0@dbeen l l wou ld h*beome 129@s13 backed up /wou ldn t rsk r4hadnt /wedbe l5had 16was

2 wil be 3 would have asked 4 will gel 5 wu d g.t 5 rculd haw miFd7 wouldn t see 3willleave 9 @uld hare srted oul l0rcudyoudo

l u n e $ 2 i l 3 U n l e s 4 l 5 l 6 ! n e $

2 had made more cop etmuld have had3 had b@uqht your hap/rcu dn't hav€ gon€4 had invened n new lechnology/rcu d have suNi€d5 had wa ted/wouldnt have happeied6 had rcal led you fte 50 b!5ylwouldn l he asked you7 had co lapsed/would hav€ been3 had brcught out rhen ns modalon iime/@u dnl ha€ l6i

2 b ! a 4 a 5 b 6 b 7 b

2 had done 3 hadn'1done 4 spoke (or could 3peak) s had orde@d6 wa, (or werc) Thadgven thad

Test 9

2 (ofrng 3 to coma 4 giving 5 makn9 6 Remnd Tloentei atobe9tobe 10 t ry ing 11rc !9n in9 12 lobd* 13be ing 14 in rerupr ing15go ing l610meel lT rode lv { lSwlnn ing l9 tose 20 iopack21ar ivn9 22ro i r 23genngaway 24 togetaway 2 t to l i5 ten 26v is i t ing

2.omng 3lo lGe 4 to gel thouqh/gefii^g 5 waitng SlogiE 7 @usinq3 to @npbmise 9 unp&king

Test 10

2 What d d you do yasreday (of'lhe day beioE)3 Do you often go lo Gemany for meet oqs4 l-low many inlefr ew have you done ioday5 AE you 9o iq b chanse jobs6 Who d d you la t lo.r $e.ontercnce7 Wi vor behet o' ther) oTorowSWhercaEyournewol ices9 Haw you Fen Bil @@nly

l0Wil you be see ng 3i atlheconle@n@

2invtedJeanlocometo 3 advisd Dav€ not to siqn 4 suqqan€d qening5 apolog ed for a(ving 6 ofiered (to qiv€) ? onqEtllared/on winninq

Test 1 l

2 g 3 l 4 a 5 d 6 j 7 h a e 9 i 1 0 k 1 1 b 1 2 f

2 tak6 up 3 lo pur back the meeing to^o pul rhe meeting ba(k to4 tode.l wilh 5 pick me up 6 lo 9o on witinq 7 to so,'i ir out 3 lo go over9 you ome ac6s t 10 run our ol rim€

2@r 3lhough 4out 5down 6by 7up Soli 9 nto,6ack l0 away

2q€lonwilh 3 cutd@non 4 tun our ot 5 gel roundlo 6 catch upwlh7 look fo ard lo 3la(e up ro 9 frove on to 10 gel back to

2 9 3 l 4 i 5 d 5 b 7 a 3 k 9 l l 0 j l l h l 2 e

Te* 12

2 h 3 b 4 t 5 9 6 . 7 a a e 9 l 1 0 . 1 1 b 1 2 a 1 3 e ( o r a ) 1 4 d

2 havinq 3make 4do 5 make/have/do 5do/dake 7 frade/dong/male3 maketdo/havi^9/mak ng 9 Have/dake 10frade/do11 dong/make/having r2 have/dohakn9

Test 13

2wh4 3$ar 4wh6e 5who 6who* 7 which 8 whose 9thall0who lued lowo lkwi th

3 (who) a qId s(ha0 5(ha0 7 !a[id 3 (that)

2 who (ame yesteday qde meI lhal lh€ )apane* vRito6 who cane yenerday4 wh6e laplop I borowed wanis it5 who @*s in my depanm€nl6 lhal we we.l lo y5l*d.y w67 a @man wh6e siner wo storA who is waning 'n t(eplonwanE b

Test 14

2 is a d*tor 3 you6{oryour umbrela) 4lhalwln€ 5ev€rytme5 ome advl(e Tnelherone 3someinlomation 9noneolus l0bylaxi1 l lha l ia f f i c wa 12smany9@d deds 13Noneara l 14 lanegco league15.ilner l6 roo linle inlonaion lTeachone lSMinsq!19 enouqh.hairs 20 no sparc pans 2l ftene6 s 22 rheend of ihe rcpoft23 bolh 24 everyone 25 hets 26some infooation 27 can't hed antlhing2abo$oflhem 29 lherc waql a sinq e quesuon l0 sn'tanyon€ 31 ils

aounbble douns: a dest, a bag, alob, a lip, a ptublem, a.han.e, a itre,a machine, a dollaL an email, a facl, a suggesi on, an houfUncounlible nouns: some iurnilure, some luggag€, some wo*, sme tGvel, ometrcuble, eme luck, sre wine, eoe equipnent some monry somecotrgpond€n.e, ome inlomation, $me advice, sone time

ANSWERKEY 261

/ sone dd \ .p 3b , fa - 4 )one lh 'ngbm] 'ng 5on lm6 oie ot my bos3 friends 7 a tax advier3 Nobody (or No one) knds ihis businEs 9 goi nolhing io10 Everybody (or Everyone) here drnks rr Tlie unemployed 12 redgigning13 is norh n9 we can 14F@mu.hdid r5isnlmuch 16 an accouniam1 7 Everybody (or Everyone) was late 1 3 couldn'r do anr,rhlng19 Noi a sngle peuon 20ftere!no 21warn'tii 22 ihe.unomer! opy

Test 15

2 byihe €nd 3veryhad 4lovely blu€ 5 e fr endly (or wy fdendly)6 errremely good (or absoluleyexcelenr) 7verywl 3f€ltrcd9Wenever9ve 10 nleened in ll somuch l2 !u.h..islry prcje.rl3 no l experened enough l4 la rqer$an l5as la rceas l6 lhebsnpncelT for rh reemon$s 13 !o i€ns 19when ge l back 20 be loe 2 l lhanrdo22 too ong lr nu(r lej,selr .or ri a5userular l4 ar smn'T

2ago 3laler 4ior 5 since 6at 7 n 3on 9.ltEB:ds lOOu.ingl l Aner 12 for l3 la le r 14at

2 've been rcrking on thB prcj{t 5in.e January3 is moE prclirabe lhan reiai banking.4 wolks very carelu y. 5 $e @d sefr .e rve *f en. 6 rrayed in P.ns oniilTyou nterested n opera? SinBhed pdlvely. t h*h.kedhad.l0w tswell. 11 5nl well (or B un@tl) 12 speak mo.e iMt pteae.13 snorasbig asthe chnese madet. 14justas frany prcducG as Rl<had.15 sthe ean experieicen frember ot ihe ream. 16seyoulater17've been dolnq thB jobsin.e r998. lSawayon horidayunlil r9onime20 n tme ro 5ave the neqolatons. 2I |get$eEbyNvo.22 ntheendwe gave up (or qave upin the end)

Test 15

2 n 3a t / in 4over 5 in /n 5on 7 a t 3 ro 9 in 10on 1r a t 12 o€r13 under 14ar r5 in /a t 16 i lTa t 13 to / in l9on 20on

2 lo 3 aga ins t 4on/ lo r 5o t 6 n to T iom S ior 9wth 10 inl l abou l 12 on 13 o l 14wlh /about l5 io 16 on

2 on Swi rh 4 in 5 o l 6 in T lo r 3 ro 9a t r0 fo r r r abou l

2rea5onlor 3 advaniaqe ol 4 trouble wlth 5 m.tterwilh 6rcplylo7 ackol 3 solulion io 9 sub{hote for l0invesrmenrin ll adviceon

2 nsde 3nex t to 4 to 5a i 6n€ar 7a .b$ Sdown 9on r0a t11 on 12 oppos i te 13a l 14o l f

263

lndex

A

wiih singuarcounlable nouns pl27D, 1423

be .bout to (etumng ro ruture) p39t

b€fo€ non-Eadabl€ adjadiE pl51C

pe6on or organ etio^ vdlo d* acton p42

adtedives and adlelbs p1 50A. p2030: AmE .nd 8lEdifieGn.6 Appendix 5 p246adjediv6 and adwds wilh sme iom pls03

end ln9 in - .dp1 l0B. p l51E

endin9 in -lng p1100, p151EgEdabe and nongradable p151Ciregula. adjecrig pl548oder ot adjediE pl 510possi€ adjedives p13aA

wi$ pRnrsmple p10c

adwd end ngs ({lly, -il, -y) p1 503. App€ndl 3 p242adwds .nd .djediE pl 504, p203O

frequency adveds p10C, pl 50acompannq advedspr59Doder ol advebs pr 50a

afterafter :nd pal (AhE/8lE diii€rcn.€) App€ndix 5 245.ftor $at GhMinq a equence) y'3c, p167ain ime expKions p167twth pan sinple d past p€rfe<t p22Bwth preenr 5imple @p@ perf€.ipl&a

in Pasiw as reporring vErb p95C

be .llowld ro/nor .llowrd ropemhsion/prchibiUon p54s, C

with past simple in AnE Append x 5 p246wth pEent p€rfect p26c

wilh psent onlinuous pl4cwilh pEent p€rfe.t p27cwnh psentsimple pl0C

as linking word p170A,3in compaGons p1 543, 159Dwod5 and phrarg meahing and pl7aA

Bny or sme? pl27D, pll0Bin aftnmatw sentence5 pl27Din negaiB.nd qu€nions pl270, p1303in olfe6 and reques$ p127Dnol . .ny (in negari@ *n&ncet p1350

anybody/anyone p]30A, B

of rnypl.e (Ama) Appendix 5 p247

apostrcphe s (l) pl333, pl39C

artkl$ (r, rhe, elc) u34, u3sin Elaii€claoespl22Ano filcle when talking generaly p]43E, p147tno anlde wilh nam6 oi (ounvis, (ompanies elc pl43E,

sp<ial uss of no anlde p147O

a... $ (in compadsont pl55D, pl53Alinling rcd pt74A, p175Ewlh pa51@nlinuouspl9F

wi$ pae perfe.l p33awnh presnr sifrple p33A

a pFp6ition pl9l C, Din .dn phraFrpl99Gin lime exprsions pl aC, pl55,4pGilion/lo@tion p136A, p1378

be wilh peent (@rinuous pl 1Dh.d wilh p6r periect p22ah.d ben w h pan p€rfect @it nuous p23DhaE wfth p6ent perfecl p26,A

264 trDEX

B

+ going to (reiernng ro tuture)p34Bas sr.G velb and adio^ @rb p15DIn pan.ontnuouspr9D

in presnt pede.t @ntinuous p30C

be.bl6 to or @uld? P5lcin ̂ egaiives and queslionsp5lCn Mtng innead of 6n p503ininitie torm olen p50A

be€nto and gone to p27D

wth part 3imple or pan p€ri<r p223with prcent s mple or prcenr p€lf€d p33A

betide (positon/ o.atoi) p1370

conneciontrclationship6 p199E

Birish EnglGh/Ahe c.. Eiqrkh (difiednc8 in uege)

wod5 and phras meaninq blrpl78A

+ mysell/you&lf etc pl310

rn.oun phr.espl99G

Positon/lo.alonpl370

wlh past perr<! p22c

wrh prcenlsimple or pG*nr pedecl p33A

c.an (modarv .6 )u f , u r2 , u r4

ofle6 and invilalions p53E

Permisson p6lD

with quenion Lgs afls impe.alive p70C

ceftainly and dedu.uon p53B

combininq rntenc6 usng a @laive clau* p122A.ome + -ing (sporc/o!1d@r acrivilie) p32a

.ommandt in repofted sp€€.h p95Ecomp.rattet and supe att€s u37, u33

one syllable adje.ttes p1543one tllab e adreds p1590te or more syllab e adjeci B pl 548t*o or morc syllab e adveds p159Dcommon phEs6 and ntuciures wrh comparatives and

comparng aclions p155EomParng equa l lh ngr p155D

wlih.5long at, on @ndition th.t, pFviding, pbvidintth:i so r6n9 ar p73cwilh im:gine and suppodng p73C

<ou ld (moda l€6)u11, u12, u13, u14n .eponed $*h p903

PemBion p54C, p620

un(enainry pt3D, p59E, Fwilh qlslion ta95 after mperarNespToC

n .eponed 5pe*h p9og

wth question rigs atler impeDtives p70c.6!ld or b€ abletoT P51C

singula f/ plural lom5 pl264, Cwilh sp{ilic m.aningl27E

D

defining relanw daus pl13 A, Cdefinire anicle (!h6) p142A, p1430

wilh pla@ name p1468sp{ili. maan nq pr47E

posirion wilh will and won1p34A, p533desp i t . / in spheo lp tT tGdelermineE (a, tne, this, etc) u32

wilh qu6rron lags p70A, c

wirh p6en1 tlmple ploA

with quenion taqs 704, B

common oaresions wilh do p1 14A

panide in ph6el v€lbs pl03Cbe due to (cferinq to luruF) p39F

E

€ach and ev.ry p135Eea(h o$erlone anoth€r pl31O

adjectw endii9 p1103, p151Epadciple ending ̂ elaive claus pi230

€l lhe end or In lhe end? p133O

even thouqh and rhhough pl?00

with presenl pede<i p26cwith 50pe als p!55C

6wry and €..h pl35Eev.ry one or everyon€? pl30ceveryone/everybody p130A, pr 31C

ewryon. or .v.ry on.? pl3lceverything p1304, pr3rc

exdafr .tion ma* (l) p207G

+ nriniive (€Ie.nnq !o rulde)p39r

F

a fs (oO 1348

showng a sequen(e p43c, pl73D

sh@inq a sequen@ p4lc, pr73D

+ noun (expGsinq pu.p6e/@n) p174Cafternounsmeaninq'ned','wish' or'requ6t pl99F

forand sinc p27C, p166Cin noun phras (for pl€atuE, for *le, er)plee6with pasr simple p304, pr66c

INDEX 26s

with prsnt pede<l p268, p27C, p30A, p r 66Cwilh prereni p€rfecl continuous p3I E

for example/for instanre pl73B

p€nide in phEsa €rb6 prorc

pGilion in sent€nce plOC, pl50Awith preenl perlear p27cwith prcenrsimplepl0c

uege as Peposnion p]91C, D

end ot senlence p2063

an acrvny in prc96s in rhe tuture p33

some$inq th willdeiinney happen p38

@king b..k iiom a point n thelururetoan ear er

la king abour iuturc dents that 5E I kely to happen p74C

L@Lng ba.k tom a point n theiurure toan aclvnyin

G

get 5omelh n! done p47E

q6+-inq (spon5/ourd@raclvilig) p32a

soinq to (eletr n9 to lulure) u7lutur€ *nG lhal are kely to happen p75cgoing lo of p6ent.ontinuous? p35Egoinglo ofwill? p35Dplans and inlenlions p34pcd clions using ev den.e in prcsenr situation p34B

cleding 10 n€r or d nanl l me n luture p34Bgone to and b*n to p27D

gotten (past pafti. pLe ol qet n AmE)Appendix 5 p246

Hhad + past p:rti. ple p22a

wilh past perl€.t .onlinuous p22D

necsary/not n4essry p54C

266 [{D€X

wnhpresenr5implepr0c

haE/hs + pasl panidple p26Ahde someth nq dore p47Ewilh queston taqs p708, C

hav€ Gtale @lb and action wlb) pr 5D, pr r sC.ommo^ exprsions with have prr5chave/hd. 9or p1 1 5C: AmE?BI dlfi€rcn.d Appendix 5

msning'post pll5Cnol n cont nuous r€n!5 a5 a naG verb pt 15C

ne.Esary/nol n(&ry p54A, s, p55F

+ obje.i + infinir'€ p863

his (posF$ive adje<ti@ and pDnoun) prIAho mophon e5 Appendix 3 p243

How, , .? (quen ion md) ! r5

How long ,,.? wirh p@nt peded p27cHN m.ny,,,?wirh @unrable noun5 pr27DHow mudr.,,?with uncounrabe no!n5 pr27D

I

idaginary iurue aenr p75O, p79E, pta3EhaEnary pan 4nB p73Bli[ely tuiurc denrs p74C, p79Epo$rbre pan ftft p7&Ath nqs lhar aG always or qenera t rrue p743

if ohly .

alter nouns meaning 'inc|€e' or 'dmaF' pt 93D

rn noun ph6es (in.dhn.o in debt, in a hurry, erc)

in t me qpresioG p]3c, pr 66ain time or on rihe? p1563pcdon/loGtion pia6,\ B

wiLt .onditionals p73cwilh preenr peden p33Awnh pPenl imple p33A

in spire olldespite p171Gindelini| arlicle (a/an) u34ind€Jinile pbnounsp130 131A,3, C

indired spee.l' Ge reponed spe.h)

aJter moda wlbs p50aaner |gt and make p33Dafier ve6s ot p"rceprion p363

wilh p@*nl5ifrple pl0Awt,roul b paiD, p363

adle.t€ endinq pl T 03, p I 51 tafter a pRed n9 velb p32A, p37Cafter preposirions pll0-1 1 1c, p194a4 a noun (getund) pr10a, p171Gar beginn ng of clauF p111Dbefore another velb p37Cpanic ple ending in rclarire . aus$ p l23Dwilh flrura <ontinuour p33cwilh pasi€ lorms paTDwirh preenl continuous pl10

in*pa,able phrasa €d5 p99C, p1028

+ inliniive (€lel|ing to iltoc)p39f

+ to + nfniti@ pa2B, p37C

panice n ph65a @lbs plo3cinvaninive ve.bs p438, p203Crregurar wlbs appendi{ 2 p24oit + pa$i@ ot repoding v€d p95ciaelt (r€flexi@ pronoun) p1 I1 D

J

.aprra o. Mf .are? p206A

Pre.€ded by./an pl423

wiri pan simple ih AnE append x s p246wnh p6enl p€rfect p27C

K

In pasve a rcpoidng velb p45c

[{DEX 257

L

ine |ern + un@table mun p159E

+ uncounrable n4n p159Elet , hfinitiE wilh@t ro p33DLefs... G!qq6d@) p63Flike (linkinq wqd 'an de e, lhaf) p175E

+ lng peTC

linking aods and ph6g p1820. p203t

ue ot @mma wilh 6nkin9 wd! P206(

+ object + infiniive p86B

. lhd6 (o0 pr 3,r3, pr 624

+ -1|l9 p87C

M

+ Infnldw withdt lo p830

commo elp6ioB lili mt€ pl l4A

n.n.e€ + t r infiniliE p32B

wirh @nr.ble ruB pr27o, pl Lsn.y (trFd.l Etb) ul 1, ul3, !r4

may not ul1, ul3

mlglrt (modal wb) ul1, u13in €poned tpeech psoB

nlth not he (ure.binr}' p59E

+ ing in n<Eli6 and qElim p32A

mine (p6siE po'un) p13aA

nodal€d6 u11. ul2. ul3, u14 u18

diKtand indiEt languagp u14

nm ... rh.n (in onprtons) p15&c

6. nst + ndn p159E

lnh uEwntal'le nouF p1270, p1341nBt (modal v€rb) u1 1, ul2, u13

h Ep..bd 9..<h p90€

n6t he {d€ductjon) p59E

n6ln'a d donl h.w to? p5)43iry b6661€ .djrriE) p133Any$la (Elbdp pMdn) p1310

N

trery/Nt nffiry p544 C, p55F

tm p.65ible negatiE tom p55F

Bib aryhody, rE6.dy, er< p1308lilh rE&l Erb6 pYlAlidr Ft .., -y p135D

rilr p.3 @||linDB p13D

l'dr pan psted p22A

with p6t psled @nlrnbG p23D

wnn pent @nlin@6 p1 1Duith pent pste<t p26A{ith pent psfe<t @ntjnwu p30Csith p|Ent simple p10A

wnh p6t Flfe<t p22cwilh p6t sintple in AmE Appendk 5 p245wilh prent pef*t pa6(wfth pr*m simple ploc

26a TNDEX

show ng a equence p43C

no (in n€qari€)p13,t 135Dnoone/nobodypr ro 13ra , 3 , cno pla.e (AmE) App€ndl 5 p247nobody/no onep13Gl3l4 B, Cnon-defin n9 relatre claus pTr&A, prrqD

n wrillng 6lhe.lhan spe(h prlaAuse ol @mmas wilh nonietininq rclaliw claus p206c

+ obled + infinlriva p353

+ prcpo5tonarph6s pl99Gcohmon ploral noun e^dngs Appendix 3 p242cofrpound nounr pr39Dcouilable nounspl264, C, pl27D(ounlable and uncoontable nou6 pr27E

general/spednc me.nings pr27E, pr47tmeanrng inceae' and 'd{€a* p2033

engllar or p uGllom pl26CuncounrEble nouns pr268, c, pl27o

or no pra.€ (amt)Appendt 5 p247

.omma in arqe numbeEp202A, p207<symbos or @rds? p2024

on pdsive senbnces p42Apc non af@ common vells p 1904\ Bp6ilon in aclve aid pa$ive senlences p42Aposilion wih phr&l@lbs p933. p99c@6s wilh 1!lo obi{.rs p47D, pr 07Ewilh 1rans t re wlbi y'3E, p r 064 B, D

alier nouns meaning 'in.reae' or 'd&rca*' p193Dcommon/nxed phraFs wilh ot pl39c, D

pa.ti. e n phraelredspr03c

lixed expresions wilh on p] 373in noun phrases (on businest, on foot, on holiday, er.)

n lrme expe$ions plaC, p156Aon rine or in tlneT pl668parlicle in ph€el ve65 pr03c

P6ition/octon pl36 78

frrh <ondlonak p73Copposjte (Peposilion) p137D

opin ons/rccomme^dal ons p55Doughr/ouqhr.l to have (crt c5m of pan actoB p55El

ouE (po$esiF ponoun) pl384ou6€lv€5 (rellexive p6noun) plllD

parlkle in phrael @ds p103c

own (hy own, rlurM, etc)pl33A

P

wirh phdslvads 023

toma and inpetsona wdtng p46rocuson frponair intomallon p42B

t5tems, pro(6sas and pcedures p43c+ n l in t€p46C, pa70

h+pa$kol reponing v.lb p95C+ to b. + pan pandpe p370

wrtlr @rbs wilh rwo obleds p47Dw(h transiti@ vebs only p43E

past and afier (AmE/BlE d ilercnce)Append | 5 p247

a silualion in prcgre$ in $e pall pl9Einlomalion about a backEounddtualon pl9E

+ (onditon daue p75Dwth tifre exprcsion5.s, wh.n and while pl9f

wilh be (fooing pa$ ve) p37D

in.ondton claule p73B

wiih lme expreslonr p22Cwilh veds ot th nking p22B

pan perfecr and pasr perfear .ont nuous p23E

Pan pedect and pan sinple p223

pdt perfe.t contnuous p23D, Epast perfect @nunuous and pan perled p23E

differcn.es in AnE/&E ueq€ App€ndix 5 p2'16Jor completed penod oJ time p23Elor habitual actions in the pan p1atd sp(nic evenls p26cin @ndhon clause p75Dpasl dmp e of @nlinuous? Pl9Gwth after and b€foE p223w th lime expElions p13C

past r mple or presanl p€d€d? p27C. p30A

pe@nal comments/opinions uFiul @d5 and ph.as pl a2A

@mmon paft<16 led in pr03c.ommon p€p6irion5 ls€n in p1024

no an de in tont oi pr4lE, p146,ap.eeded by th. pr 46s

po$8i@ adtedivetplorcuB p133Apo$6si6and <ompolnd oouns utl

and pE.lio App.ndir ! p243

PrcPdiiions u45, u46, !47, ulaafter adje.rives p194A, B, c, pl95D

alts @mro. @'!s p1904, Baits nouns pl9aa, 3, c, D, E, Falter phra5al 8tb5 plozachoice of pEpo5iton p1950d llerences in AmE/&E uege Appddrx 5 p247poslt on in quErions p7l I p1904posion rn relative dals p1198preposLrional phraes PI996p@positions of da@ pr 3G137a, 3, c, Drerb + difterenr pepqirions pr 9r cu*s ol dfieE pftpcilions p1.910

presentconrinuous ui, u2, u7

lor tixed tim€rable @ endar or pog6mme p33B

ior tuture arcngemenls p1,K, p34C, pl5Efor tempodry actions or situadoN pl lin condirjon claue p743, c

p€seni conrinlous or golng to? p35EpFsent coniinuous or pent parfed olinuous? p148

wilh t me e&nsioB p10F

ditferen.g n AmE/ 3 rE uege Appendix 5 0246in condition cauep74B. Cwi$ tor aid eine p27cwith trequency adved5 p27C

[{DEX 269

with lime expE5ion5 ever, nev.r, dFdy and yet p26Cwith rim€ *pB5ion5lhat Efer lo the futuF p36A

pr&nt perlect or past s mpleT p27C, p30Apr*nt pertect or presenl p€rfecr continuous? P31 Fpr*nt pedect or presenl simp e7 P30Bprent perted @it nuous u6

for adion5 or s tuations in progres p31 Dfor empha5ising lenq$ ol time p31Dfor rcp€at€d adions p3I Dwilh lim€ exp6sio6 for 5ince, ately,Renlyp3lE

pr*nt p.d..i .ont nuous or pE5enr perfe.lT P3l F

lo. aclions and situalions itut are ganea t rrue p 108lor adions rhat are rcpeated regu a yp103for pemanenrladspl0B

ro. no er andiouhali5m placlo. rimerablB and schedule p14C, p333n .oidition .laure p743, Cwith tequency adwbr p10Cwhh rime expr6ions p 10cwnh ime expBions ftar rcier b lhe tuturc p33A

pent s mple or p€seni continuous? pl4Apr*nt 5imple or pre5enr ped*r? P30Ai g

pnirion wih wlll and rcnr p34a, p58B

ind-.linile p@noun5 p13G1314, B, Cp6es ve pbnouns p138AE lexi€ prcnolns pl31D

omkson n AmE fupendir 5 p246

indlre.t quslioB p71 Eneg.t w questions p67 Eposition ot prcpositions in quenions p71 F, p] 90A

quenion wod qu6tons P66Bquenion wods a5 lhe sublect p67D

with modal wlbs p50Awilh p.sl .ont nuoui p13Dwith pasl pedear .ont nuous p23Dwnh past pedect p22A

wirh p@nt @nt nuous p] 1Dwih peent perfedr @nrj^uous p30Cwnh pEent perfe.r p26Awilh psent s mple p10A

270 tf,tt€x

before gradable adjdives p1 51C, pl63Equora on ma*s {ee sp€ed rorts)

R

eglla @rbs Appendix 1 p233-9

plauve ad@6s (wlre., wneo, wny)pr23c

n combined Qnrences pr22Awilh a p.dciple ting, +d)pl23D

eratve prcnount Gnar, whi.n, who, eto u2aand prcpGitionr p1198

omi$ion in a deiining Elalip clau* pl l9C

wlh pan p€iecl p22B

+ obje.l + Ebour pl908

rcponed sp.4h u2l, u22, App€ndix 1 p239.eporting (o m mands and equals p95E

rcponinq verb5ln pa$t€ p95C

s

w$ reponed sp*h u21

+ obtect + infiniiive p36B

sepa6ble phEsl wb5 pqABthall (modalvelb) ui1, ul4

Shall1,,w8...? (suqqeniont p39t p63f, App.ndiy 5 p246shall | ..,? (otfe6/inMtadoB) p63E

should (nodalwb) u11, ul2, u13

in rcported $Rh pgo8opinlontRommendarions ps5D

suggesuons in AmE Appendt 5 p245

crilicish ot past .dions p55E

op niontreommendadoE p55D

rl.ce and tor p263, pl66Cwilh p@ni pedec( p268, p27Cwilh p@nt perfect onlinuous p31 E

+ singulafor pluElvelb pr26c

eQ€$ing a rcsuhp174B, pl73afor emphasis: s tflls litde, so much/rc many p153Dror pumos $ at ro p]74C, s that p174D

e long .r wlth cond ionak p73Cs, so.h andtoopl6SD

5omep127D,1308, p r34Bin one6 and rcqu6|lpr27Dsd€ or .rry? p127O, p1303

sonebody/soheone p130A, Bsomepla(€ (AnE) Appendrx 5 p247

or$n.plae (AmE)Appendix 5 p247

spen n! Append x 3 p242-243

edph&sidg a.ontan prTocwrh pasl ped.ci p22c

+a+ad,ec twrnoun p ]630

t (h , $a id t@p163O

one syllable adjedi€s p1s43h@ or mote sYllab e adject ves pl s4Bone syllable ad@d6 pl590irb or more syLlab e adveds p I 59D.ommon phases wirh supedat6 pl53c

Trane (srar€ verb and adion @6) pt50

te@ changs in reponed speh p908, p91C

in (ompan$ns pl54C, p153Athar (rela ve ponoun) u23, u29thal da@ (arte. wrbs) p33E

+ 5up€ ali6 pr4rD, pr52Adeinne ani.le p142A pr4lD, p r 458, C, E

diff€Fn@ in AnE/BrE usge App€ndix 5 p247lor specitic meaiin96 p147Esp€.ial us ol rhe pt46c

themselves (refldi€ p@noun) pl3l Dthen Gheins a equ€n.€) p43C, pr67F

think Gtale verb and action wlb) p15Drhink + ll (to eler lo tuture) p39FrhRpaft phrael @t6 p1023

wlth p@nr dmple pr0a

and d€n lhough pl70D

lneexpBionsut, u3, u5, u7, u36, utowirh furue tens p35Fwirh pasr conri.!@s meani^g p 1 9Fwhh pasr p.rfe.lp22C

wth preenr conrinuou5 for 5ituarionr h.ppening n@ p1 1 Fwth pre*nt cont nwus tor talking abool f!tue p14cwiih p@*nt perled ior unfini$ed rime p27Cwilh p@nt peded <dtinuous p31Ewilh p6ent s mple to exp6 fequ{cy p10Cwilh p6ent s mple lor ialkrng about iutuE p14c

common usge a5 pEpo5ition pr91c, Dto and pait (Amt/&E diffeEnce) Appendix , p2a7io infinnive (erp6ln9 pua6e) p174c

t6. s and rld pl 63Dransi ve veds p431, p104, p203C

velbs for de*ibing lEnds p2028

Uin witinq innead of on.t p503

alwdrs sinqu ar pl263, Cphras with undnlable nou6 pr 268lypes ol uncountabl€ noun pr263wlh qeneral meanings p127E

in condilion claue p75E, pla3Ewilh prent perfect p3&Awilh pe nmpb pj&a

ar a futu@ lime exprsion p33a

[{DEX 271

n neqati@ and quenions p23F

a habn or siate o $e pan p23FhabiE or Fp€aled acrions p23F6€d to or would? p2lF

V€lb tFlem (diagcm) Appendix 4 p24!-245

+ ing or infintre u19, u2O+ oblect + preposnion pl903+ obted + to + infiiitire p33C

+ quslion w.d (how, whoE, ac) p1068+ (thao clause p338, pr07c+ iwo objecG p45o, pr07D+tr ! objecs utig for p107Ecommd Elt) end ngs Appendix 3 p242inrEB tiE p43E, p106C,0, p203Cicgu ar €rb5 Appendix 2 p240-241ol perceplion (4, ho.r, erc) p€58regular w& Appendix 1 p23Hsingular/plu.al wlb toll@ing iingular noun pl26Ct6n5hi@ p!3E, p106A, S, D, p203Cnanttre/intansitiP €lbs pl060w|,os and obteds p203c

wnh gdd:ble adteciives p1 5l C

W+ nnini€ (o Ef4 to turure)p39F

w.r/weE goinq io p39E

+ obie<t + lnrlnirie p36B

rell and g@d p1503

Elarlw ponoun p 1233whtt clauFslor emphasising nlomation pla2c

wlDt ...? or wlich .,.? p65cWhrt .bo!r ...? p63fWh.t ... tuA and What .,, like? P71G

6 rclaliw adw6 p123csten .,, daus e&6 n9 a .ondition p74Blvnh Pan conlinuous pl9t

lith Pr*nl pe,lecr p33Awilh Peedt simple p3&A

when...? qudiq md p6Bwhere Elat@ adre|6 p123CwheE .-.? qslon @rd p66B

ste|6 and ahhough p171F

272 TNDEX

whld, th.t d {to pl13B, c

que5ton @d P568, CWhidr ... or Wh€t ..-? p66C

whiL, .hhoulh and lt.|s pl71F

whih d durlnr? pl6/D

wi$ pan @dM6 pr 9F

who, wlrldr or lhat p1138, cwho q wnm? P1 laB

who .,-? qFnion @d p668, D

al.tw p@oun p1 188whoh d who? p1 188, p1 191

whore elattE ponoun u28who*...? querlioi wod p66B

why €lariE adve6 p123c

why...? que3uon rd p660

will (mod.l t€ib) !l1. !14furue/pa*nt dgtt psl DofhR/rlquaB p510, p52l

l6t nt d*isions and ihoughs p3zrApolition {ith pFt bly/d.nnh.ly p3aA

efening 1o tE lutu€ p3zrA

wlll + b. + -l'!9 (tut!€ @tnw6) p36C

wlll h.s + p.n p..!cipl. (duE p€rh) p38o

wlll or golie to? p35D

$rh tutuE p.r,.<t (inst ad of wlll h|E) p33D

wllh qu8tlon t gr altq imFlare P7|r

litfi @dtiomls pTAD

lintinq rN rhings pi93E

pcilion wnh !.obEHy/denniGly p34A

tshninq to th€ ftJtuE p34A

in eponed q!5tioE p95D

wdd (rFdal w6) u] 1, ul4

in Gported ipeedr p90B

cp€red ..ri63 in rne pan p8F

w@ld llt + infnhiE ro de. to Juiurc p39F

l@ld or u.d to? p23l

Nuldwoddnt hlw for inaginary p.n 4.nt p78l

Wbrld you llt ...? p63E

wbid yo|r nhd ll ...? p53c

Y

insie.d ol but In witlno p!7ocrnh p.n 3hpl. In AnE App.ndlx 5 p246wih p@nt p.rtect p25c

yqcdtyoscdE (E lqiF F@noun) pI31D

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Audio CD Tracklist

01 Unil 1, Exercise 402 Unil 1, Exercise 503 Unii 2, Exercise 404 Unii 2, Exercise 505 lJnit 3, Exercise 206. lJnit 3, Exercise 407 Unit 4, Exercise 3m .Unit 4, Exercise 409 Unit 5, Exercise 410 Unit 6, Exercise 311 Unit 6, Exercise 412 Unit 6, Exefcise 513 Unit 7, Exercise 214 Unit 7, Exercise 419 Unit 8, Exercise 516 Unit 10, Exercise 417 Unil 10, Exercise 518 Uni l11, Exercise 4

19 Unit 12, Exercise 420 Unit 12, Exercise 521 Unit 13, Exercise 522 Unit 13, Exercise 623 Unit 14, Exercise 424 Unit 15, Exercise 625 Unit 16, Exercise 526 Unit 17, Exercise 427 Unit 18, Exercise 428 Unit 19, Exercise 429 Unit 20, Exercise 430 Unii 22, Exercise 431 Unil23, Exercise 532 lJnil24, Exercise 533 lJnii 27, Exercise 634 Uni l28, Exercise 635 Unit 29, Exercise 536 lJnit 30, Exercise 6

37 Unit 31, Exercise 538 Unit 31, Exercise 639 Unit 32, Exercise 540 Unil34, Exercise 44't lJnil34, Exercise 542 Unil36, Exercise 643 Unil37, Exercise 544 Unii 38, Exercise 545 LJnil40, Exercise 546 Unit 4'1, Exercise 547 Unit 42, Exercise 648 Unit 43, Exercise 449 Unit 43, Exercise 550 Unit 44, Exercise 351 Unit 49, Exercise 652 Test 5, Exercise 4

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