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8/7/2019 Business Research Methods-Sajjad
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/business-research-methods-sajjad 1/23
Sajjad
Business Research Methods
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8/7/2019 Business Research Methods-Sajjad
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/business-research-methods-sajjad 2/23
BUSIN
E
SSRESEAR
CHMETHOD
S
What isBusinessResearch?
Why we needto ConductResearch inorganizations?
What can bethe areas of businessresearch?
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WHAT IS BUSINESS RESEARCH
Business Research is an organized,systematic, data-based, critical,objective, scientific inquiry or
investigation into a specific problemundertaken with the purpose of findinganswers or solutions to it.
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RESEARCH
Employee Behavior such as absenteeism, performance management, turnover
Employee attitudes / satisfaction
Supervisory performance
Managerial tactics, Leadership styles
Employee selection, recruitment,training and development
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COMMON AREAS FOR BUSINESSRESEARCH…
Brand loyalty, product life cycle, productinnovation
Risk assessments, fluctuations, foreign
investment
Advanced manufacturing techniques /
technologies and information systems
Competitors analysis
The technology and human spirit5
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FINDING THE “WHAT, WHY &HOW”
“Why”
“How”
“When”
“What”
“Where”
How
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VARIABLE
Variable is a Central idea in Research. Simplydefined variable is a concept that varies.
Anything that varies and change in value
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RESEARCH PROCESS
1.Define the problem
2.Review the Previous Research
3.Develop Hypotheses
4.Determine Research Design
5.Define the sample / collect the data6.Analyze the Data
7.Prepare the Research Report 8
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1. DEFINING THE PROBLEM
The first step in defining the problem isidentifying the general question you want toanswer • For example, you might want to know if drugs are
responsible for the decline of morality (ethics) in thiscountry
The second step involves stating your questionso that it can be measured empirically • You might then phrase your question, “Does drug use
cause one to commit crime?”
The third step typically involves operationalizing
the concepts you are using• This will involve specifying what you mean by “drug
use” and “crime”
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2. REVIEW PREVIOUS RESEARCH
It will be rare that you will identify a research problem that
has not previously been researched
By looking at what other researchers have done, you can
get some insightful ideas about how to conduct your ownresearch
Sources of Secondary data;1. Research journals
2. Books / articles
3. Reports on similar topics
4. Statistic department
5. Professional organizations
6. NGOs / INGOs / UN agencies
7. Internet / Intranet
8. Religious literature
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3. DEVELOP HYPOTHESES
An hypothesis is “...a testable statement about the relationship
between two or more empirical variables.”
e.g. Officers in my grade have higher than avarage
commitment (variable)
“The higher level of job commitment of officers the lower their absentiseem.”
“High motivation causes high efficiency”
High motivation leads to high efficiency”
A variable is “...anything that can change” An independent variable causes change to occur in another variable
A dependent variable is influenced by the independent variable
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3A. STATEMENTS OF CAUSALITY ANDASSOCIATION
Statement of causality—declares that something causes
something else
Statement of association—declares that two variables are
related but one does not necessarily cause the other
Drug Use Crime
Drug Use Crime
Unknown Third
Variable
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4. DETERMINE THE RESEARCHDESIGN...
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4. A THE SURVEY
The survey involves questioning apopulation or sample to reveal certainfacts about themselves
The survey is usually conducted with theuse of a questionnaire or interviewThe structured interview uses preset questions
and produces very uniform and replicableresponses
The open-ended interview allows morefreedom for both respondent and interviewer
in exploring a topic thoroughly
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4.B PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Participant observation involves going into the “field”
and spending considerable time interacting with the
people one is studying
It is generally used to study small groups or
communities over an extended period of time
The researcher must establish trust and honesty in his
or her relationships with the people being studied
Results cannot be replicated easily, but it can provide
much more detailed information
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4.C THE EXPERIMENT
The experiment is a design that carefully controls the
variables being studied
The experiment is the most precise research design
available to sociologists (or any other scientist)
The types of things that most sociologists are interested in
do not lend themselves to this research design, however
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4.D SECONDARY ANALYSIS
Secondary analysis involves making use of data
that have been previously collected by others
There are several sources of secondary data,
including the Census Department, EconomicSurvey, Statistical department
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Ad t d Di d t f R h M th dAd t d Di d t f R h M th d
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Research MethodsAdvantages and Disadvantages of Research Methods
ResearchResearch
MethodMethod
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
SurveySurvey 1 Many people can be1 Many people can besurveyedsurveyed
2 Data can be quantified and2 Data can be quantified andcomparisons madecomparisons made
1Respondents may give false1Respondents may give falseinformationinformation
2 Do not leave room for 2 Do not leave room for unanticipated answersunanticipated answers
ParticipantParticipant ObservationObservation
1 Allows people to be1 Allows people to beobserved in natural habitatobserved in natural habitat
2 Provides greater depth of 2 Provides greater depth of understandingunderstanding
1 Findings open to1 Findings open tointerpretation and subject tointerpretation and subject tobiasbias
2 Results difficult to replicate2 Results difficult to replicate
ExperimentExperiment1 Variables can be controlled1 Variables can be controlled
2 Easy to replicate2 Easy to replicate
1 Artificial setting1 Artificial setting
2 Limited to a few variables2 Limited to a few variables
3 Not appropriate for most3 Not appropriate for mostsociologistssociologists
SecondarySecondary
AnalysisAnalysis
1 Good for historical and1 Good for historical andlongitudinal datalongitudinal data
2 Saves time and money2 Saves time and money
No control over dataNo control over data 18
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5. DEFINE SAMPLE /COLLECT DATA
A sample is a subset of a population that is
chosen for study
The process by which this subset of thepopulation is chosen is called sampling
The nature of the population and the research will
determine what type of sample the researcher will
use
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TYPES OF SAMPLES
Type of Type of SampleSample
DescriptionDescription PurposePurpose
RandomRandom Each individual in aEach individual in apopulation has anpopulation has anequal chance of beingequal chance of beingchosenchosen
Used when there is noUsed when there is noneed to insure inclusionneed to insure inclusionof certain categoriesof certain categories
StratifiedStratifiedRandomRandom
Population first dividedPopulation first divided
into groups based oninto groups based oncertain characteristics;certain characteristics;random sample drawnrandom sample drawnwithin each categorywithin each category
Used whenUsed when
representation of representation of certain populationcertain populationcategories is importantcategories is important
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AVOIDING RESEARCHER BIAS
Researcher bias occurs when the researcher tends to ignore data which go against his or her hypotheses
This can be prevented using one or more of thefollowing strategiesAllowing other researchers access to one’s data for
alternative interpretationUse of blind investigators who do not know if a
subject is part of an experimental or control group
Use of double blind investigators who know neither the nature of the subjects, or of the hypothesesbeing tested
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7. PREPARE THE RESEARCH REPORT
Sociological research is generallyreported in one or more of thefollowing ways: Papers presented at professional
meetings Published in technical or scholarly
journals Publish as a book or publish as final
report to funding agencies
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