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ISSUE 2 |JUNE 2014

Poultry rearing in the heat stress conditionBy Fajrin Sidiq and Wira Wisnu Wardani

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The daily temperature in tropical area during broiler rearing has been observed by Wardani (2012), environmental temperature between days was not fluctuated, and it was around 27o C- 30oC. Required temperature for broiler (Ross, 2006) goes down as broiler growth. This situation leads the broiler to more heat exposure condition because the environmental temperature is higher than required. BMKG (2013) reported the climate change prefer to an increasing of temperature 0.022oC per year. It will be worse for the animal to tolerate the heat exposure in the future, especially poultry that sensitive with heat stress.

Heat stress is a significant source of economic loss among broiler producers worldwide. Heat stress occurs when heat accumulation from metabolism and the environment exceeds the ability of the bird to lose heat (Benton et al., 2005). Exposed bird of heat stress may result in lower appetite that influence to nutrient deficiency. It takes responsible for low production and performance. High ambient temperatures will have a major impact on performance of commercial poultry. When they are coupled with high humidity, the combination can become critical (Defra, 2005). In this situation many problems may occur. Some studies have shown the effect of heat stress to bird feed intake. Normally birds will reduce intake to maintaining the body temperatures in hot climate (See Table 1). Water consumption will increase in hot weather, which will result in wetter droppings and litters.

Hyperventilation or panting increased during period of high environmental temperature. Heat loss through evaporative cooling allows the broiler to dissipate the heat that was generated. However, panting requires increased muscle activity and this result in an energy requirement which is associated with heat stress.

Mortality due to heat exhaustion will occur very quickly, especially in heavier birds, when both temperature and humidity are high.

Table 1. Effect of heat stress to the performances of 4-8 week old broiler reared at different ambient temperatures

Source: Al-fataftah and Abu-Dieyeh (2007)

Performance Parameter

Rearing Temperature Treatments

Variable-Natural temperature (24-28oC)

Constant Temperature (25±2oC)

Constant Temperature (30±2oC)

Constant Temperature (35±2oC)

Live body weigth 2531.0b±22 2587.3a±13 2288.3c±29 1838.0d±63

Live body gain 1701.0b±34 1829.3a±34 1499.5c±34 1025.0d±34

Total feed intake 4158.4a±90 3988.7a±90 3642.6b±90 3004.5c±90

FCR 2.44b±0.04 2.17c±0.04 2.45b±0.04 2.95a±0.04

Mortality rate (%) 5.73ab±2.60 2.53b±2.60 5.16ab±2.6 11.79a±2.6

Figure 1. Average Temperature (oC) Environmental temperature ( ) and Ross Recommendation ( )

Tem

pera

ture

(Co )

DaysSource: Wardani (2012)

Trouw Add Science | June 2014

Heat stress caused a series of physiological and metabolic changes in broiler chickens such as elevated body temperature, panting and respiratory alkalosis (Deyhim and Teeter, 1991). It is well known that heat-stressed may lead to respiratory alkalosis. Beside that eggshell quality is also affected in hot weather because of carbonate reabsorption. Table 2 showed that effect of heat stress on the egg duck quality, some parameters like eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, haugh unit and MDA in yolk was significantly different to control. Depression in overall performance in birds is a common effect under acute treatment of extreme high temperatures. Acute heat stress stimulates metabolic oxidation capacity and oxidative damage in broiler skeletal muscle. Mahmoud and Edens (2003) found that after broilers were exposed to heat stress glutathione peroxidase activity increased. Lipid bilayers of cell membrane are the common biological target of reactivate oxygen.

Mujahid et al. (2006) reported that acute heat stress resulted in increased levels of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. Excessive levels of reactive oxygen species result in the disturbance of balance between the oxidation and antioxidant defense systems, causing lipid peroxidation (LPO), oxidative damages to proteins and DNA (Lin et al., 2006) and biological molecules (Ando et al., 1997). During heat stress Glutathione peroxidase increased significantly. MDA in the blood increased significant. It showed that heat stress lead to a stress oxidative. Lipid peroxidation of heat-stressed broiler determined MDA, a secondary breakdown product of lipid peroxidation. Therefore, the MDA level of heat-stressed broilers was in accordance with the pattern of glutathione peroxidase activity.

Good Environment for AnimalProvide cool, clean and quality drinking water. Water must be available at all times and must be in a location that is easily accessible to poultry. Well-ventilated area which there is nothing to obstruct the airflow, placing poultry in a well-ventilated area will help reduce the incidence of heat stress. Provide feed during the coolest part of the day, poultry produce heat during the process of digestion, and when this heat is combined with the significant rise in body temperature that occurs during the late afternoon of a hot day, there is a greater risk if heat stress for poultry. Avoid over crowding and reduce the number of birds kept in a house or in an area. Thus, by reducing the number of birds in a house we will reduce the amount of body heat produced in the house.

Dietary Electrolyte Balance (DEB)

The primary role of electrolytes lies in the maintenance of body ionic and water balance. Thus the requirements for strong ions that have characteristic effects on body fluids homeostatis cannot be considered individually because it is the overall balance that is important. It is well known that nutrition and environment influenced the bird’s acid-base balance. Therefore, the maintenance of this balance can be an important measure to improve the performance of broiler raised under high temperatures and overcome the harmful effect of respiratory alkalosis from heat stress (Ahmad and Sarwar, 2006).

Vitamins have ability to protect cell from oxidative damage. Most frequent vitamin use to reduce heat stress is vitamin C as an antioxidant in high temperature and humidity area. Naturally, birds are able synthesize vitamin C, but in

the heat stress condition, it almost impossible to produce enough vitamin C for its body regulation. Therefore, vitamin C needs to be added in the ration to fulfill the need of broiler during high temperature condition. Vitamin E also protects tissue from oxidative damage. The relationship between vitamin A and E has been proposed in a way that vitamin E appears to have an important effect on the utilization and perhaps absorption of vitamin A. Sahin et al. (2002) reported that vitamin E and A could reduce the MDA concentration in the serum and liver significantly.

Trouw Nutrition are dedicated to develops water soluble vitamin to overcome problems during heat stress. The application of this vitamin via drinking water is quite easy.The quality of water soluble vitamin depends on its solubility; better solubility will create a better absorption in poultry. The stability of vitamin in the water is important concern. The vitamin developed by Trouw Nutrition Indonesia. Nutri-C is cold water dispersion multivitamin and electrolyte mixture for poultry, contain the essential vitamin and electrolyte to reduce heat stress effect within the animal’s body. Orange is multivitamin and curcuma extract mixture for poultry to reduce stress, improve appetite and vitality. Perfexsol is vitamin premix for poultry, contains the essential vitamin to support metabolism during first week chicken life. It is simpler way to give supplement to animal via drinking water especially during heat stress when the water intake is higher.

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Paramaters N Control Heat Stress

Egg shape index 12 1.35a±0.24 1.37a±0.15

Eggshell strength (kg/cm) 12 4.79a±0.31 4.24b±0.27

Eggshell thickness (mm) 12 0.38a±0.02 0.32b±0.03

Albumen height (mm) 12 6.52a±0.45 5.74a±0.33

Egg yolk color 12 5.62a±0.14 4.88a±0.33b

Haugh unit 12 77.52a±2.58 73.81b±3.49

MDA in yolk (nmol/ml) 12 0.57a±0.03 2.22b±0.29

Table 2. Effect of heat stress on the egg duck quality

Source: Ma et al. (2014)

Trouw Add Science | June 2014

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Kesimpulan • Cekaman panas atau “Heat Stress” banyak terjadi di

daerah tropis akibat suhu dan kelembaban yang tinggi diatas suhu yang diperlukan untuk tumbuh kembang unggas terutama ayam. Disisi lain suhu rata-rata terus meningkat setiap tahunnya sehingga banyak muncul kasus cekaman panas pada ayam.

• Salah satu penyebab kerugian ekonomi adalah stres panas karena berimbas negatif pada bobot badan, pertambahan bobot badan, total konsumsi pakan, konversi pakan dan tingkat mortalitas yang semakin tinggi.

• Selain performa dan produksi yang kurang baik, berbagai kendala metabolis seperti alkalosis dan tingkat Malondialdehyde (MDA) yang tinggi yang menandakan peroksidasi lipid akibat cekaman panas.

• Menyediakan lingkungan yang nyaman untuk ayam dengan mengendalikan populasi, memberikan air bersih dan segar, ventilasi kandang yang baik merupakan lingkungan yang baik untuk ayam dalam stress panas. Selain itu, memperhatikan keseimbangan elektrolit (DEB) dapat memperbaiki kondisi ayam yang terkena cekaman panas.

• Vitamin larut air (Farm-o-San) merupakan supplement yang baik untuk diberikan kepada ayam yang terkena cekaman panas karena merupakan antioksidan dan mencegah dari kerusakan sel akibat stress oksidatif. Betaine juga merupakan bahan yang baik digunakan sebagai osmoregulator selama ayam terkena cekaman panas.

Betaine as Osmoregulation Osmoregulation is the ability of a cell to maintain its structure and function by regulating movement of water in and out of the cell (Kidd et al., 1997). Birds maintain the intracellular concentration of water that is crucial for homeostatis by osmoregulation. The osmoprotective properties of betaine are well conserved in many forms of life including bacteria, plants and animal. Osmoprotective substances are used to prevent dehydration when the concentration of the plasma cell is high. Zulfiki et al. (2004) found that betaine also helps to maintain cell osmolarity and function and that this can result in improved performance under heat stress conditions (Farooqi et al.; 2005). Another positive effects of betaine in performance of heat-stressed broiler chickens were found (ASC, 2012), the addition of betaine significantly increased breast meat percentage in male broiler chickens. Additional measurements indicated that birds were able to retain more water in tissues under heat stress conditions when betaine was added to the feed. Desk study of Nutreco R&D (2006) found that betaine improved growth to 2.9%, reduce FCR to 4.4%, increase carcass yield up to 6.8%, and improved survival rate up to 49.8% in the heat stress condition compared to negative control.

ConclusionHeat exposure to the poultry can decreasing performance and production of the heat stress. Tropical region countries face real problem of the heat stress because this high temperature along with humidity could results stress oxidative and alkalosis. By providing clean and cool water, reducing the density, and supplementing vitamin and mineral in the ration, it will help animal to reduce heat stress.

For further information and references, please contact Fajrin Sidiq (fajrin.sidiq@nutreco.com)

Trouw Add Science | June 2014