By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia

• Turning point in history – for machines began Turning point in history – for machines began to replace human and animal power in the to replace human and animal power in the fields and in the manufacturing of products.fields and in the manufacturing of products.

• It changed the way people communicateIt changed the way people communicate• Science made such advancement that the Science made such advancement that the

average lifespan increasedaverage lifespan increased

Roots of the Industrial Roots of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution• Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution

– Price RevolutionPrice Revolution– Rise of CapitalismRise of Capitalism– Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution– Population increasePopulation increase

• Proto-industrializationProto-industrialization– Rural population eager to supplement Rural population eager to supplement

its incomeits income– Cottage Industry: foreshadowing of Cottage Industry: foreshadowing of

factories?factories?• Problems with cottage industry?Problems with cottage industry?

What caused it to What caused it to happen?happen?1.1. Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

2.2. Population ExplosionPopulation Explosion3.3. Technology RevolutionTechnology Revolution• These all affected Britain the These all affected Britain the

most which allowed it to most which allowed it to industrialize first industrialize first

• What other factors allowed it to What other factors allowed it to industrialize first?industrialize first?

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte

Key FactorsKey Factors• Land and geographyLand and geography

– Good supply of coal and Good supply of coal and ironiron

– Waterways offered a Waterways offered a source of alternate source of alternate power for factories and power for factories and navigable transport for navigable transport for trade and trade and communicationcommunication

• Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution– Enclosure movementEnclosure movement– Supply of cheap labor to Supply of cheap labor to

the citiesthe cities

Key Factors ContinuedKey Factors Continued• Large supply of capital availableLarge supply of capital available

– Bank of EnglandBank of England– Insurance companiesInsurance companies

• EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs• Colonial EmpireColonial Empire

– Gave Britain the raw materials she neededGave Britain the raw materials she needed

Key Factors ContinuedKey Factors Continued• Role of Liberal GovernmentRole of Liberal Government

– Limited monarchy did not stifle the Limited monarchy did not stifle the growth and expansion of the middle growth and expansion of the middle classclass

– Successful outcome of warsSuccessful outcome of wars– Rise of the House of Commons = Rise of the House of Commons =

middle class supportmiddle class support– LegislationLegislation

• Bubble ActBubble Act• Lowes ActLowes Act• Corn LawsCorn Laws

Effect?Effect?Growing demand for cheap textiles Growing demand for cheap textiles

and Britain’s political, social and and Britain’s political, social and economic situation allowed it economic situation allowed it

dominate the textile industry and dominate the textile industry and produce the first factory system in produce the first factory system in

Europe.Europe.

EnergyEnergy• Use of coal to power steam engines was Use of coal to power steam engines was

one of the hallmarks of the industrial one of the hallmarks of the industrial revolution.revolution.

• Coal heated water to create steam powerCoal heated water to create steam power• The steam engineThe steam engine

– James Watt invented and patented the first James Watt invented and patented the first efficient steam engine improving upon those efficient steam engine improving upon those invented by Thomas Savory and Thomas invented by Thomas Savory and Thomas NewcomenNewcomen

• Iron industry radically TransformedIron industry radically Transformed– Rise of heavy industryRise of heavy industry– Puddling Furnace – Henry Cort refining of Pig Puddling Furnace – Henry Cort refining of Pig

ironiron– By 1850 England produced ore than half of By 1850 England produced ore than half of

the World’s Pig Ironthe World’s Pig Iron

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners

19141914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

British Pig Iron Production

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.

ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.

ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible.§ ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”§ ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer

steel.steel.§ Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,

flexible steel.flexible steel.

TransportationTransportation• Made possible by steam powerMade possible by steam power• Necessity to distribute finished goods as well as deliver raw Necessity to distribute finished goods as well as deliver raw

materials to factoriesmaterials to factories• New canal systemsNew canal systems

– Duke of BridgewaterDuke of Bridgewater• Hard surfaced roads – John McAdamHard surfaced roads – John McAdam• Steamboat – Robert FultonSteamboat – Robert Fulton• Railroad – George Stephenson’s the ROCKETRailroad – George Stephenson’s the ROCKET

– Impact of the Railroad?Impact of the Railroad?

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

“The Great Land Serpent”

The Rise of FactoriesThe Rise of Factories• Why?Why?• New machines too large for the homeNew machines too large for the home• Factory owners can have their Factory owners can have their

employees watched so that they are employees watched so that they are working every minuteworking every minute

Factory Production Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

The Factory System

× Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.× 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.× Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.× Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

1850 England: The 1850 England: The StatisticsStatistics

• Produced 2/3 of the world’s coalProduced 2/3 of the world’s coal• Produced more than ½ of the world’s Produced more than ½ of the world’s

ironiron• Produced more than ½ of the world’s Produced more than ½ of the world’s

cotton clothcotton cloth• GNP rose between 1801 and 1850 GNP rose between 1801 and 1850

350%350%• Per capita income increased almost Per capita income increased almost

100% between 1801 and 1851100% between 1801 and 1851

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Continental Continental IndustrializationIndustrialization

• Why did some areas industrialize Why did some areas industrialize quickly while others not at all?quickly while others not at all?

• Napoleonic wars hindered their Napoleonic wars hindered their growthgrowth

• They lacked the capital and/or They lacked the capital and/or natural resourcesnatural resources

• Shortage of factory workersShortage of factory workers• Governments did not help to foster a Governments did not help to foster a

growing middle classgrowing middle class

Continental IndustrializationContinental Industrialization• After 1815 continental Europe began to catch up After 1815 continental Europe began to catch up

to Britainto Britain• They borrowed British technology, hired British They borrowed British technology, hired British

engineers and gained British capitalengineers and gained British capital• Belgium, Holland, France and the US began their Belgium, Holland, France and the US began their

revolution in the 1820’srevolution in the 1820’s– Holland pioneered the beginning of Big Business – Holland pioneered the beginning of Big Business –

stockholders corporations etc.stockholders corporations etc.– France’s Credit Mobilier of Paris helped to build France’s Credit Mobilier of Paris helped to build

railroads all over France and Europerailroads all over France and Europe• Germany, Austria, and Italy in the 1850’sGermany, Austria, and Italy in the 1850’s• Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near

the end of the 19the end of the 19thth century century– Why?Why?

Continental Continental IndustrializationIndustrialization• Britain was unsuccessful at maintaining a Britain was unsuccessful at maintaining a

monopoly over technical advancesmonopoly over technical advances• Tariff policies were used to protect native industries Tariff policies were used to protect native industries

on the continenton the continent– France raised tariffs on many British exportsFrance raised tariffs on many British exports– Germanic States create the Zollverein, a tariff which Germanic States create the Zollverein, a tariff which

established a free trade One among member states but a established a free trade One among member states but a large tariff was levied on foreign importslarge tariff was levied on foreign imports

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Social ImplicationsSocial Implications• New Social OrderNew Social Order• Golden Age of the Middle Golden Age of the Middle

ClassClass• New class of factory owners New class of factory owners

called the bourgeoisiecalled the bourgeoisie– Upper bourgeoisie: great Upper bourgeoisie: great

bankers, merchants, and bankers, merchants, and industrialists who demanded industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffsfree enterprise and high tariffs

– Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite bourgeoisie, small industrialists, bourgeoisie, small industrialists, merchants, and professional merchants, and professional men who demanded stability men who demanded stability and security from the and security from the governmentgovernment

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Social ImplicationsSocial Implications• Certain ethnic and religious groups Certain ethnic and religious groups

became successfulbecame successful– Quakers and Scots in EnglandQuakers and Scots in England– Protestants and Jews dominated banking in Protestants and Jews dominated banking in

Catholic FranceCatholic France• As factories grew larger, opportunities for As factories grew larger, opportunities for

advancement declined in well-developed advancement declined in well-developed industriesindustries– Capital intensive industry made it harder for Capital intensive industry made it harder for

skilled artisans to become wealthy skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturersmanufacturers

– Formal education thus became more important Formal education thus became more important as a means of social advancement (but the cost as a means of social advancement (but the cost was often too much for the lower classes)was often too much for the lower classes)

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wagesunder 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of Pollution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

Child LaborChild Labor• Abandoned children became a Abandoned children became a

main source of labor from local main source of labor from local parishes and orphanagesparishes and orphanages

• Owners exercised authority Owners exercised authority over children much like Slave over children much like Slave owners owners

• Work hours were very long and Work hours were very long and conditions were appallingconditions were appalling

• Children worked as chimney Children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, sweeps, market girls, shoemakers, etcshoemakers, etc

• It was not new and it was It was not new and it was actually coming to an end as actually coming to an end as the industrial revolution the industrial revolution maturedmatured

• Children and their parents Children and their parents worked 12 hour daysworked 12 hour days

Child LaborChild Labor• Parliament sought to end child laborParliament sought to end child labor• The Saddler Commission investigated The Saddler Commission investigated

working conditions and helped initiate working conditions and helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in legislation to improve conditions in factoriesfactories– Factory Act of 1833Factory Act of 1833

• Limited workday for children ages 9-13 Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours a dayto 8 hours a day

• Limited hours ages 14-18 to 12 hoursLimited hours ages 14-18 to 12 hours• Prohibited hiring children under age 9; Prohibited hiring children under age 9;

children were to go to elementary children were to go to elementary schools factory owners were required schools factory owners were required to establishto establish

• Ironically helped to destroy the pattern Ironically helped to destroy the pattern of families working togetherof families working together

– Employment of children declined Employment of children declined rapidlyrapidly

• Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all boys and girls under the age of 10 boys and girls under the age of 10 from working undergroundfrom working underground

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite Triangle

The Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

Union MovementUnion Movement• Certain leaders began Certain leaders began

organizing groups of organizing groups of workers to resist workers to resist exploitation of the exploitation of the proletariat by business proletariat by business ownersowners

• Combination Acts (1799)Combination Acts (1799)– Parliament prohibited labor Parliament prohibited labor

unionsunions– Reaction to fear of Reaction to fear of

radicalism in the French radicalism in the French RevolutionRevolution

– Widely disregarded by Widely disregarded by workersworkers

– Repealed in 1824 and Repealed in 1824 and unions became more unions became more tolerated after 1825tolerated after 1825

Union MovementUnion Movement• Robert Owen in 1834 organized the Robert Owen in 1834 organized the

Grand National Consolidated Trades Grand National Consolidated Trades UnionUnion– Lanark factory became a model Lanark factory became a model

socialist/utopian citysocialist/utopian city– His unionization efforts failed and British His unionization efforts failed and British

labor movement moved once again after labor movement moved once again after 1851 in the direction of the craft unions1851 in the direction of the craft unions

The Chartists

KeyKey

               ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

                 Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

           Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842

Sought political democracyDemanded universal male suffrage

The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..

Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832.× Votes for all men.Votes for all men.

× Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts.× Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that

Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.

× Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.

× Annual general elections.Annual general elections.× The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The Chartists

A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

4 Give manufactures more outlets for Give manufactures more outlets for their products.their products.

4 Expand employment.Expand employment.4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through

trade contact.trade contact.

Social Effects of Social Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization• UrbanizationUrbanization

– Largest population transfer in human historyLargest population transfer in human history– Birth of factory towns and industrial centers Birth of factory towns and industrial centers

such as Manchestersuch as Manchester• Working class injustices, gender Working class injustices, gender

exploitation and standard of living issues exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19became the 19thth century’s great social century’s great social and political dilemmasand political dilemmas– Family structure and gender roles within the Family structure and gender roles within the

family were alteredfamily were altered– Productive work was taken out of the homeProductive work was taken out of the home– As factory wages increased for adult males, As factory wages increased for adult males,

women and children were separated from the women and children were separated from the work placework place

Social Effects of Social Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization• Gender-determined roles at home and Gender-determined roles at home and

domestic life changed slowlydomestic life changed slowly– Married women came to be associated with Married women came to be associated with

domestic duties while men tended to be the domestic duties while men tended to be the sole wage earnersole wage earner

– Women were now expected to create a Women were now expected to create a nurturing environment to which the family nurturing environment to which the family members returned after workmembers returned after work

– Married women worked outside the home only Married women worked outside the home only when family needs, illness or death of a when family needs, illness or death of a spouse required them to do sospouse required them to do so

– Single women and widows had much work Single women and widows had much work available but that work commanded low available but that work commanded low wages and low skills and provided no way to wages and low skills and provided no way to protect themselves from exploitationprotect themselves from exploitation

Effects in IrelandEffects in Ireland• Irish workers increasingly came to Great Irish workers increasingly came to Great

Britain to become urban workersBritain to become urban workers• Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland

by population growth and increasingly poor by population growth and increasingly poor economic conditionseconomic conditions

• Overpopulation and rural poverty most Overpopulation and rural poverty most severe in Irelandsevere in Ireland

Irish Potato FamineIrish Potato Famine• Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human

tragedy like in Irelandtragedy like in Ireland• Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not

improve agricultureimprove agriculture• Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with

accompanying fever epidemicsaccompanying fever epidemics– In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop

failed in Ireland and much of Europefailed in Ireland and much of Europe– Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest

ensuedensued

Irish Potato FamineIrish Potato Famine• Result of the Great Result of the Great

FamineFamine– At least 1.5 million people At least 1.5 million people

died or went unborndied or went unborn– 1 million fled Ireland 1 million fled Ireland

between 1845 and 1851; between 1845 and 1851; 2 million left between 2 million left between 1840 and 18551840 and 1855

– Most went to the US or Most went to the US or BritainBritain

– By 1911 Irish population By 1911 Irish population was only 4.4 million was only 4.4 million compared with 8 million compared with 8 million in 1845in 1845

– British government British government response inadequateresponse inadequate

The Politics of Industrialization

ù State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries. RRs RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Belgium & most of Germany.

ù Tariffs Tariffs British Corn Laws. British Corn Laws.ù National Banks granted a monopoly National Banks granted a monopoly

on on issuing bank notes.issuing bank notes. Bank of England.Bank of England. Bank of France.Bank of France.

ù Companies required to register with Companies required to register with the government & publish annual the government & publish annual budgets.budgets.

ù New legislation to:New legislation to: Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of Create rules for the formation of

corporations.corporations.ù Postal system.Postal system.ù Free trade zones Free trade zones Ger. Ger. ZollvereinZollverein