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P.V. “Onder de Loupe”, Noordwijk, 9 March 2015.
European Space Agency 1964-2014.
Fifty Years of European Corporation in Space as
Recorded on Postage Stamps and Covers.
by
Reno Harboe-Sørensen
former
European Space Agency/ESTEC
The Netherlands
Outline:
• Rocket Mail
• Early European Space Activities
• ELDO+ESRO = European Space Agency
• ESA Establishments/ESTEC
• ESA Spacelab/ISS (Dutch Astronauts)
• ESA Rosetta Mission
• Space Budgets
Rocket Mail: Karel Roberti 1934
• The first out of 9 tests in the Netherland with a
rocket carrying mail took place on the beach of
Katwijk aan Zee on 6 December 1934.
• by Karel Roberti/Nederlandsche Rakettenbouw (N.R.B.).
Rocket Mail: Gerhard Zucker 1935
• Between 1931 and 1933, Zucker performed several
rockets experiments in Germany before moving
abroad. At Katwijk aan Zee, The Netherlands, his
first rocket test took place on 6 March 1935.
• by Gerhard Zucker a German rocket engineer.
Rocket Mail: Karel Roberti 1935
• Photo and cover from the last rocket failure on the
beach of Katwijk aan Zee on 21 March 1935.
• Karel Roberti’s last rocket test P15 “Venus” in the NL.
Rocket Mail: Dr. A. J. de Bruijn 1945
• Dr. A. J. de Bruijn was a Dutch engineer who over
thirty years used most of his money on rocket mail
experiments. He sold rocket mail to defray some of
the high costs of his hobby. Below cover from 20
August 1945.
• De Bruijn/Nederlandsche Ruimtevaart Studio (NRS).
1st Satellite: USSR 04.10.1957
• Radio transmitted for 21 days. End of life 04.01.1958
• Sputnik-1, was the first Earth-orbiting artificial
satellite, launched 4 October 1957, with a Sputnik
rocket 8K71PS from Tyuratam, Kazakhstan.
• 83.6 kg (58 cm diameter), Scientific: Ionosphere
studies, Perigee/Apogee 227/945 km, Inc. 65°
5 & 25 Years Anniversary
USA Satellite: 1st 31.01.1958
• Explorer-1 (Alpha-1), was the first USA artificial
satellite, launched, 31 January 1958, aboard a
Jupiter C rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA
• 14.6 kg, 5 kg Scientific payload: Geiger Counters
• Perigee/Apogee 358/2550 km, Inc. 33.2°
20 Year Anniversary
• Discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt!
Early European Space Activities:
• European movement towards cooperative space
research can be traced back to 1959.
• Meetings, conferences, congresses and symposia
eventually resulted in a European Space program
to start in 1964.
• 1960/61 covers from early conferences in Europe.
UK Satellite: 1st 26.04.1962
• Ariel-1 (UK-1/S-55), was the first UK artificial
satellite, launched 26 April 1962, aboard a Thor-
Delta rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA
• 62 kg, Scientific 6 instruments, Solar radiation study
• Perigee/Apogee 397/1202 km, Inc. 33.2°
• 6 Ariel satellites launched between 1962 and 1979.
Italian Satellite: 1st 15.12.1964
• San Marco-1 (A), was the first Italian artificial
satellite, launched 15 December 1964, aboard a
Scout-X4 from Wallops Island, Virginia, USA
• 115 kg, Scientific, payload worked for 272 days
• Perigee/Apogee 200/846 km, Inc. 37.8°
• 5 San Marco satellites launched between 1964 and 1988.
French Satellite: 1st 26.11.1965
• Asterix (A-1), was the first French artificial satellite,
launched, 26 November 1965, with a Diamant-A
rocket from Hammaguir, Algeria
• 42 kg, Payload: Radio Transmitter
• Perigee/Apogee 529/1797 km, Inc. 64°
• Antenna Damaged During Launch – no technology data
Dutch Satellite: 1st 30.08.1974
• ANS – Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet, was
the first Dutch artificial satellite, launched 30 August
1974, aboard a Scout-D1 rocket from Vandenberg
Air Force Base, Ca, USA.
• 130 kg, Astronomy: X-Ray/Ultraviolet Telescope.
• Polar orbit of 266/1176 km.
Dutch Satellite: 2nd 25.01.1983
• IRAS – Infra-Red Astronomical Satellite, was the
second Dutch artificial satellite, launched 25
January 1983, aboard a Delta 3914 rocket from
Vandenberg Air Force Base, Ca, USA.
• 1077 kg, Astronomy: Infra-Red Telescope.
• Joint project of UK, USA and Netherlands (NIVR).
Ref.: tbs-satellite.com
SP Date Nation Rocket Spacecraft Orbit - km
1st 04-10-57 USSR Semiorka-R7 Sputnik 01 227/945
2nd 01-02-58 USA Jupiter C Explorer 01 347/1859
3rd 26-11-65 France Diamant 01 Asterix 527/1797
4th 11-02-70 Japan Lambda L-4S Oshumi 323/2416
5th 24-04-70 China Long March 01 Dong Fang
Hong
431/2163
6th 28-10-71 UK Black Arrow #4 Prospero 531/1402
24-12-79 ESA Ariane-1 CAT-1 125/14047
7th 18-07-80 India SLV 3 #2 Rohini 1B 307/921
Space Power Nations:
Europe in Space: ELDO & ESRO
• European Launcher Development
Organisation (ELDO), was created on 29th February 1964,
by 7 member states: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The
Netherlands, United Kingdom & Australia, with Denmark
having observer status.
• European Space Research Organisation
(ESRO), was created three weeks later on 20th March 1964,
by 10 member states: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden & United
Kingdom, with Norway and Austria having observer status).
ELDO Launcher: 1964 ‘EUROPA-1’
• Europe to build a space launch vehicle,
EUROPA-I.
• Tasks were to be distributed between nations:
• First stage, “Blue Streak”, United Kingdom
• Second stage, “Coralie” rocket, France
• Third stage, “Astris”, Germany
• Nose fairing, Italy
• Tracking systems, Belgium & Holland
• EUROPA launcher to be tested in 3 phases
• Launches to take place at Woomera, Australia
• 3 suborbital flights of the “Blue Streak” only:
ELDO Launcher: Phase 1 (1964).
• F1, F2 and F3 all successful flights.
• Europa: 1st & 2nd stage active, Dummy 3rd stage:
• :
ELDO Launcher: Phase 2 (1966).
• F4 flight terminated after 136 seconds - F5 successful.
• Europa: 1st & 2nd stage active, Dummy 3rd stage:
• :
ELDO Launcher: Phase 2b (1967).
• F6/1 2nd Stage Coralie failed to ignite and F6/2 to separate!
• Europa: 3 stages active + STV-1, -2 & -3.
ELDO Launcher: Phase 3 (1968).
• F7 3rd stage malfunction and F8 exploded, F9 STV-3 failed!
• Europa-I F10, the final flight never took place!
• European satellite launch activity then shifted to
Kourou, French Guiana
• Europa-II (Adding a fourth stage PO68)
• F11 launch took place 5 November 1971
ELDO Launcher: Europa-II (1971).
• F11 FAILURE, F12 abandoned!
ESRO Sounding Rockets: 1964-1972
• 1st Launch July 1964 from Sardinia, Italy
• 2nd Launch Oct. 1964 from Ile de Levant, France
• The last and 184th launch took place at Kiruna,
Sweden on 13 October 1972
• ESRO used 8 different rocket types!
ESRO Satellites: 1964-1975
• ESRO-2A was the first ESRO artificial satellite,
launched 29 May 1967, onboard a Scout-B
rocket from Vandenberg AFB, Ca, USA
• 74 kg, Scientific: Solar/Cosmic radiation studies
• Scout-B 3rd stage failure – spacecraft destroyed.
ESRO Satellites: 1964-1975
• ESRO-2B was the first ESRO Earth-orbiting
satellite, launched 16 May 1968, onboard a
Scout 62 rocket from Vandenberg AFB, Ca, USA
• 74 kg, Scientific: Solar/Cosmic radiation studies
• Perigee/Apogee: 326/1086 km, Inc. 97.2°
ESRO Satellites: 1964-1975
• Under ESRO another 6 successful satellite
launches took place with ESRO-1A and HEOS-1
in 1968, ESRO-1B in 1969 and HEOS-2, TD-1
and ESRO-4 in 1972.
• All orbiting and functioned close to planned performances!
ELDO+ESRO: in 1975 = ESA
• ELDO + ESRO = European Space Agency – formed on 30th May 1975, by 10 member states: Belgium, Denmark,
France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland & United Kingdom (and later Ireland), with Norway,
Austria & Canada having observer status.
• ESA’s Purpose: ESA's purpose shall be to provide for, and
to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes,
cooperation among European States in space
research and technology and their space
applications, with a view to their being
used for scientific purposes and
for operational space applications systems.
ESA Satellite: 8th 09.08.1975
• COS-B, was the first (eight) ESA Earth-orbiting
artificial satellite, launched 09 Augustus 1975,
onboard a Delta rocket from Vandenberg AFB, USA
• 278 kg, Scientific: High-energy Gamma-ray telescope
• Perigee/Apogee: initial 337/99067 km, Inc. 90.2°
evolved to: 12155/87265 km, Inc. 98.4°
• Science data between 17.08.75 to 25.04.1982
ESA Satellite: 1975 - 2005
• Under ESA, more than 50 satellites or related
missions took place between 1975 and 2005. All
significant missions with some of the better known
being Meteosat-1 in 1977, Giotto in 1985, HST in
1990, SOHO in 1995 to Rosetta in 2004.
• Meteosat-1 in 1977 and Giotto in 1985.
ESA Launcher: 1st 24.12.1979
• ARIANE-1, Europe’s new space launch vehicle, was
successfully launched for the first time on 24
December 1979, as the first of four qualification
launches from Kourou, French Guiana
• Mass: 207.200 kg, Length: 50 m, Payload to GTO: 1850 kg
ESA Launcher: ARIANE
• ARIANE-1, -2, -3, -4 and -5, were launched 204
times between 1979 and 2011. Below table lists
type, total launched, success rate in % and dates.
• A-5 Mass: 780.000 kg, Length: 53 m, Payload to GTO: 8.6 t
Type Launches Success rate First launch
Ariane 1 11 81.8 % 1979/1986
Ariane 2 5 80.0 % 1986/1988
Ariane 3 12 91.7 % 1984/1989
Ariane 4 116 97.4 % 1988/2003
Ariane 5 60 94.2 % 1996/2011
Total 204 94.9 % 1979/2011
ESA: Establishments
• ESA Headquarter, Paris, France
• ESTEC (European Space Research and
Technology Centre), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
• ESOC (European Space Operations Centre),
Darmstadt, Germany
• ESRIN (European Space Research Institute), Frascati,
Italy – (ESA Centre for Earth Observation).
• EAC (European Astronaut Centre), Cologne, Germany
• ESAC (European Space Astronomy Centre), near
Madrid, Spain
• CSG (Guiana Space Centre), Kourou, French Guiana,
• ESTRACK (ESA Tracking Station Network) –
10 stations in seven countries.
ESA: ESTEC - RHS
• ESTEC (European Space Research and
Technology Centre).
Start: 01.06.1970
Retired: 31.08.2009
ESA: ESTEC
• ESTEC: Is ESA’s largest site and technical heart
• Today probably has about 2000-2200 staff
• Developing and managing all types of ESA missions
• Provide all the managerial & technical competences
and facilities needed to initiate and manage the
development of space systems and technologies.
• Operating an environmental test centre for
spacecraft with supporting engineering laboratories
specialized in systems engineering, components
and materials.
• Supporting European space industry and working
closely with other organisations .
ESA: ESTEC
• ESTEC: was official opened by H.R.H. Princess
Beatrix on 3 April 1968.
ESA/ESTEC: Technologist 1975
• Responsible for SEM equipments:
• Cambridge: S-180 with EDAX & SIMS
ESA Spacelab: 28.11.1983
• Spacelab SL-01 FSLP mission, the 1st Columbia
Flight (STS-9), had Ulf Merbold on-board as the 1st
ESA astronaut.
• 8145 kg pressure Module & 3386 kg Pallet: Multi-discipline
• Orbit: 250 km, Inc. 57°
• Spacelab - first ESA manned space project out of 22 flights.
ESA Spacelab: 30.10.1985
• Spacelab SL-D1 mission, the 4th, 3rd Challenger
Flight (STS-61A), had Wubbo Ockels on-board as
the 2nd ESA astronaut - first Dutch.
• 8145 kg pressure Module & 3386 kg Pallet: Life Science
• Orbit: 330 km, Inc. 57°
• Spacelab mission - Launch, on orbit and landing cover.
ESA Spacelab: Wubbo Ockels
• RHS - Nice memories of Wubbo Ockels:
• From SPACEPHIL at ESTEC 1979 and later
• Private working note from October 1986!
• 1986 was the year with the Chernobyl nuclear disaster!
ESA ISS: 19-30.04.2004
• ISS DELTA Mission, using the Soyuz TMA-4 atop
of a Soyuz-FG rocket, was launched on 19 April
2004 with André Kuipers, Netherland. Returned
back to Earth 11 days later aboard Soyuz TMA-3.
• ISS 375.727 kg – pressurized 837 m³
• Orbit: 360 km, Inc. 51.6°
• Kuipers conducted 21 different experiments in ISS.
ESA ISS: 21.12.11 to 01.07.2012
• ISS Mission 30, using the Soyuz TMA-03M atop of
a Soyuz-FG rocket, was launched on 21 December
2011 with André Kuipers (ESA), Donald Pettit
(NASA) and Oleg Kononenko (RSA).
• PromISSe was the first long-duration man mission for ESA.
ESA ISS: 21.12.11 to 01.07.2012
• ISS Mission 30, was very successful with TMA-03M
docking ISS on 23 December 2011 and returning
back to Earth landing safely near Zhezkazgan,
Kazahstan on 1 July 2012.
• André Kuipers spend nearly 6 months at ISS.
ESA Rosetta: Philae 12.11.2014
• Rosetta, was launched on 2 March 2004 by an
Ariane-5 G+ from Kourou, French Guiana.
• 2900 kg, inc. 1670 kg propellant & 165 kg science
payload + Lander Philae: 100 kg
• Objective: to rendezvous with Comet
67P/Churyomor –Gerasimenko, Travel: 6.4 bkm!
• Mission approved 1993, launched 2004 - Comet visit 2014!
Royal Delft Blue Rosetta plate #35/100
• ESA’s = € 3.7 billion • France 18.2 % = Return 18.2 %
• Germany 16.7 % = Return 16.7 %
• Italy 9.9 % = Return 9.9 %
• U.K. 6.8 % = Return 6.8 %
• Netherland 2.5 % = Return 2.5 %
• Denmark 0.8 % = Return 0.8 %
• NASA’s = $ 18.7 billion
• JAXA’s = $ 2.5 billion
• Russia’s = $ 2.4 billion
ESA: Annual budget 2010 -
RHS Final Comment: 9.03.2015
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Former Danish Astronaut!!: Reno Harboe Sørensen