Byzantine Report

7/27/2019 Byzantine Report

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ByzantineARCHITECTURE

PREPARED BY: GARCIA, A., OCNAT, D., TUGUINAY, E.


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ByzantineARCHITECTUREINFLUENCES


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ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES

Characterized by:Masonry construction

Round arches

Shallow domes carried on pendentivesExtensive use of rich frescoes

Colored glass mosaics

Marble revetments to cover whole interiors

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE4c.A.D14 c. A.D


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PLAN TYPE OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE1. Basilican type of plan

centralized type of planning



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PLAN TYPE OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE2. Round alternative form



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PENDENTIVE DOMES Parts of a pendentive dome

a. Semi dome- half a dome formed by avertical section as over a semicircular

apse.

a.1. cul- de- four- a semidome orquarter sphere vault as over an apse

or niche.

b. Pendentive- Spherical triangle formingthe transition from the circular plans of

a dome to the polygonal plan of its

supporting structure.c. Lunette- an area in the plane of a wall

framed by an arch or vault containing

a window, painting or sculpture.



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PENDENTIVE DOMES Parts of a pendentive dome

d. Squinch- an arch or corbelling builtacross the upper inside corner of asquare tower to support the side of a

superimposed octagonal structure.



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BUILDING DOMESa. Simple dome

-pendentives and domes are part of the same sphere

a. Compound dome- dome is not part f the same sphere as the pendentives and

domes rise independently around them.- dome is raised on a high drum pierced with windows.

c. Special typesc.1. Melon domec.2. Serrated domec.3. Onion or Bulbous dome



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BUILDING ORNAMENTS1. Mosaic

- a picture or a decorative pattern made by inlaying small, usuallycolored pieces of tile, enamel or glass in mortar.

S. Vitale - Ravenna



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BUILDING ORNAMENTS2. Fresco- term originally applied to painting on a wall while the plaster is wet,

but is often used for any wall painting not in oil colors

S. VitaleRavenna



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BUILDING ORNAMENTS3. Capitals

a. Bird and Basket Capital b. Cushion capital

St. Sophia St. Vitale



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BUILDING ORNAMENTS3. Capitals

Acheiropoietos Salonica Wind swept acanthus



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ByzantineARCHITECTUREEXAMPLES


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S. Apollinare In Classe RavennaThe exterior similarly

reveals the basilica style, though

this is a building less grand andimposing than the Basilica of

Constantine in Rome.

The characteristic nave, side aisles,

apse and clerestory windows areall clearly evident.



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Sta. Constanza RomeSta. Constanza in Rome

(350 AD), the mausoleum for

Constantines daughter, provided a

model for Christian architects who

sought to use the more perfect form

of the circle in their designs, without

the massive drum of the Pantheon.

Curiously, the ideaoriginated in Roman bathhouses.



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S. Vitale RavennaCircular, central plan

churches were very difficult to build.

Octagons supporting domes

became a popular and simpler to

construct alternative.



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S. Vitale RavennaNote how a series of large

supporting piers rises to support the dome.

Around the central space run side

aisles, beyond the flanking pillars, which gives

additional space in a similar fashion to that of

a basilica design.

The austere brick exterior belied an

incredibly ornate interior of veined marble andintricate mosaics.



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ByzantineARCHITECTURE

CONVERTION OF

HAGIA SOPHIA


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Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia Church >Muslim Mosque (1453

1935) > Museum (1935-present)History:

Muhammad had prophesied that the first

Muslim to pray in Hagia Sophia would go toparadise. Since then, it was a great ambition forMuslim leaders to get Hagia Sophia.

On 29 May 1453, The Sultan of the OttomanEmpire, Mehmet II, conquered Constantinopleafter a 54 day siege. He converted the church asa mosque.



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Hagia SophiaArchitects: Anthemius of Tralles

Isodorus of Miletus

This 1852 lithography clearly

shows two of the great pendentives. Beyond

them can be seen one of the apses, whose

half dome serves to resist the outward

thrust of the building and to enlarge the

great interior space.

The architects

overcame a significant

engineering problemhow to place a dome

upon a square base.



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Hagia Sophia



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Hagia SophiaAs it would have appeared without the minarets, which were

added during the Moslem era.



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Hagia Sophia

Changes made:

Minaretordered by Sultan Bayezid Two colossal candles on both sides of the mihrab

brought by Suleiman the Magnificent from

Hungary Additional structural support on the exterior,

additional two minarets and mausoleums ofSelim II, Murad III and Mehmed III- designed byfamous architect Sinan



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Hagia SophiaAs it appears today in Istanbul.



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Hagia Sophia 2 Restorations:

1. In 1739-1740, during the reign of Mahmud I:

a. medrese(a kitchen) b. library c. fountain for ritual ablutions

2. In 1847-1849, during the reign of Abdulmecid and restored bySwiss-Italian architect brothers Gaspere and Giuseppe Fossati

a. Repair of damaged parts and its beautification

b. Sultans lodge-designed by Gaspare Fossati

c. Renewed the mihrab and the minber

d. Gigantic circular wooden frames hanged in the Columns- by themost famous calligraphist Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi

e. New Sultans gallery in Neo-Byzantine style- connected to royalpavilion behind the mosque

f. Medrese and a time-keepers building

g. Alteration of the Minarets- for equality of its height



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FINISHTHANK YOU FOR LISTENING

PLEASEBRING OUT A SHEET OF PAPER

ANDPREPARE FOR THE QUIZ



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1. The first name of Byzantium was __________.

2. The emperor who died in 395 A. D that led to the division ofthe Byzantine empire.

35. Give the three distinct characteristics of Byzantinearchitecture.

611. Name and draw the three special types of domes.

12. An arch or corbelling built across the upper inside corner of

a square tower.

13. The name of the church in Constantinople that wasconverted into a mosque.


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14 15. Give two capitals of the Byzantine architecture.16. What is the architecture of Byzantium or Early Roman empire?17 18. Give two changes made in Hagia Sophia.Name the buildings below:19. 20.


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KEYANSWERS


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1. The first name of Byzantium was CONSTANTINOPLE.

2. The emperor who died in 395 A. D that led to thedivision of the Byzantine empire.EMPEROR THEODOSIUS I

35. Give the three distinct characteristics of Byzantinearchitecture.MASONRY CONSTRUCTIONROUND ARCHES

SHALLOW DOMES CARRIED ON PENDENTIVESEXTENSIVE USE OF RICH FRESCOESCOLORED GLASS MOSAICSMARBLE REVETMENTS TO COVER WHOLE INTERIORS


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14 15. Give two capitals of the Byzantinearchitecture.BIRD AND BASKET CAPITALCUSHION CAPITALACHEIROPIETOS SALONICAWIND SWEPT ACANTHUS

16. What is the architecture of Byzantium or EarlyRoman empire?BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE


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17 18. Give two changes made in Hagia Sophia.

MINARETSCOLOSSAL CANDLES ON MIHRABSTRUCTURAL SUPPORT ON THE EXTERIORADDITIONAL TWO MINARETS ANDMAUSOLEUMSRESTORATION

19. S. VITALE20. STA. CONSTANZA

Documents

Byzantine Report