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CHAPTER 8THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
CHAPTER 8THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
CHAPTER 8: LEARNING CHAPTER 8: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Understand the critical role that the bureaucracy plays in the implementation of federal policy
Identify the bureaucracy as part of the executive branch of government organized hierarchically with standard operating procedures for doing business
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 8: LEARNING CHAPTER 8: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Explain “delegated authority” and describe the conditions under which such authority is granted
Describe the oversight function of Congress over the bureaucracy
Understand why Congress has provided some bureaucratic units with administrative judicatory authority
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 8: LEARNING CHAPTER 8: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Describe how the federal bureaucracy has evolved over time, including substantial growth spurts as a result of the New Deal and Great Society programs and the Cold War
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 8: LEARNING CHAPTER 8: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Explain methods for attempting to control or reduce the size and scope of the federal bureaucracy through privatization, devolution, deregulation, and accountability
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 8: LEARNING CHAPTER 8: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Define the different types of agencies in the federal bureaucracy including cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory agencies, government corporations and the Executive Office of the President
Appreciate the large scope of the federal workforce and the civil service rules governing federal employment
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
…………: NOW & THEN: NOW & THEN
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NOW…NOW…
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The “Reagan Revolution” aimed to reduce the burden of government. Reagan found that he often needed to increase the size of government to accomplish many of his policy objectives. He left office in 1989 with a much larger bureaucracy than the one he had inherited in 1981.
THEN…THEN…
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Thomas Jefferson talked the talk of cutting the bureaucracy, but failed to walk the walk of containing its growth. In his campaign, Jefferson stressed the need for “frugality” when it came to federal spending. When he left office in 1809, however, the federal bureaucracy was much larger than the one he had inherited in 1801.
WHAT IS BUREAUCRACY?WHAT IS BUREAUCRACY?
Often refers to overgrown government, excessive rules and paperwork, or a burdensome process
Despite negative connotations, it is necessary for any government
Laws must be enforced, programs must be administered, and regulations must be implemented
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
WHAT IS BUREAUCRACY?WHAT IS BUREAUCRACY?
Citizens are more likely to come into direct contact with the bureaucracy than any other part of government
The bureaucracy comes to symbolize what government is Visit to an unemployment office Check from the Social Security
Administration Department of Motor Vehicles
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
People wait in line to speak to a clerk at a U.S. Social Security office.
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MAX WEBER’S SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF MAX WEBER’S SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE BUREAUCRACIESEFFECTIVE BUREAUCRACIES
1. Organized based on specialization, expertise, and division of labor
2. Hierarchical—chain of command
3. Standard operating procedures
4. Good record keeping—paper trail
5. Air of professionalism
6. Merit-based hiring and promotions
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
YOUR PERSPECTIVE … ON YOUR PERSPECTIVE … ON AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAMERICAN GOVERNMENT
You, Your Parents, and the Dreaded FAFSA (Free Application for Student Aid) Form:
What do you think about FAFSA? Is it too cumbersome or tedious?
Is the federal government transforming a simple process into one that is too complex to be effective?
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
YOUR PERSPECTIVE … ON YOUR PERSPECTIVE … ON AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAMERICAN GOVERNMENT
Do you believe this form of “red tape” is necessary to ensure that colleges and universities can make fair decisions about financial aid for the nation’s college students?
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT . . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT . . . IN POPULAR PERSPECTIVE:POPULAR PERSPECTIVE:
MIXED VIEWS ON BUREAUCRACYAmericans exhibited mixed feelings
about federal government expansion in response to economic problems during the recessionary period of 2007–09
Over 8-in-10 either disapproved of government’s expanded role or wanted it to retract once the recession was over
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
WHAT DOES THE FEDERAL WHAT DOES THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY DO?BUREAUCRACY DO?
Most of the federal bureaucracy is contained within the executive branch
Executive power—to carry out, administer, and enforce specific laws Primarily a presidential responsibility
The president uses the bureaucracy to exercise executive authority
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
POLICY IMPLEMENTATIONPOLICY IMPLEMENTATION
The process of carrying out a law - requires translating the legislation into action
Begin by developing regulations – rules guiding employees in carrying out the program or service
The rules are published in the Federal Register and enforceable by law
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BUREAUCRATIC LEGISLATIONBUREAUCRATIC LEGISLATION
When laws are vague, agencies have administrative discretion—
Considerable freedom in deciding how to implement the law
Delegated congressional power—The agency has power to make laws
(administrative law)—power that is supposed to rest with Congress alone
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CHECK THE LISTCHECK THE LIST
SENATOR PROXMIRE’S TOP TEN GOLDEN FLEECE AWARDS
In 1975, U.S. Senator William Proxmire (D-WI) began taking aim at wasteful pork-barrel spending in the federal bureaucracy
The “Golden Fleece Awards” target bureaucratic agencies spending money on wasteful programs
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PROXMIRE’S TOP TENPROXMIRE’S TOP TEN
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CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT
Congress’s monitoring of bureaucratic agency performance—accountability
Options: Conduct investigations Reduce or eliminate the budget Refuse to confirm appointmentsEliminate the agency, or establish a
new agency and shift resources and powers to it
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BUREAUCRATIC ADJUDICATIONBUREAUCRATIC ADJUDICATION
Determining the rights and duties of particular parties within the scope of an agency’s rules or regulations
Most adjudication takes place in the court system
However, Congress has placed judicial power in some bureaucratic agencies
Example: EEOCCopyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACYFEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
During Washington’s presidency Congress created just three departments Department of State—foreign affairs Department of Treasury—fiscal affairs Department of War—military affairs
Later authorized hiring an attorney general and a postmaster general
Approximately 50 federal employees
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACYFEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
Mid-1800s: Congress created the Department of the Interior
1862: Department of Agriculture1870: Department of Justice1884: Bureau of Labor1888: Commerce Agency Early 1900s: Given Cabinet status
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACYFEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
FDR’s New Deal created a myriad of new federal agencies:
Examples: Social Security Administration Securities and Exchange Commission Civilian Conservation Corps
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACYFEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
1940—federal government accounted for 10% of the gross domestic product 1975—22%
$9.5 billion spent on federal programs 1975—$332 billion
About 700,000 federal employees 1975—2.2 million
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACYFEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
Two factors fueling the massive growth
1. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society program of the 1960s Social and economic improvements
2. Cold War—U.S. and the Soviet Union, vying against each other for global influence Federal budget for defense programs
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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT . . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT . . . IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE:GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE:
ONE ITALIAN WRITER EXPERIENCES AMERICAN BUREAUCRACY
In Ciao, America!: An Italian Discovers the U.S., Italian Beppe Severgnini compares his experiences with the Italian and U.S. bureaucracies
A “matador faced with a milk cow.”
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GETTING CONTROL OF THE GETTING CONTROL OF THE GROWING BUREAUCRACYGROWING BUREAUCRACY
Privatization: replacing government-provided services with the private sector
Deregulation: eliminating government oversight and regulation
Devolution: shifting responsibility and power back to the states
“Reinventing Government:” improved effectiveness and efficiency
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THE ORGANIZATION OF THE THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACYFEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
Cabinet Departments 15 major administrative organizations;
vary in size and importanceEach is headed by a secretary except
Justice (attorney general) President nominates; Senate confirms
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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT . . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT . . . IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:
CONFLICTS WITHIN THE CABINET1789–1793: U.S. Bank—Jefferson vs.
Hamilton1977–1979: U.S. response to the
Iranian hostage crisis—Brzezinski v. Vance
2003: militarily intervention in Iraq—Rumsfeld vs. Powell
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INDEPENDENT AGENCIESINDEPENDENT AGENCIES
Not part of any executive cabinet department, but do report directly to the president
Focus on a narrower scope of issuesExamples: NASA and the Small
Business AdministrationAgency heads are appointed by the
president and confirmed by the SenateCopyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
REGULATORY AGENCIESREGULATORY AGENCIES
Implement rules and regulations regarding individual or corporate conduct related to some aspect of the economy
Not under control of the president
Run by independent boards or commissions that are not supposed to exert partisan influence
Examples: ICC, FTC, FCC, SEC, EPA
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GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONSGOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS
Run like private companies even though they serve an important public purpose
When revenue falls short, the government will often intervene to keep it in business
Examples: U.S. Postal Service; AMTRAK; Tennessee Valley Authority
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THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT
Managed by the Chief of Staff:Examples: Communications Office;
Council of Economic Advisors; National Security Council; Office of Management and Budget; White House Counsel; Office of Science and Technology; Office of the U.S. Trade Representative; etc…
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THE FEDERAL WORKFORCETHE FEDERAL WORKFORCE
Currently 2.7 million civilian personnel, excluding 1 million postal workers, and 1.5 million U.S. military personnel
Political Appointees and Career Professionals—About 8000 appointees (usually replaced by a new president)
7500 Senior Executive Service (SES) career professionals (usually remain employed)
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE CIVIL SERVICETHE CIVIL SERVICE
Majority of the federal workforce Theoretically hired based on
qualifications, and remain employees beyond the term of a president
Historically: the federal workforce began with “higher society” employees
Changed with Andrew Jackson’s “spoils system”—patronage
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THE CIVIL SERVICETHE CIVIL SERVICE
1881—President Garfield’s assassination strengthened the reform movement in federal employment Killed by a party worker who didn’t get a job
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883
Hatch Act of 1939Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
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GETTING A JOB IN THE FEDERAL GETTING A JOB IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
Office of Personnel Management (OPM): http://www.usajobs.opm.gov
Bruce Maxwell lists four advantages of federal jobs in his Insider’s Guide to Finding a Job in Washington:
1. Nation’s largest employer, numerous jobs2. Excellent job security3. Good wages and benefits4. Excellent pension benefits
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Pictured above is the “plum book,” which provides a listing of all job openings in the federal bureaucracy
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NOW & THEN: MAKING THE NOW & THEN: MAKING THE CONNECTIONCONNECTION
The federal bureaucracy has grown dramatically since George Washington’s administration
As new presidents seek to advance new policy goals, federal departments and agencies have been created, modified, and expanded
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POLITICS INTERACTIVE!POLITICS INTERACTIVE!
Czars aplenty in the U.S. GovernmentSpecial bureaucratic leaders—usually
enjoy close, working relationships with the president—no Senate confirmation
Presidents since FDR have made these special “czarist“ appointments
Obama, in his first 15 months in office set a record number at 38
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
POLITICS INTERACTIVE!POLITICS INTERACTIVE!
Do you think that all high level appointments made by the president should require congressional confirmation before they can serve?
Should the so-called czars be formally confirmed by the Senate just as are all cabinet-level and many sub-cabinet-level appointments?
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POLITICS INTERACTIVE!POLITICS INTERACTIVE!
What accounts for the increased use of czars by Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama?
Has the growth and increased complexity of the federal bureaucracy created an atmosphere wherein presidents need a special advisor to coordinate agencies in a specific problem area?
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Carol Browner, Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate
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