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13

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14

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15

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20

{ int numb; cout > numb; cout

21

< == != >= =44) (harry!=12) (7

22

. . . C++ for, while, do 3 .

FFOORR

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0- 14 FORDEMO .

//Fordemo.cpp #include void main() { int j; for (j=0; j

23

0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 ? For for 3 . , , . ( ) . j . . cout

24

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j+=3 j-=5

25

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Cubelist . 1- 10 .

//cubelist.cpp #include

26

#include void main() { int numb; for (numb=1; numb

27

. . int cube .

int cube=numb*numb*numb;

.

cube=10; cube .

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.

28

for (numb=1; numb

29

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30

numb, 1 (numb > 0), 1- . unsigned long . :

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31

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33

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34

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//fibo.cpp #include void main() { const unsigned long limit=4294967295; unsigned long next=0; unsigned long last=0; while (next

35

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

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41

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42

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43

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44

ch . ( getch() getche() .)

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45

} cout

46

adifelse .

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47

, . .

: 10,10 (n, s, e, w): n : 10,9 (n, s, e, w): e : 11,9 (n, s, e, w):

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48

cout

49

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50

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51

case n : y--; break; case s : y++; break; case e : x++; break; case w : x--; break; case \r : cout \n; break; default : cout \n; break; } } }

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52

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53

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54

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55

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56

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57

case n: y--; break; case s: y++; break; case e: x++; break; case w: x--; break; } } }

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58

, 0- .

7- , . 7- .

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59

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60

BBRREEAAKK

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61

ch- GRAY , . , . Break .

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divdo . . . 0 0- , Division by zero . , divdo2 .

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62

cout

63

, . . 0- , 0- .

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64

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65

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66

33--

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67

. , .

//parts.cpp #include struct part { int partnum; int modelnum; float cost; }; void main() { part part1; part1.partnum=6244; part1.modelnum=373; part1.cost=217.55; cout

68

struct part { int partnum; int modelnum; float cost; };

.

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:

part part1; part part1

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struct C++- . .. struct part part1 .

69

. .

part1.partnum=6244;

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. .

//partscom.cpp #include struct { int partnum; int modelnum; float cost;

70

} part1; void main() { part1.partnum=6244; part1.modelnum=373; part1.cost=217.55; cout

71

cout

72

struct Distance { int feet; float inches; }; void main() { Distance d1, d3; Distance d2=(11, 6.25); cout > d1.feet; cout > d1.inches; d3.inches=d1.inches+d2.inches; d3.feet=0; if (d3.inches >=12.0) { d3.inches-=12.0; d3.feet++; } d3.feet+=d1.feet+d2.feet; cout

73

d3 = d1 + d2 . Int, float header . .

. , 2 , distance .

//englarea.cpp #include struct Distance { int feet; float inches; }; struct Room { Distance length; Distance width; }; void main() { Room dining; Dining.length.feet=13; Dining.length.inches=6.5; Dining.width.feet=10;

74

Dining.width.inches=0.0; Float l=Dining.length.feet+Dining.length.inches/12; Float w=Dining.width.feet+Dining.width.inches/12; cout

75

Room distance . . distance {13, 6.5} , distance {10, 0.0} .

.

. Cardsharp 3 , . . .

struct card { int number; int suit; }

2- 14

. 11- 14 , , , . 0- 3 . , , , .

const int clubs=0; // const int diamonds=1; // const int hearts=2; // const int spades=3; // const int jack=11; // const int queen=12; //

76

const int king=13; // const int ace=14; // struct card { int number; int suit; } void main() { card temp, chosen, prize; int position; card card1={7, clubs}; cout

77

} if (chosen.number==prize.number && chosen.suit==prize.suit) cout

78

. . . Pascal .

. .

//dayenum.cpp #include enum days_of_week {Sun,Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat}; void main() { days_of_week day1, day2; day1=Mon; day2=Thu; int diff=day2 day1; cout

79

enum . , . . 7 . .

. day1, day2 . . Day1 Mon , day2 Thu . . . :

=3 1- 2- .

. . 0, 1 . Sun 0, Sat 6 . day1 = 5 . .

C++-

.

80

.

chcount . space ( ) . .

//wdcount.cpp #include #include enum boolean {false,true}; void main() { boolean isWord=false; char ch=a; int wordcount=0; do { ch=getche(); if (ch== || ch==\r) { if (isWord) { wordcount++; isWord=false; } } else if (!isWord) isWord=true; } while (ch!=\r); cout

81

, . . isWord . isWord . if else , else .

.

//cardenum.cpp #include const int jack=11; // const int queen=12; // const int king=13; // const int ace=14; // enum Suit {clubs,diamonds,hearts,spades}; struct card { int number; Suit suit; } void main()

82

{ card temp, chosen, prize; int position; card card1={7,clubs}; cout

83

0 . , 0- .

Enum Suit {clubs=1,diamonds,hearts,spades};

diamonds = 2, hearts = 3, spades

= 4 . . , . :

day1.suit=hearts; cout

84

. , . .

, . .

85

44--

--,,

-- --

-- --

--

86

44--

,

. .

. . .

Basic- , Pascal- .

, (*) .

//table.cpp #include void starline(); void main() { starline(); cout

87

} void starline() { for (int j=0; j

88

Void , . void . . (;) . prototype () .

3 . .

starline();

,

. (;) . .. . , .

. .

void starline() { for (int j=0; j

89

. , , .

. .

//table2.cpp #include void starline() { for (int j=0; j

90

. .

starline () . .

//tablearg.cpp #include void repchar(char, int); void main() { repchar(-, 43); cout

91

. . repchar () 2 . .

repchar(-, 43);

,

. .

------------------------------------------- =========================================== char -128 to 127 int -32768 to 32767 double -2147483648 to 2147483647 -------------------------------------------

, .

void repchar(char, int);

,

ch n . . , , .

92

. . .

//vararg.cpp #include void repchar(char, int); void main() { char chin; int nin; cout > chin; cout > nin; repchar(chin, nin); } void repchar(char ch, int n) { for (int j=0; j

93

.

. distance .

//engldisp.cpp #include struct Distance { int feet; float inches; }; void engldisp(Distance); void main() { Distance d1, d2; Cout > d1.feet; Cout > d1.inches; Cout > d2.feet; Cout > d2.inches; Cout

94

{ cout

95

( char ch , int n ), . . . .

. . .

//convert.cpp #include float lbstokg(float); void main() { float lbs, kgs; cout > lbs; kgs=lbstokg(lbs); cout

96

:

() : 182 () 82.553741

. . void . lbstokg .

. , .

kgs=lbstokg(lbs);

lbstokg kgs

.

rreettuurrnn lbstokg pounds

. kilograms . return .

return kilograms;

97

kgs

. , . . (void ) int . :

Somefunc();

int

.

convert - convert2 .

//convert2.cpp #include float lbstokg(float); void main() { float lbs; cout > lbs; cout

98

return 0.453592*pounds; }

kgs

. lbstokg kilograms , . .

.

//retstrc.cpp #include struct Distance { int feet; float inches; }; Distance addeng(Distance, Distance); void engldisp (Distance); void main() { Distance d1, d2, d3; Cout > d1.feet; Cout > d1.inches; Cout > d2.feet;

99

Cout > d2.inches; d3=addeng(d1, d2); Engldisp(d1); cout

100

. dd3 . main()- 3 . .

. , . , . .

. , . . .

101

.

//ref.cpp #include void main() { void intfrac(float, float &, float &); float number, intpart, fracpart; do { cout > number; intfrac(number, intpart, fracpart); cout

102

. . Return . . , ( & ) . , . .. fpart fracpart . fpart fracpart . ( & ) . . , , . n number . , .

.

, . order .

103

//reforder.cpp #include void main() { void order(int &,int &); int n1=99, n2=11; int n3=22, n4=88; order(n1, n2); order(n3, n4); cout

104

numb1 n1- , numb2 n2- numb1 n3- , numb2 n4- . . , . . , .

Distance

() . : 6 8 0.5 4 3 .

//referst.cpp #include struct Distance { int feet; float inches; }; void scale(Distance &, float); void engldisp(Distance); void main() { Distance d1={12, 6.5}, Distance d2={10, 5.5},

105

Cout

106

3 . .

. , , .

(*) 45

starline() , repchar() . 45 charline() . 3 . 3 , help 3 . .

//overload.cpp #include void repchar(); void repchar(char); void repchar(char, int);

107

void main() { repchar(); repchar(=); repchar(+, 30); } void repchar(); { for (int j=0;

108

.

. Distance , float .

//overengl.cpp #include struct Distance { int feet; float inches; }; void engldisp(Distance); void engldisp(float); void main() { Distance d1; float d2; cout > d1.feet; cout > d1.inches; cout > d2; cout

109

void engldisp(Distance); { cout

110

. . , .

. , , , , , .

. . . ( ), . , , .

111

. .

//inline.cpp #include inline float lbstokg(float pounds) { return 0.453592 * pounds; } void main() { float lbs; cout > lbs; cout

112

.

overload .

} void repchar(char ch, int n); { for (int j=0;

113

. , .

. Distance , float .

//overengl.cpp #include struct Distance { int feet; float inches; }; void engldisp(Distance); void engldisp(float); void main() { Distance d1; float d2; cout > d1.feet; cout > d1.inches; cout > d2; cout

114

void engldisp(Distance); { cout

115

. . , .

. , , , , , .

. . . ( ), . , , .

116

. .

//inline.cpp #include inline float lbstokg(float pounds) { return 0.453592 * pounds; } void main() { float lbs; cout > lbs; cout

117

.

overload .

//missarg.cpp #include void repchar(char=*, int=45); void main() { repchar(); repchar(=); repchar(+,30); } void repchar(char ch,int n); { for (int j=0; j

118

.

void repchar(char ch=*, int n=45);

,

. .. , repchar(30) . 2 . .

repchar(, 30)

( 100 ). .

. , , 3 .

119

.

void somefunc() { int somevar; float othervar; // }

. auto .

void somefunc() { auto int somevar; auto float othervar; // }

. .

120

( ). somevar othervar somefunc . . , . , . . . , , .

. , unknown variable ( ) . .

void somefunc() { int somevar; float othervar;

121

somevar=10; othervar=123.45; nextvar=15; // } void main() { int nextvar; somevar=20; // othervar=987.65; // nextvar=35; }

nextvar

. somevar othervar . . .

. 0 . . , . .

int n=33;

122

.

. . .

//extern.cpp #include #include char ch=a; void getachar(); void putachar(); void main() { while (ch!=\r) { getachar(); putachar(); } } void getachar(); { ch=getch(); } void putachar(); { cout

123

} getachar

. putachar . .

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ch

, . . .

. . . , .

124

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.

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125

. getavg() .

//static.cpp #include float getavg(float); void main() { float data=1, avg; while (data!=0) { cout > data; avg=getavg(data); cout

126

. , 0 . total, count .

. ( ).

.

0 0

.

127

.

//retref.cpp #include int x; int& setx(); void main() { setx()=92; cout

128

. , . , (.. ) . . int , .

int ( *ptr ) ()

.

int ( *ptr )

int .

int *ptr () ,

int .

129

. . , . . , .

. 1- N N- . , 1- 1, 2- 2, 3- 6, 7- 5040 . 0- 1 . N! .

1! = 1 2! = 1*2 3! = 1*2*3 10! = 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*10 N! = 1*2*3**(N-1)*N

.

N! = 1*2*3**(N-1)*N = N*(N-1)**3*2*1 = N*(N-1)! N- (N-1)-

N- . . N- (N-1)- . (N-1)- (N-2)-

130

. 1- 1 . .

5! 5*4!

4! 4*3!

3! 3*2!

2! 2*1!

1! 1

,

. .

1! 1

2! 2*1! = 2*1 = 2

3! 3*2! = 3*2 = 6

4! 4*3! = 4*6 = 24

5! 5*4! = 5*24 = 120

.

void main() { int num; cout

131

cin >> num; if (num

132

) )

fact (4-

)

fact (5-

) 1 1

main fact 5

. 1- 5*fact(4) . fact 4 . 1- . 4*fact(3) fact 3 . fact 1 1 4 fact . 2*1 2 3 fact , 3*2=6 2 fact , 4*6=24 1 fact , 5*24=120 main .

. , . , . (num

133

if (num

134

x GETS_VALUE_OF y;

if (x==y)

if (x EQUALS y) .

#define .

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=

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135

. #define- . .

#define EQUALS == #define EQ EQUALS

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#define

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#define PRESS_KEY \ cout

136

void main() { . . . . . PRESS_KEY; . . . . . }

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. . .

++- . . , .

#define PRINT(name, age) \ cout

137

PRINT(, 28); . . . . . }

.

#define MUL2(num) 2*num void main() { int a1,a2; a1=MUL2(5); a2=MUL2(2+3); }

1- 10

, 2- 10 7 . 2*2+3=7 . MUL2(2+3) 2*2+3 . . 7 . .

#define MUL2(num) 2 * (num)

2*2+3 , 2*(2+3) , 10 .

138

, , . .

. , . . , .

. . .

. .

. , .

.

.

139

, . . .

. .

. , .

. #define . . , .

140

55--

-- -- --

-- --

--tthhiiss

141

55--

.

(Object Oriented Programming) C++ 1983 New Jersey Murray Hill Bell Laboratories- . . ++ .

C . : , , , , , , , .

, . : , , , .

, .

(procedure oriented programming) . 40 . .

. .

142

, . . (compiler) .

. : , , , , . 1960- . ( Object Oriented Programming-OOP) . 1967 Simula-67 . . 1980- - Smalltalk . C, Pascal - C++, Pascal 5.5, Object Pascal .

(Class) . . .

. : . , 2 . .

, .

143

. (inheritance - )

child . parent . .

. : .

. (code) . , . , . .

144

. .

#include class smallobj { private: int somedata; public: void setdata(int d) { somedata=d; } void showdata() { cout

145

((CCoonnssttrruuccttoorrss))

setdata . . . . .

.

class Counter { private: unsigned int count; public: Counter() {count = 0;} void inc_count() int get_count() }; . . . Counter c1; cout

146

~ . :

class Counter { private: unsigned int count; public: Counter() {count = 0;} ~Counter() { } void inc_count() int get_count() {return count;} };

,

. .

.

#include class Distance { private: int feet; float inches; public: Distance() { } Distance(int ft, float in) { feet = ft; inches = in; } void getdist() { cout > feet;

147

cout > inches; } void showdist() {cout

148

. . . :

dist3 = dist2

. . Distance add_dist(Distance)

. . static . . . .

Class foo { private: static int count; public: foo() {count++} int getcount() {return count;} };

.

149

-

. .

:

dist3.add_dist(dist1, dist2); .

dist3 = dist1 + dist2;

, . .

C++ +, *,

150

~Counter() { } void inc_count() int get_count() {return count;} void operator ++() {count++;} };

operator

++ .

c1++; ++c1;

.

.

.

c1 = c2++;

void

. . :

Counter operator ++() { count++; counter temp; temp.count = count; return temp; };

temp

. . .

Counter() { count = 0;} Counter(int c) {count = c;}

.

151

Counter operator ++ () { count++; return Counter(count); }

Counter(int c) {count = c;}

.

. , , .

.

dist3.add_dist(dist1, dist2);

+ .

dist3 = dist1 + dist2;

add_dist +

.

class Distance { . . . Distance operator + (Distance);

152

. . . }; Distance Distance::operator + (Distance d2) { int f=feet+d2.feet; float i=inches+d2.inches; if (i>=12.0) { i-=12.0; f++; } return Distance(f, i); }

+

.

dist3=dist1+dist2; dist1

dist2 . 2 .

dist4=dist1+dist2+dist3;

. .

. . . boolean operator < (Distance); . . . boolean Distance::operator < (Distance d2) { . . . }

153

.

float f; int t; t=f;

.

t = int(f);

.

,,

. .

.

. . . operator float() { return (feet*12+inches)*2.54 } . . . float mtrs=float(dist2);

. .

Distance(float meters) { float fltfeet=meters*100/2.54/12; feet=int(fltfeet); inches=12*(fltfeetfeet);

154

} . . . Distance dist1 = 2.35; . . . dist1 = 1.0;

. . 1 , .

.

objecta=objectb; objecta- destination, objectb- source

. objecta- , objectb- .

-

. - (base class) (derived class) . . . (decrement --) . .

#include

155

class Counter { protected: unsigned int count; public: Counter() { count = 0;} Counter(int c) {count = c;} int get_count() {return count;} Counter operator ++ () { count++; return Counter(count); } }; class CountDn : public Counter { public: Counter operator -- () { count--; return Counter(count); } }; void main() { CountDn c1; cout

156

protected .

(protected) private . . private . private, protected 2 . Counter count private protected .

. .

class CountDn : public Counter { public: CountDn() : Counter() { } CountDn (int c) : Counter(c) { } Counter operator -- () { count--; return Counter(count); } };

. .

157

. . . . (sign) .

enum posneg{pos, neg}; class DistSign : public Distance { private: posneg sign; public: DistSign():Distance() { sign = pos; } DistSign(int ft, float in, posneg sg=pos) :Distance(ft, in) { sign = sg; } void getdist() { Distance::getdist(); char ch; cout > ch; sign=(ch=='+') ? pos:neg; } void showdist() { cout

158

Distance::showdist(); . .

. abstract .

PPuubblliicc PPrriivvaattee C++

. :

Distance : public DistSign . public

public . private public . .

class A { private: int privdataA; protected: int protdataA; public: int pubdataA; }; class B : public A { public: void funct()

159

{ int a; a=privdataA; // a=protdataA; //ok a=pubdataA; //ok } }; class C : private A { public: void funct() { int a; a = privdataA; // a = protdataA; //ok a = pubdataA; //ok } }; void main { int a; B objB; a=objB.privdataA; // a=objB.protdataA; // a=objB.pubdataA; //ok C objC; a=objC.privdataA; // a=objC.protdataA; // a=objC.pubdataA; // }

.

160

(Multiple Inheritance) . .

class A {}; class B {}; class C : public A, public B {};

? .

. , , , (24), .

. ,

. (Type) .

Distance . (Lumber)

.

. .

.

#include #include

161

const int LEN = 40; class Type { private: char dimensions[LEN]; char grade[LEN]; public: Type() { strcpy(dimensions, " "); strcpy(grade, " "); } Type(char di[], char gr[]) { strcpy(dimensions, di); strcpy(grade, gr); } void gettype () { cout > dimensions; cout grade; } void showtype() { cout

162

public: Distance() { feet=0; inches=0.0;} Distance(int ft, float in) { feet=ft; inches=in;} void getdist() { cout > feet; cout > inches; } void showdist() { cout

163

cout

164

}; class B { public: void show() {cout

165

.

#include class Base { public: void show() { cout

166

Base Base

. .

#include class Base { public: virtual void show() { cout

167

ptr Derv1, Derv2 . show . .

Base show . . .

virtual void show()=0;

0

.

Base . . (abstract) .

VViirrttuuaall

168

. .

class Parent { protected: int Basedata; }; class Child1 : public Parent { }; class Child2 : public Parent { }; class GrandChild : public Child1, public Child2 { public: int getdata() {return Basedata;} };

getdata Basedata

. Child1, Child2 Parent Parent .

Parent

Child1 Child2

GrandChild

169

subobject . Child1, Child2 Basedata GrandChild ambiguity . . .

. . . class Child1 : virtual public Parent { }; class Child2 : virtual public Parent { }; class GrandChild : public Child1, public Child2 { public: int getdata() {return Basedata;} };

.

(share) . Basedata .

private

protected . . private . private . . ?

(friend) . .

#include

170

class beta; class alpha { private: int data; public: alpha() { data = 3; } friend int frifunc(alpha, beta); }; class beta { private: int data; public: beta() {data = 7; } friend int frifunc(alpha, beta); }; int frifunc(alpha a, beta b) { return (a.data + b.data); } void main() { alpha aa; beta bb; cout

171

. . Distance + . .

Distance d1, d2, d3; d1=d2+10.0;

+ d2 10.0 . 10.0 . .

d3 = 10.0 + d2;

10.0 .

.

class Distance { . . . friend Distance operator+(Distance,Distance); . . . }; Distance operator+(Distance d1,Distance d2) { int f=d1.feet+d2.feet; float i=d1.inches+d2.inches; if (i>=12.0) { i-=12.0; f++; }; return Distance(f, i); }

.

172

private . . .

#include class alpha { private: int data1; public: alpha() { data1 = 99; } friend class beta; }; class beta { public: void func1(alpha a) {cout

173

.

. . . . :

class gamma { private: static int total; public: static showtotal(); { cout

174

alpha a2(a1); ,

(copy constructor) . .

alpha a2=a1;

. .

#include #include class String { private: char *str; public: String() { str = NULL;} String(char *s) { str=new char[strlen(s)+1]; strcpy(str, s); } void changestr() { delete str; str = " "; } void showstr() { cout

175

s2=s1; s2.showstr(); s1.changestr(); s2.showstr(); }

2 s2.showstr()

s1 . s2 = s1

s1, s2 . changestr s1, s2 . . , .

.

void operator = (String& s) { if (str == NULL) delete str; str = new char[strlen(s.str)+1]; strcpy(str, s.str); }

s1 = s2 s1

s2 str . .

.

.

176

. . .

String(String& s) { if (str == NULL) delete str; str = new char[strlen(s.str)+1]; strcpy(str, s.str); }

String(String s) .

tthhiiss

this . this .

.

bool compare(char *str) { return strcmp(this->str, str); }

.

String& operator = (String& s) { if (str==NULL) delete str; str=new char[strlen(s.str)+1]; strcpy(str, s.str); return *this; }

177

. , . .

. . .

. . .

. child class, parent class .

. . ~ .

, . . .

. . static .

. .

. .

.

178

3 . private , .. . public . protected .

. .

this . .

179

66--

--

-- --

--

180

66--

. . C++- . . , . , , . .

Pascal, Basic . , . . string .

181

. .

//replay.cpp #include void main() { int age[4]; cout

182

. . . . 4 . .

. . , . (4 * 2 ) 8 . 0 . (n-1) (n !). 0-3 4 .

183

2 . .

cin >> age[j];

.

cout

184

total+=sales[j]; float average=total/SIZE; cout

185

. .

//days.cpp #include void main() { int month, day, total_days; int days_per_month[12]={31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; cout > month; cout > day; total_days=day; for (int j=0; j

186

4 (31, 28, 31, 30) .

. .

, .

int days_per_month[]={31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};

0 . .

. , . .

//salemon.cpp #include #include const int districts=4; const int months=3; void main() {

187

int d, m; float sales[districts][months]; cout

188

1 2 3 1 3964.23 4135.87 4397.98 2 867.75 923.59 1037.01 3 12.77 378.32 798.22 4 2983.53 3983.73 9494.98

.

float sales[districts][months];

. , sales districts months . 3 .

2 .

sales[d][m]

. sales[ d, m ] .

salemon

. . : 2 ,

189

.

C++- . setw() . .

cout

190

. . saleinit .

//saleinit.cpp #include #include const int districts=4; const int months=3; void main() { int d, m; float sales[districts][months]= {{1432.07, 234.50, 654.01}, {322.00, 13838.32,17589.88}, {9328.34, 934.00, 4492.30}, {12838.29, 2332.63, 32.93}}; cout

191

, , .

. .

//salefunc.cpp #include #include const int districts=4; const int months=3; void display(float[districts][months]); void main() { float sales[districts][months]= {{1432.07, 234.50, 654.01}, {322.00, 13838.32, 17589.88}, {9328.34, 934.00, 4492.30}, {12838.29, 2332.63, 32.93}}; display(sales); } void display(float funsales[districts][months]) { int d, m; cout

192

for (m=0; m

193

, . . .. funsales sales .

struct .

//partaray.cpp #include const int size=4; struct part { int ModelNumber; int PartNumber; float cost; } void main() { int n; part apart[size]; for (n=0; n apart[n].PartNumber; cout > apart[n].cost; }

194

for (n=0; n

195

apart[n].ModelNumber

. : (stack) .

. , . .

MS-DOS . . Stackaray .

//Stackaray.cpp #include const int max=100; class Stack { private: int st[max]; int top;

196

public: Stack() { top=0; } void push(int var) { st[++top]=var; } int pop() { return st[top--]; } }; void main() { Stack s1; s1.push(11); s1.push(22); cout

197

3: 66 4: 55 5: 44 6: 33

.

. push top- .

st[++top]=var;

pop

top- .

return st[top--];

Stack

OOP(Object Oriented Programming )- . (queue), (set), (linked list) .

. .

198

DDiissttaannccee Distance

. .

//englaray.cpp #include const int max=100; class Distance { private: int feet; float inches; public: void getdist() { cout > feet; cout > inches; } void showdist() { cout

199

cout

200

, .

do

. max 100 . 100- ? . . , . , .

. do .

If (n>=max) { cout

201

. 100 . .

dist[j].showdist();

. , . getdist .

dist[n++].getdist();

(increment operator) . n++ n- .

. CARDOBJ . card

202

52 .

//cardaray.cpp #include #include #include enum Suit { clubs, diamonds, hearts, spades }; const int jack=11; const int queen=12; const int king=13; const int ace=14; enum Boolean { false, true }; class card { private: int number; Suit suit; public: card() { }; void init(int n, Suit s) { Suit=s; number=n; } void display(); Boolean isEqual(card); }; void card::display() { if (number>=2 && number

203

case ace: cout

204

cout

205

3 J 5 K Q 10 8 2 6 A 4 J 8 10 2 Q 10 5 A K 7 5 A 2 9 7

. . C++- . , . randomize() . stdlib.h, time.h 2 .

random() . . 0- 51- random (52) . , .

. .

206

.

//stringin.cpp #include const int max=80; void main() { char str[max]; cout > str; cout

207

. . C++- .

//safetyin.cpp #include #include const int max=20; void main() { char str[max]; cout > setw(max) >> str; cout

208

char str[]=Thou art too dear for my possessing; cout > var1 >> var2 >> var3;

.

15 25 35

209

. var1 15, var2 25, var3 35 . . space .

//blanksin.cpp #include const int max=80; void main() { char str[max]; cout

210

void main() { cout

211

{ char str1[]= ; char str2[max]; for (int j=0; j

212

void main() { char str1[]= ; char str2[max]; strcpy(str2, str1); cout

213

.

. , . . ( )

//strpart.cpp #include #include class part { private: char partname[30]; int partnumber; float cost; public: void setpart(char pname[], int pn, float c) {

214

strcpy(partname, pname); partnumber=pn; cost=c; } void showpart() { cout

215

C++-

. ,

str2=str1 .

. string .

//strobj.cpp #include #include const int sz=80; class String { private: char str[sz]; public: String() { str[0]=\0; } String(char s[]) { strcpy(str, s); } void display() { cout

216

void main() { String s1( !); String s2= !; String s3; cout

217

display , concat .

String s3( !); String s2= !; s3=s1; s3.concat(s2); cout

218

. , 10 3 , 7 . .

2 , . 4 , 7 ( 0 ). .

char Aimags1[ 3 ][ 11 ]= { , , - }; char *Aimags2[ 3 ]= { , , - };

. 7- . .

Aimags1[0][2] Aimags2[0][2]

.

.

Aimags1[0][2]

219

0 Aimags1 1- . 0*11 . Aimags1 11 . 2 2 3 .

2 .

Aimags2[0][2] 0 Aimags2

1- 0*4 . 4 . 2 2 .

220

. . , . . . . , 2 .

. .

. 0- null . string.h . 2 . .

221

77--

--

-- --

-- --

--

222

77--

Turbo C++ Borland C++-

. . .. , . .

Turbo C++- 2 .

. ( ) . IBM- .

CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA . ( ) , , , .

. .

223

, .

. 80 25 . ( 4025, 8043- ) cout . . .

, MS-DOS . UNIX , Turbo Borland C++- .

WWiinnddooww(())

conio.h . 4 , , , . . ( .)

224

. (scroll) .

, . .

//window.cpp #include #include const int len=500; class box { private: int left, top, right, bottom; char str[len]; public: box(int l, int t, int r, int b, char s[]) { left=l; top=t; right=r; bottom=b; strcpy(str, s); window(left, top, right, bottom); cputs(str); } void erase() { window(left, top, right, bottom); clrscr(); } }; void main()

225

{ clrscr(); char s1[]=The disk drive is jammed\n\r\ or on fire, or the CPU\n\r\ is flooded. Correct the\n\r\ situation and try again. \n\r\ Press Enter to continue: ; char s2[]=This is a string that will wrap at the\ right edge of the window, probably\ breaking words inappropriately in the\ process.; box a(25, 6, 55, 18, s1); getch(); a.erase(); box b(1, 1, 25, 10, s2); getch(); }

box 5

. 4 4 , .

ccppuuttss(()) cout-

. , . . cputs() .

226

\n . , 13- ( ), 10- ( ) 2 . , 2 . \n 13- . cputs() \n . \r 10- . \n\r .

ccllrrssccrr(()) clrscr()

. 2 . ( ) . box erase() .

2 , 2 . .

bbooxx

227

box . , . box . IBM- . .

//boxes.cpp #include #include const int LEFT=25; const int TOP=6; const int RIGHT=55; const int BOTTOM=18; const int LEN=500; class box { private: int left, top, right, bottom; char str[len]; int color; public: box() { left=LEFT; top=TOP; right=RIGHT; bottom=BOTTOM; color=WHITE; } box(int l, int t, int r, int b, int c=WHITE) { left=l; top=t; right=r; bottom=b; color=c; } void text(char s[]) { strcpy(str, s); } void draw();

228

void erase() { window(left, top, right, bottom); clrscr(); } }; void box::draw() { erase; window(left, top, right, bottom+1); int width=right-left+1; int height=bottom-top+1; textcolor(color); for (int j=1; j

229

clrscr(); box a; box b(1, 1, 31, 8, YELLOW); a.text(\The time, \ said the \n\r\ Duchess, \is surely ripe;\n\r\ make haste, lest seconds\n\r\ spoil.\); b.text(Should you continue \n\r\ along the preset path you\n\r\ risk investigation\n\r\ for felonious chicanery.); a.draw(); getch(); a.erase(); b.draw(); getch(); b.erase(); b.text(); b.draw(); getch(); }

box 2

. . , . text() . , , . draw() , erase() . draw() .

gotoxy() .

230

. , .

putch() . . .

5 5 . draw() textcolor() . .

0 BLACK() 1 BLUE() 2 GREEN() 3 CYAN() 4 RED() 5 MAGENTA() 6 BROWN() 7 LIGHTGRAY( ) 8 DARKGRAY( ) 9 LIGHTBLUE( ) 10 LIGHTGREEN( ) 11 LIGHTCYAN() 12 LIGHTRED( ) 13 LIGHTMAGENTA( ) 14 YELLOW() 15 WHITE()

128 BLINK()

231

. textbackground() . 8 .

draw() window() . , . bottom . . window() . . . Press any key to continue: 3 window() .

. 2000 (8025) 307200 (640480) . , .

232

graphics.lib Options Libraries linker- . .

. . ezball . set() , draw() . ball RAD .

//ezball.cpp #include #include const int RAD=75; class ball { private: int xCo, yCo; public: ball() { xCo=0; yCo=0; } void set(int x, int y) { xCo=x; yCo=y; } void Draw() { circle(xCo, yCo, RAD); } }; void main() { int driver, mode;

233

driver=DETECT; initgraph(&driver, &mode, C:\\BORLANDC\\BGI); ball b1; ball b2; ball b3; b1.set(320, 150); b2.set(255, 150); b3.set(385, 150); b1.draw(); b2.draw(); b3.draw(); getch(); closegraph(); }

iinniittggrraapphh(())

. initgraph() .

2 . , . . . .

234

initgraph() . . .

CGA CGA EGA EGA VGA VGA

graphics.h . EGA EGA VGA EGA, CGA, VGA .

. . .

CGAC0 320x200, 4 , 0 CGAC1 320x200, 4 , 1 CGAC2 320x200, 4 , 2 CGAC3 320x200, 4 , 3

CGA

CGAHI 640x200, 2 EGALO 640x200, 16

EGA EGAHI 640x350, 16

VGA VGALO 640x200, 16

235

VGAMED 640x350, 16 VGAHI 640x480, 16

. CGA 4 4 . EGA VGA . .

int driver=EGA; int mode=EGAHI; initgraph(&driver, &mode, c:\\borlandc\\bgi);

. DETECT . .

initgraph()

2 . , , & . .

,

236

. . 6- .

initgraph() 3

. . C++- {C++- } \BGI . (C++- C:\BORLANDC . C:\\BORLANDC \\BGI .) *.BGI . CGA CGA.BGI , EGA VGA EGAVGA.BGI .

. ( ) . ( \ ) C++- (\n ..) 2 , . C++- , . .

237

cciirrccllee(()) ball 3

, set() . draw() . draw() C++- circle() .

circle() 3 2 , 3 . RAD , xCo, yCo .

circle(xCo, yCo, RAD);

cclloosseeggrraapphh(())

. , .

, closegraph() .

238

. .

//colorbal.cpp #include #include const int RAD=75; class ball { private: int xCo, yCo; int linecolor; int fillcolor; public: ball() { xCo=0; yCo=0; linecolor=WHITE; fillcolor=WHITE; } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { xCo=x; yCo=y; linecolor=lc; fill color=fc; } void Draw() { setcolor(linecolor); setlinestyle(SOLID_LINE, 0, THICK_WIDTH); circle(xCo, yCo, RAD); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, fillcolor); floodfill(xCo, yCo, linecolor); } }; void main() { int driver, mode; driver=DETECT; initgraph(&driver, &mode, C:\\BORLANDC \\BGI);

239

ball b1; ball b2; ball b3; b1.set(100, 150, YELLOW, RED); b2.set(200, 150, YELLOW, GREEN); b3.set(300, 150, YELLOW, BLUE); b1.draw(); b2.draw(); b3.draw(); getch(); closegraph(); }

ball set()

4 . 2 , 2 . draw() .

setcolor(linecolor); setlinestyle(SOLID_LINE, 0, THICK_WIDTH); circle(xCo, yCo, RAD); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, fillcolor); floodfill(xCo, yCo, linecolor);

.

sseettccoolloorr(())

. line ()

240

, . .

EGA VGA 16 . . ball .

sseettlliinneessttyyllee(())

, . .

0 SOLID_LINE() 1 DOTTED_LINE() 2 CENTER_LINE( ) 3 DASHED_LINE() 4 USERBIT_LINE( )

. 4 . 0 . 3 .

0 NORM_WIDTH(1 ) 3 THICK_WIDTH(3 )

241

sseettffiillllssttyyllee(())

. . .

0 EMPTY_FILL() 1 SOLID_FILL() 2 LINE_FILL(---) 3 LTSLASH_FILL(///()) 4 SLASH_FILL(///()) 5 BKSLASH_FILL(\\\()) 6 LTBKSLASH_FILL(\\\()) 7 HATCH_FILL(+++) 8 XHATCH_FILL(XXX) 9 INTERLEAVE_FILL(3 ) 10 WIDE_DOT_FILL(. . . . .) 11 CLOSE_DOT_FILL(. . . . . . . . .) 12 USER_FILL()

2

. . 3 , , 3 .

ffllooooddffiillll(()) floodfill()

. setfillstyle() , .

242

4 . 4 . .

.

//restline.cpp #include #include const int w=75; class rect { private: int xCo, yCo; int linecolor; int fillcolor; public: rect() { xCo=0; yCo=0; linecolor=WHITE; fillcolor=WHITE; } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { xCo=x; yCo=y; linecolor=lc; fill color=fc; } void Draw() { setcolor(linecolor);

243

setlinestyle(SOLID_LINE, 0, THICK_WIDTH); rectangle(xCo-w, yCo-w, xCo+w, yCo+w); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, fillcolor); floodfill(xCo, yCo, linecolor); line(xCo-w, yCo+w, xCo+w, yCo-w); } }; void main() { int driver, mode; driver=DETECT; initgraph(&driver, &mode, C:\\BORLANDC \\BGI); rect r1; rect r2; rect r3; r1.set(80, 150, YELLOW, RED); r2.set(250, 150, YELLOW, GREEN); r3.set(420, 150, YELLOW, BLUE); r1.draw(); r2.draw(); r3.draw(); getch(); closegraph(); }

2

.

rreeccttaannggllee(()) .

4 .

rectangle(left, top, right, bottom);

244

lliinnee(()) 2 .

2 , 2 .

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

, ,

.

ball rect . fillpoly() .

//multshap.cpp #include #include const int w=75; class shape { protected: int xCo, yCo; int linecolor; int fillcolor; public: shape() {

245

xCo=0; yCo=0; linecolor=WHITE; fillcolor=WHITE; } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { xCo=x; yCo=y; linecolor=lc; fill color=fc; } void Draw() { setcolor(linecolor); setlinestyle(SOLID_LINE, 0, THICK_WIDTH); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, fillcolor); } }; class ball : public shape { public: ball() : shape() { } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { shape::set(x, y, lc, fc); } void Draw() { shape::draw(); circle(xCo, yCo, w); floodfill(xCo, yCo, linecolor); } }; class rect : public shape { public: rect() : shape() { } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { shape::set(x, y, lc, fc); } void Draw() { shape::draw(); rectangle(xCo-w, yCo-w, xCo+w, yCo+w); floodfill(xCo, yCo, linecolor);

246

moveto(xCo-w, yCo+w); lineto(xCo+w, yCo-w); } }; class tria : public shape { public: tria() : shape() { } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { shape::set(x, y, lc, fc); } void Draw() { int triarray[]={ xCo, yCo-w, xCo+w, yCo+w, xCo-w, yCo+w }; shape::draw(); fillpoly(3, triarray); } }; void main() { int driver, mode; driver=DETECT; initgraph(&driver, &mode, C:\\BORLANDC\\BGI); ball b1; rect r2; tria t3; b1.set(80, 150, YELLOW, RED); r2.set(250, 150, YELLOW, GREEN); t3.set(420, 150, YELLOW, BLUE); b1.draw(); r2.draw(); t3.draw(); getch(); closegraph(); }

247

sshhaappee 2 ball rect

. . set() draw() .( draw() .)

C++- . shape , ball rect . shape 2 .

tria

. shape . . .. . . , 4 .

int polyarray[]={x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4}

248

,

4 .

2 . . . ( , . )

fillpoly(4, polyarray);

2

. 2 3 , 3 4 . 4 1 , . . . drawpoly() .

. 3 777 . C++- .

249

3 . 4 . : , , , . . , , . .

//slot.cpp #include #include #include #include #include const int w=15; const int mar=10; class shape { protected: int xCo, yCo; int linecolor; int fillcolor; public: shape() { xCo=0; yCo=0; linecolor=WHITE; fillcolor=WHITE; } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { xCo=x; yCo=y; linecolor=lc; fill color=fc; } void draw()

250

{ setcolor(linecolor); setlinestyle(SOLID_LINE, 0, THICK_WIDTH); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, fillcolor); } }; class ball : public shape { public: ball() : shape() { } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { shape::set(x, y, lc, fc); } void draw() { shape::draw(); circle(xCo, yCo, w); floodfill(xCo, yCo, linecolor); } }; class rect : public shape { public: rect() : shape() { } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { shape::set(x, y, lc, fc); } void draw() { shape::draw(); rectangle(xCo-w, yCo-w, xCo+w, yCo+w); floodfill(xCo, yCo, linecolor); moveto(xCo-w, yCo+w); lineto(xCo+w, yCo-w); } }; class tria : public shape { public: tria() : shape()

251

{ } void set(int x, int y, int lc, int fc) { shape::set(x, y, lc, fc); } void draw() { int triarray[]={ xCo, yCo-w, xCo+w, yCo+w, xCo-w, yCo+w }; shape::draw(); fillpoly(3, triarray); } }; class noshape : public shape { public: void erase() { int border[]={ xCo-w-mar, yCo-w-mar, xCo+w+mar, yCo-w-mar, xCo+w+mar, yCo+w+mar, xCo-w-mar, yCo+w+mar }; setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, DARKGRAY); fillpoly(4, border); } }; class cherry : public ball, public noshape { public: cherry() : ball() { } void set(int x, int y) { ball::set(x, y, WHITE, RED); noshape::set(x, y, WHITE, RED); } void draw() { erase(); ball::draw(); } }; class grape : public ball, public noshape {

252

public: grape() : ball() { } void set(int x, int y) { ball::set(x, y, WHITE, BLUE); noshape::set(x, y, WHITE, BLUE); } void draw() { erase(); ball::draw(); } }; class square : public rect, public noshape { public: square() : rect() { } void set(int x, int y) { rect::set(x, y, WHITE, GREEN); noshape::set(x, y, WHITE, GREEN); } void draw() { erase(); rect::draw(); } }; class pyramid : public tria, public noshape { public: pyramid() : tria() { } void set(int x, int y) { tria::set(x, y, WHITE, GREEN); noshape::set(x, y, WHITE, GREEN); } void draw() { erase(); tria::draw(); } }; class wheel : public shape { private:

253

cherry ch; grape gr; square sq; pyramid py; public: wheel() { xCo=0; yCo=0; } void set(int x, int y) { xCo=x; yCo=y; ch.set(xCo, yCo); gr.set(xCo, yCo); sq.set(xCo, yCo); py.set(xCo, yCo); } void draw(); }; void wheel::draw() { setcolor(WHITE); rectangle(xCo-w-mar, yCo-w-mar, xCo+w+mar, yCo+w+mar); switch(random(4)) { case 0 : ch.draw(); break; case 1 : gr.draw(); break; case 2 : sq.draw(); break; case 3 : py.draw(); break; } } void main() { const int number=60; int driver, mode; driver=DETECT; initgraph(&driver, &mode, c:\\borlandc\\bgi); randomize(); wheel w1;

254

wheel w2; wheel w3; w1.set(100, 100); w2.set(160, 100); w3.set(220, 100); for (int j=0; j

255

set() .

void cherry::set(int x, int y) { ball::set(x, y, WHITE, RED); noshape::set(x, y, WHITE, RED); }

. . noshape . erase() .

ball . noshape . noshape shape .

wheel shape- . , .

wheel 3

. set() . wheel cherry, grape, square, pyramid

256

. set() , . draw() , . draw() , . , . , .

C++-

. : 1. 2. 3.

.

sound(100); delay(20); nosound(); dos.h

. sound()

. 15- 3000

257

. .

delay() . delay() . (1/1000 ) . .. delay(500) .

nosound() .

. . .

. , , , . .

258

gstring . . : , , , , , .

. .

//grast.cpp #include #include #include class gstring { protected: char str[80]; int xCo, yCo; int font; int direction; int size; int color; int horzjustify; int vertjustify; int multx, divx; int multy, divy; public: gstring() { str[0]=\0; xCo=0; yCo=0; font=DEFAULT_FONT; direction=HORIZ_DIR; size=4; color=WHITE;

259

horzjustify=LEFT_TEXT; vertjustify=TOP_TEXT; multx=1; divx=1; multy=1; divy=1; } void drawtext() { moveto(xCo, yCo); settextstyle(font, direction, size); setcolor(color); settextjustify(horzjustify, vertjustify); setusercharsize(multx,divx,multy,divy); outtext(str); } void settext(char s[]) { strcopy(str, s); } void setposition(int x, int y) { xCo=x; yCo=y; } void SetFont(int f) { font=f; } void SetDirection(int d) { Direction=d; } void SetSize(int s) { size=s; } void SetColor(int c) { color=c; } void SetHJust(int hj) { horzjustify=hj; } void SetVJust(int vj) { vertjustify=vj; } void SetHorzSize(int m, int d) { size=0; multx=m; divx=d; } void SetVertSize(int m, int d) { size=0; multy=m; divy=d; } }; void main() { int driver, mode; driver=DETECT; initgraph(&driver, &mode, c:\\borlandc\\bgi); gstring s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6;

260

s1.SetText( ); s2.SetText( ); s2.SetFont(GOTHIC_FONT); s2.SetPosition(0, 75); s3.SetText( ); s3.SetFont(SANS_SERIF_FONT); s3.SetPosition(600, 0); s3.SetDirection(VERT_DIR); s4.SetText( ); s4.SetFont(TRIPLEX_FONT); s4.SetPosition(300, 150); s4.SetHJust(CENTER_TEXT); s5.SetText( ); s5.SetFont(SANS_SERIF_FONT); s5.SetSize(6); s5.SetPosition(300, 225); s5.SetDirection(CENTER_TEXT); s6.SetText( ); s6.SetFont(TRIPLEX_FONT); s6.SetPosition(0, 300); s6.SetHorzSize(2, 3); s6.SetVertSize(4, 1); s1.drawText(); s2.drawText(); s3.drawText(); s4.drawText(); s5.drawText(); s6.drawText(); getch(); closegraph(); }

gsrting 6

.

261

. 2 sans_serif . 3 4 5 . 6 .

drawtext() . .

mmoovveettoo(()) C++

(Current Position) . . (0, 0) .

sseetttteexxttssttyyllee(()) ,

. C++ 5 .

DEFAULT_FONT TRIPLEX_FONT Times SMALL_FONT SANS_SERIF_FONT Helvetica GOTHIC_FONT

262

initgraph()- 3- . CHR . : TRIP.CHR Triplex , SANS.CHR Sans Serif Font .

2 HORIZ_DIR () VERT_DIR () . , .

. 1 2 1 2 .

sseetttteexxttjjuussttiiffyy(())

. , .

LEFT_TEXT

(. ) CENTER_TEXT

(. ) RIGHT_TEXT

(. )

TOP_TEXT

263

CENTER_TEXT

BOTTOM _TEXT

sseettuusseerrcchhaarrssiizzee(())

, . 0 . 4 . 4 . . : 2 5 2 5/2 ( 4 ) 10 . 2 .

oouutttteexxtt(())

. . .

264

C++-

2 . , . window() .

. initgraph() closegraph() .

C++- , , , , . , , , .

265

88--

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266

88--

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267

new delete , , .

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&&

. varaddr .

//varaddr.cpp #include void main() { int var1=11; int var2=22;

268

int var3=33; cout

269

8 .

. stack- ( ) . heap .

& & (4 ) .

. . , , . .

. .. int int- . .

//ptrvar.cpp #include void main() { int var1=11; int var2=22;

270

cout

271

Float* fptr;

var1 11

. ptr 0x8f4ffff4 .

. . , . . ptrvar

Ptr=&var1;

.

var1 .

. , ( ) , . . .

. ?.

272

. ptracc .

//ptracc.cpp #include void main() { int var1=11 ; int var2=22 ; int *ptr ; ptr=&var1 ; cout

273

//ptrto.cpp #include void main() { int var1, var2; int *ptr; ptr=&var1; *ptr=37; var2=*ptr; cout

274

VVOOIIDD

. . , int float . . void .

void *ptr;

.

//ptrvoid.cpp #include void main() { int intvar; float flovar; int *ptrint; float *ptrflo; void *ptrvoid; ptrint=&intvar; //ptrint=&flovar; // //ptrflo=&intvar; // ptrint=&flovar; ptrvoid=&intvar; ptrvoid=&flovar; }

275

Ptrvoid

.

. 8 . arrnote .

//arrnote.cpp #include void main() { int intarray[5]={31, 54, 77, 52, 93}; for (int j=0; j

276

//ptrnote.cpp #include void main() { int intarray[5]={31, 54, 77, 52, 93}; for (int j=0; j

277

. . Intarray intarray , . Intarray intarray++ 7++ ( windows . .). .

//ptrinc.cpp #include void main() { int intarray[5]={31, 54, 77, 52, 93}; int *ptrint; ptrint=intarray; for (int j=0; j

278

. . .

. .

//passref.cpp #include void main() { void centimize(double &); double var=10.0 cout

279

var=10 inches var=25.4 centimeters

.

//passptr.cpp #include void main() { void centimize(double *); double var=10.0 cout

280

5

. . .

//passarr.cpp #include const int max=5; void main() { void centimize(double *); double varray[max]={10.0, 43.1, 95.9, 59.7, 87.3}; centimize(varray); for (int j=0; j

281

*ptrd++ 2 ? , ? . . (++) (*) .

2 . 4 reforder

. 2 2 1 .

//ptrorder.cpp #include void main() { void order(int*, int*); int n1=99, n2=11; int n3:=22; n4:=88; order(&n1, &n2); order(&n3, &n4); cout

282

void order(int* numb1, int* numb2) { if (*numb1 > *numb2) { int temp=*numb1; *numb1=*numb2; *numb2=temp; } }

Order reforder

. .

n1=11; n2=99; n3=22; n4=88;

order ptrsort

.

//ptrsort.cpp #include void main() { void bsort(int*, int); const int N=10; int arr[N]={37,84,62,91,11,65,57,28,19,49}; bsort(arr, N); for (int j=0; j

283

void order(int*, int*) int j, k ; for (j=0; j < N-1; j++) for (k=j+1; k < n; k++) order(ptr+j, ptr+k); } void order(int* numb1, int* numb2) { if (*numb1 > *numb2) { int temp=*numb1; *numb1=*numb2; *numb2=temp; } }

.

11 19 28 37 49 57 62 65 84 91

char . .

2 .

284

//twostr.cpp #include void main() { char str1[]= ; char *str2= ; cout

285

.

//ptrstr.cpp #include void main() { void dispstr(char *); char str[]= ; dispstr(str); } void dispstr(char * ps) { cout

286

//copystr.cpp #include void main() { void copystr(char *, char *); char* str1= \ .; char str2[80]; copystr(str2, str1); cout

287

2 . const src . dest . copystr .

. .

5 . . .

.

//ptrtostr.cpp #include const int DAYS=7; void main() { char* arrptrs[DAYS]={, , , , , , } ; for (int j=0; j < DAYS; j++) cout

288

. , .

.. NNeeww DDeelleettee

. : Int arr[100] 100

200 , arr . . . :

cin >> size; int arr[size];

289

. .

NNEEWW

, . Newintro .

//newintro.cpp #include #include void main() { char *str= .; int len=strlen(str) ; char *ptr; ptr=new char[len+1]; strcpy(ptr, str); cout

290

strcpy .

DDEELLEETTEE new

, , . . delete .

Delete ptr;

ptr

, . , . .

. . .

NNeeww ssttrriinngg

New

. 7 string .

291

. .

//newstr.cpp #include #include class string { private: char* str; public: string(char* s) { int length=strlen(s) ; str=new char[length+1] ; strcpy(str, s); } ~string() { delete str; } void display() { cout

292

.

() , . () . . . .

. Distance dist .

. new . .

//englptr.cpp #include class Distance { private: int feet; float inches; public: void getdist() { cout

293

cin >> feet; cout > inches; } void showdist() { cout

294

distptr->getdist();

:

: 10 : 6.25 10-6.25 : 6 : 4.75 6 4.75

. person .

//ptrobjs.cpp #include class person { protected: char name[40]; public: void setName() { cout > name; } void printName() { cout

295

void main() { person* persPtr[100]; int n=0; char choice; do { persPtr[n]=new person; persPtr[n]-> setName(); n++; cout > choice; } while (choice==y); for (int j=0; j

296

persPtr[j]->getName();

.

. .

new

. , .

link , linked list . Link . .

//linklist.cpp #include struct link {

297

int data; link *next; }; class linklist { private: link *first; public: linklist() { first=NULL; } void additem(int d); void display(); }; void linklist::additem(int d) { link *newlink=new link; newlink-> data=d; newlink-> next=first; first=newlink; } void linklist::display() { link *current=first; while (current!=NULL) { cout next; } } void main() { linklist li; li.additem(25); li.additem(36); li.additem(49); li.additem(64);

298

li.display(); }

first NULL . .

Additem . ( ) .

link *newlink=new link;

link ,

newlink . . 2 . , first .

newlink->next=first; first=newlink;

. . next NULL . ,

cout

299

current=NULL

current=current->next .

.

64 49 36 25

. . .

.

link link . . . .:

Class sample { sample *ptr ; // sample obj ; //. }

300

LLiinnkklliisstt

. , link , , , , , .

linklist . , . . .

.

ptrobjs ptrsort order, bsort person .

//persort.cpp #include #include class person { protected: char name[40]; public: void setName() { cout

301

cin >> name; } void printName() { cout choice; } while (choice==y); cout

302

int j, k ; for (j=0; j < N-1; j++) for (k=j+1; k < n; k++) order(pp+j, pp+k); } void order(person* pp1, person* pp2) { if (strcmp((*pp1)->getName(), (*pp2)->getName()) > 0) { person* tempptr=*pp1; *pp1=*pp2; *pp2=tempptr; } }

100

. .

: Washington (y/n)? y : Adams (y/n)? y : Jefferson (y/n)? y : Madison (y/n)? n : Washington Adams Jefferson Madison : Adams Jefferson Madison Washington

303

. . .

bsort 2 . . person . . person , .

Order strcmp

2 .

0 2

, . ,

304

, new delete , . , . , . watch . , . .

.

. . . (&) .

. .. . (*) .

305

.

. .

. .

.

New , . . delete .

(->) .

. .

. int** ptr .

306

99--

--

307

99--

((SSttrreeaammss))

. . .

.

istream

>> ostream

308

cout, cin- . cout ostream_withassign . ostream_withassign ostream .

istream istream_withassign cin .

, iostream.h . fstream.h .

ios

. . ios streambuf .

istream ostream ios . istream >> -, ostream

309

.

,,

.

#include void main() { ofstream outfile("test.txt"); outfile

310

getline() . . \n . 3- .

.

,, , get(), put()

. :

. . . outfile.put(str[j]); . . . infile.get(ch); . . .

,, , .

.

#include class person { protected: char name[40]; int age; public: void getdata(void) { cout > name; cout > age; } };

311

void main() { person pers; pers.getdata(); ofstream outfile("person.dat"); outfile.write((char *)&pers, sizeof(pers)); }

write()

. . . sizeof .

. read() .

infile read((char *)&pers, sizeof(pers));

ffssttrreeaamm fstream

. .

. . . fstream file; file.open(person.dat,ios::app|ios::out|ios::in); file.write((char *)&pers, sizeof(pers)); . . . file.write((char *)&pers, sizeof(pers)); file.seekg(0); file.read((char *)&pers, sizeof(pers)); . . . if (!file.eof())

312

file.read((char *)&pe