C004 128 157 SN 895430 - Somerset Canyons...What is the plate tectonics theory? 3. What was Pangaea? 4. Identify the three types of plate boundaries and the relative motion associated

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The Theory of Plate TectonicsLesson 3

LA.7.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6, SC.7.E.6.4, SC.7.E.6.5, SC.7.E.6.7, SC.7.N.1.1, SC.7.N.1.5, SC.7.N.1.6

Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate.

State the problem that scientists had with seafloor spreading.

Define plate tectonics. Explain what the word tectonic means as part of your definition.

Identify the layers of Earth involved in plate movements. Describe how these layers interact.

Layer Descriptionconsists of the crust and the solid, uppermost mantle

Asthenosphere

Organize information about divergent plate boundaries. Use arrows to show how plates move relative to one another at this type of boundary.

Type of Boundary

Description Movement

Divergent

The Plate Tectonics

TheoryI found this on page .

I found this on page .


Plate Boundaries

NGSSS Check

What are the three types of plate boundaries? SC.7.E.6.5

134 Plate Tectonics

C004_128_157_SN_895430.indd Page 134 4/30/10 7:48:45 AM otherC004_128_157_SN_895430.indd Page 134 4/30/10 7:48:45 AM other /Volumes/116/GO00649/SCIENCE/FLORIDA/SE/MY_I-SCIENCE_NTBK/Course2/007_895430_.../Volumes/116/GO00649/SCIENCE/FLORIDA/SE/MY_I-SCIENCE_NTBK/Course2/007_895430_

Benchmark Practice

Inquiry LabChapter Review

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Lesson 3 | The Theory of Plate Tectonics (continued)

Model transform plate boundaries. Either write a description or illustrate this type of plate interaction. Include arrows to show the direction of movement. Label the plates and the structures that result from the collisions.

Transform Plate Boundaries

Continent-to-Continent Collision



Plate Tectonics 135


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Identify evidence for plate motion provided by plate tectonics.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Define convection, and give an example of convection you have experienced in your everyday life.

Definition:

Example:

Explain how convection occurs in the mantle by completing the sequence diagram.

elements heat the inside of Earth.

The is transferred from the

to the . currents form.

These currents in the asthenosphere move the above it.

In this way, move in response

to .

Evidence for

Plate TectonicsI found this on page .

Plate MotionI found this on page .


136 Plate Tectonics


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Describe the forces that cause plate motion.

Force DescriptionBasal drag

Ridge push

Slab pull

Identify four questions scientists have about plate tectonics.

1.

2.

3.

4.

What explanation can you offer for several volcanoes located in a line on the seafloor erupting over time to form islands?


A Theory in ProgressI found this on page .

Plate Tectonics 137


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Review

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Lab

Chapter Wrap-Up

Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned.

Use this checklist to help you study.

Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.

Study this chapter in your Notebook.

Study the definitions of vocabulary words.

Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.

Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.

Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.

THINK

ABOUT

IT!

Summarize It Reread the Think About It question and the lesson Key Concepts. Draw a world map showing how the continents might be arranged 100 million years from now. Label the landmasses on your map, and explain why you positioned them in the way that you did.

Challenge Suppose that you are designing a new scientific instrument to record or measure some geological data that previously could not be observed. Describe what your new super-technology could detect and how those discoveries might solve remaining mysteries of plate tectonics.

Plate Tectonics

138 Plate Tectonics


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.Inquiry Lab 6 Earth Structures

SC.7.E.6.4

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Movement of Plate Boundaries Earth’s surface is broken into 12 major tectonic plates. Wherever these plates touch, one of four things occurs. The plates might collide and crumple or fold, making moun-tains. One plate might subduct under another, forming volcanoes. They might move apart and form a mid-ocean ridge, or they may slide past each other, causing an earth-quake. This investigation models plate movements.

Question

What happens where two plates come together?

Materials

graham crackers waxed paper (four 10-cm × 10-cm squares)dropper frosting plastic spoon

Safety

Procedure

Part I

1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Obtain the materials from your teacher.

3. Break a graham cracker along the perforation line into two pieces.

4. Lay the pieces side by side on a piece of waxed paper.

5. Slide crackers in opposite directions so that the edges of the crackers rub together.

Part II

6. Place two new graham crackers side by side but not touching.

7. In the space between the crackers, add several drops of water.

8. Slide the crackers toward each other and observe what happens.

Part III

9. Place a spoonful of frosting on the waxed-paper square.

10. Place two graham crackers on top of the frosting so that they touch.

11. Push the crackers down and spread them apart in one motion.

Lab Tips

• Use fresh graham crackers.

• Slightly heat frosting to make more fluid for experiments.

Plate Tectonics 139


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Big Idea Lab continued

Analyze and Conclude

Part I

12. Analyze the movement of the crackers in each of your models.

13. What type of plate boundary do the crackers in this model represent?

14. What do the crumbs in the model represent?

15. Did you feel or hear anything when the crackers moved past each other? Explain.

16. How does this model simulate an earthquake?

Part II

17. What does the water in this model represent?

18. What type of plate boundary do the graham crackers in this model represent?

19. Why didn’t one graham cracker slide beneath the other in this model?

Part III

20. What type of plate boundary do the graham crackers in this model represent?

21. What does the frosting represent?

140 Plate Tectonics


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22. What shape does the frosting create when the crackers move?

23. What is the formation formed from the crackers and frosting?

Communicate Your Results

Create a flip book of one of the boundaries to show a classmate who was absent. Show how each boundary plate moves and the results of those movements.

Extension

Place a graham cracker and a piece of cardboard side by side. Slide the two pieces toward each other. What type of plate boundary does this model represent? How is this model different from the three that you observed in the lab?

Big Idea Lab continued

Remember to use scientific methods.

Ask a Question

Form a Hypothesis

Test your Hypothesis

Analyze and Conclude

Communicate Results

Make Observations

Plate Tectonics 141


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Big Idea Lab Notes

142 Plate Tectonics


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Note-taking

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Study Guide

Use VocabularyUse vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the sentences and answer the questions below.

1. The process in which hot mantle rises and cold mantle sinks is called .

2. What is the plate tectonics theory?

3. What was Pangaea?

4. Identify the three types of plate boundaries and the relative motion associated witheach type.

5. Magnetic reversals occur when .

6. Explain seafloor spreading in your own words.

Link Vocabulary and Key ConceptsUse vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the concept map below.

Plate Tectonics

transformmagnetic data on seafloor

mantle convection

forces

explains location of mountains

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

boundary typesevidence from

Plate Tectonics 143


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Understand Key Concepts Circle the correct answer below.

Chapter 4 Review

1. Alfred Wegener proposed the hypothesis. SC.7.E.6.5

A. continental driftB. plate tectonicsC. ridge pushD. seafloor spreading

2. Ocean crust is SC.7.E.6.5

A. made from submerged continents.B. magnetically produced crust.C. produced at the mid-ocean ridge.D. produced at all plate boundaries.

3. What technologies did scientists NOTuse to develop the theory of seafloor spreading? SC.7.N.1.6

A. echo-sounding measurementsB. GPS (global positioning system)C. magnetometer measurementsD. seafloor thickness measurements

4. The picture below shows Pangaea’s position on Earth approximately280 million years ago. Where did geologists discover glacial features associated with a cooler climate? SC.7.E.6.4

A. AntarcticaB. AsiaC. North AmericaD. South America

Pangaea

5. Mid-ocean ridges are associated with SC.7.E.6.5

A. convergent plate boundaries.B. divergent plate boundaries.C. hotspots.D. transform plate boundaries.

6. Two plates of equal density form mountain ranges along SC.7.E.6.5

A. continent-to-continent convergent boundaries.

B. ocean-to-continent convergent boundaries.

C. divergent boundaries.D. transform boundaries.

7. Which type of plate boundary is shown in the figure below? SC.7.E.6.5

A. convergent boundaryB. divergent boundaryC. subduction zoneD. transform boundary

8. What happens to Earth’s magnetic field over time? SC.7.E.6.4

A. It changes polarity.B. It continually strengthens.C. It stays the same.D. It weakens and eventually disappears.

9. Which of Earth’s outermost layers includes the crust and the upper mantle? SC.7.E.6.1

A. asthenosphereB. lithosphereC. mantleD. outer core

144 Plate Tectonics


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Chapter 4 Review continued

Critical ThinkingUse the lines below to respond to the following questions.

10. Evaluate The oldest seafloor in the Atlantic Ocean is located closest to the edge of continents, as shown in the image below. Explain how this age can be used to figure out when North America first began to separate from Europe. SC.7.E.6.5

Pangaea

11. Examine the evidence used to develop the theory of plate tectonics. How has new technology strengthened the theory? SC.7.N.1.5

12. Explain Sediments deposited by glaciers in Africa are surprising because Africa is now warm. How does the hypothesis of continental drift explain these deposits? SC.7.E.6.4

Plate Tectonics 145


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Critical ThinkingUse the lines below to respond to the following questions.

13. Draw a diagram to show subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate alonga convergent plate boundary. Explain why volcanoes form along this type of plate boundary. SC.7.E.6.5

14. Infer Warm peanut butter is easier to spread than cold peanut butter. How does knowing this help you understand why the mantle is able to deform in a plastic manner? SC.7.E.6.7

146 Plate Tectonics


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15. Predict If continents continue to move in the same direction over the next 200 million years, how might the appearance of landmasses change? Write a paragraph to explain the possible positions of landmasses in the future. Based on your understanding of the plate tectonic theory, is it possible that new supercontinents will form in the future? SC.7.E.6.7

Plate Tectonics 147


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Math Skills

16. What is the theory of plate tectonics? Distinguish between continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. What evidence was used to support the theory of plate tectonics? SC.7.E.6.5

17. Use the image on page 143 of your textbook to interpret how the theory of plate tectonics helps to explain formation of huge mountains like the Himalaya. SC.7.E.6.5

Use Proportions MA.6.A.3.6

18. Mountains on a convergent plate boundary may grow at a rate of 3 mm/y. How long would it take a mountain to grow to a height of 3,000 m? (1 m = 1,000 mm)

19. The North American Plate and the Pacific Plate have been sliding horizontally past each other along the San Andreas fault zone for about 10 million years. The plates move at an average rate of about 5 cm/y.

a. How far have the plates traveled, assuming a constant rate, during this time?

b. How far has the plate traveled in kilometers? (1 km = 100,000 cm)

Review the Big Idea

148 Plate Tectonics


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Mark your answer in the answer bubbles below each question.

Science Benchmark Practice

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Multiple ChoiceUse the diagram below to answer questions

1 and 2.

ArabianPlate

African Plate

Antarctic Plate

SouthAmerican

Plate

Scotia Plate

CaribbeanPlate

1 In the diagram above, what does the irreg-ular line between tectonic plates represent? SC.7.E.6.5

A abyssal plain

B island chain

C mid-ocean ridge

D polar axis

2 What do the arrows indicate? SC.7.E.6.5

F magnetic polarity

G ocean flow

H plate movement

I volcanic eruption

3 What evidence helped to support the theory of seafloor spreading? SC.7.E.6.5

A magnetic equality

B magnetic interference

C magnetic north

D magnetic polarity

4 Which plate tectonic process creates a deep ocean trench? SC.7.E.6.5

F conduction

G deduction

H induction

I subduction

5 What causes plate motion? SC.7.E.6.7

A convection in Earth’s mantle

B currents in Earth’s oceans

C reversal of Earth’s polarity

D rotation on Earth’s axis

6 Ocean basins will expand as new oceanic crust forms and moves away from a mid-ocean ridge during SC.7.E.6.7

F continental drift.

G magnetic reversal.

H normal polarity.

I seafloor spreading.

Use the diagram below to answer question 7.

Pangaea

7 What is the name of Alfred Wegener’s ancient supercontinent pictured in the diagram above? SC.7.E.6.5

A Caledonia

B continental drift

C Glossopteris

D Pangaea

Plate Tectonics 149


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NGSSS for Science Benchmark Practice continued

Use the diagram below to answer question 8.

Magma

Asthenosphere Asthenosphere

Oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge

1 2 3 4 5

8 The numbers in the diagram represent seafloor rock. Which represent the oldest rock? SC.7.E.6.5

F 1 and 5

G 2 and 4

H 3 and 4

I 4 and 5

9 Which part of the ocean basin contains the thickest sediment layer? SC.7.E.6.2

A abyssal plain

B deposition band

C mid-ocean ridge

D tectonic zone

10 What type of rock forms when lava cools and crystallizes on the seafloor? SC.7.E.6.2

F a fossil

G a glacier

H basalt

I magma

11 What is the dominant type of rock formed at mid-ocean ridges? SC.7.E.6.2

A granite

B basalt

C sediment

D sedimentary rock

Use the diagram below to answer questions 12 and 13.

12 According to the theory of plate tectonics, what is the source of the force that causes the plates to move? SC.7.E.6.7

F convection currents

G magnetic reversal

H normal polarity

I ridge push

13 What is the energy source that powers plate movement? SC.7.E.6.7

A slab pull

B less dense continents

C magma and lava

D Earth’s hot interior

150 Plate Tectonics


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Study Guide

Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.

Benchmark Mini-Assessment Chapter 4 | Lesson 1

NorthAmerica

BritishIsles

Scandinavia

Greenland

Eurasia

Africa

CaledonianMountains

AppalachianMountains

1. In the image above, what suggests that North America and Europe once were connected? SC.7.E.6.4

A The continents have the same fossils.

B The continents share the sameyear-round climate.

C The Appalachian and Caledonian mountain ranges connect.

D The rocks from the British Isles also exist in North America.

2. One continental portion of Pangaea became part of Asia. Which subcontinent joined Asia during the breakup of Pangaea? SC.7.E.6.4

F Africa

G Australia

H Europe

I India

Africa

India

Antarctica

Australia

SouthAmerica

3. What is happening in the image above? SC.7.E.6.5

A climate changes

B continental drift

C fossil formation

D glacial movement

4. According to Wegener’s theory, in which direction did the North American continental mass move? SC.7.E.6.4

F northeast

G northwest

H due north

I due west

Extend Your LearningTurn the page to Learn Out Loud

Plate Tectonics 151


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Think, Discuss, Share

From My Teacher

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Study Guide

Use the illustration below to answer questions 1–3.

L M N O P

1. At which point in the ocean-floor diagram above will the oldest rock be found? SC.7.E.6.3

A L

B M

C N

D O

2. At what point will sediment have made the seafloor smoothest? SC.7.E.6.7

F L

G N

H O

I P

3. At which point is the lithosphere the thinnest? SC.7.E.6.4

A M

B N

C O

D P

4. What evidence was found to support the theory of seafloor spreading? SC.7.E.6.5

F Earth’s magnetic field has reversed direction many times.

G Earth’s magnetic field has stayed the same for hundreds of years.

H More heat is released from beneath the abyssal plains than near mid-ocean ridges.

I The iron-rich minerals found on the seafloor have proved not to be magnetic.




Plate Tectonics 153


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Study Guide



Use the illustration below to answer questions 1 and 2.

DivergentboundaryConvergentboundaryPlate

boundary

NazcaPlate

NorthAmericanPlate

NorthAmericanPlateEurasian Plate

ArabianPlate

African Plate

Antarctic Plate

SouthAmericanPlate

Scotia Plate

PacificPlate

Pacific PlatePhilippinePlateCocos

Plate

CaribbeanPlate

Juande FucaPlate

Indo-AustralianPlate

1. At the boundaries of which plates would you expect to find volcanoes? SC.7.E.6.5

A African and Arabian Plates

B Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plates

C North American and Caribbean Plates

D Pacific and Nazca Plates

2. At the boundaries of which plates would you expect to find a rift? SC.7.E.6.5

F African and South American Plates

G Eurasian and African Plates

H Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plates

I Nazca and South American Plates

3. Which image shows a transform plate boundary? SC.7.E.6.5

A

Mid-ocean ridge Rift valley

LithosphereAsthenosphere

Oceanic crust

B Continental crust Continental

crust

Lithosphere

C

Deep ocean trench Volcanoes

Continental crust

Asthenosphere

Oceanic crust

Lithosphere

D

Mountains

Continental crust Lithosphere

Asthenosphere


Plate Tectonics 155


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C004 128 157 SN 895430 - Somerset Canyons...What is the plate tectonics theory? 3. What was Pangaea? 4. Identify the three types of plate boundaries and the relative motion associated