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8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/c01-introduction-by-mrs-rosemary-fernandez 1/18
Prentice Hall
Introductory Sociology
PowerPoint Slides, Version 2.0
Prepared by
Roger J. Eich, Ph.D.
Hawkeye Community College
Waterloo, Iowa
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/c01-introduction-by-mrs-rosemary-fernandez 2/18
• “...THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN
SOCIETY ”
– SYSTEMATIC
• SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE THAT FOCUSES
ATTENTION ON PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
– HUMAN SOCIETY
• GROUP BEHAVIOR IS PRIMARY FOCUS; HOW
GROUPS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS AND VICEVERSA
– AT THE “HEART OF SOCIOLOGY”
• THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE WHICH OFFERS
A RATHER UNIQUE VIEW OF SOCIETY
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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The Sociological Perspective
OBSERVATIONS ARE CERTAINLY
IMPACTED BY THE PERSONAL
PERSPECTIVES THROUGH WHICH
PEOPLE COME TO VIEW THE WORLD
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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• THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
– ALLOWS YOU TO START SEEING THE
GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR
• GENERAL CATEGORIES HELP SHAPE
INDIVIDUALS’ LIFE EXPERIENCES
• THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
–
ALLOWS YOU TO START SEEING THESTRANGE IN THE PARTICULAR
• SOCIAL FORCES GUIDE HUMAN THOUGHT AND
BEHAVIOR
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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• COMPELLING EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL FORCESACTING UPON HUMAN BEHAVIOR
– DURKHEIM’S STUDY OF SUICIDE
• MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT
– MALE PROTESTANTS WHO WERE WEALTHY
AND UNMARRIED HAD HIGHER SUICIDE RATES
• LESS LIKELY TO COMMIT
– MALES JEWS AND CATHOLICS WHO WERE
POOR AND MARRIED
• ONE OF THE BASIC FINDINGS: WHY?
– THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE GROUPS
HAD TO DO WITH “SOCIAL INTEGRATION”
• THOSE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES HAD LESS
CHANCE OF COMMITING SUICIDE
WOW! NOW THAT ISCOMPELLING!
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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OTHER WAYS SOCIOLOGY
ALLOWS US TO SEE ANEW
• SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MARGINALITY
– SOME PEOPLE CAN BE REFERRED TO AS “OUTSIDERS”
• NOT PART OF THE DOMINANT GROUP
– THE LARGER THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DOMINANT GROUP AND A
MARGINAL GROUP
• EASIER TO NOTICE MARGINALITY AND SUFFER FROM IT
• SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CRISIS
– CONFRONTING SOCIAL PROBLEMS ALLOWS PEOPLE TO LOOK BEYOND
THEIR OWN LIVES AND SEE HOW VARIOUS SYSTEMS IMPACT THEM
• IMPORTANCE OF THESE ITEMS
– THEY ALLOW US TO SEE BOTH THE SMALL AND THE LARGE PICTURE
• WE BEGIN TO APPRECIATE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MICRO AND MACRO
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE
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GLOBAL LINKAGE• SOCIOLOGY OFFERS STUDENTS THE
OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND THE GLOBALVILLAGE
– ALL SOCIETIES ARE INCREASINGLY CONNECTED
THROUGH TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
–
MANY SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY AMERICANS AREMORE SERIOUS ELSEWHERE
• IMMIGRANTS STILL SEE AMERICA AS A VISION OF HOPE AND
A LAND OF GREAT OPPORTUNITIES
– UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL ISSUES AND THE WORLD
AROUND AMERICA ALLOWS STUDENTS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES
• LEARNING TO SEE THE MANY SIMILARITIES
• ACCEPTING AND APPRECIATING THE DIFFERENCES
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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• CHALLENGES FAMILIARITY
– IDEALISM VERSUS REALITY OF SITUATIONS FOR
PEOPLE
•
BROADENS PERSONAL VIEWS – SEE OUR INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS AND POWERFUL
CONSTRAINTS
• EMPOWERS PEOPLE
– FORCES STUDENTS TO ENGAGE THE WORLD
• RECOGNIZES SOCIAL DIVERSITY
– UNDERSTANDING CAN LEAD TO ACCEPTANCE AND
TOLERANCE
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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THE DISCIPLINE’S ORIGINS• EARLY IN THE 19TH CENTURY, WESTERN
EUROPEAN SOCIETY EXPERIENCED MAJOR
CHANGES IN MANY SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
– SCIENCE REPLACING TRADITIONAL FORMS OF AUTHORITY
• GREAT AMOUNT OF CONFUSION, FEAR, AND CHAOS
• ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
– CAPITALISM CHANGING THE FACE OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
• EXTREME CHANGES IN FAMILY FORM; URBAN GROWTH
•
POLITICAL REVOLUTION – LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND BROTHERHOOD
• VIOLENCE, DISORDER, AND POLITICAL FIGHTS FOR CONTROL
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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P E
R S
O N A
LI
T I
E S
P E
R S
O N A
LI
T I
E S
P E
R S
O N A
L I
TI
E S
P E
R S
O N A
L I
TI
E S
• AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857)
– POSITIVISM; LAW OF THREE STAGES
• HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876)
– FOCUS ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS
• KARL MARX (1818-1883)
– CLASS CONFLICT; HUMAN STRUGGLE
• HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)
– SOCIAL DARWINISM
• EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)
– GROUP FORCES; SOCIAL INTEGRATION
•
JANE ADDAMS (1860-1933) – HULL HOUSE; SOCIAL WORK
• W.E.B. DU BOIS (1868-1963)
– PLIGHT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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SOCIAL PARADIGMSSOCIAL PARADIGMSSOCIAL PARADIGMSSOCIAL PARADIGMS•
THEORY: A STATEMENT OF HOW AND WHYFACTS ARE RELATED
• PARADIGM: A SET OF FUNDAMENTAL
ASSUMPTIONS THAT GUIDES THINKING
PEOPLE HOLD
DIFFERING OPINIONS
ABOUT THEIR SOCIALWORLD
WE ALL COME FROM
DIFFERENT SOCIAL
EXPERIENCES AND THEYBIAS OUR ASSUMPTIONS
U P W I T H
P E O P L E
D O W N W I T H P E O P L E
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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STRUCTURAL
-FUNCTIONALISM
• ASSUMPTION:
– MACRO-ORIENTED (LARGE-SCALE) PARADIGM
THAT VIEWS SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM
WHOSE PARTS WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE
SOCIAL STABILITY
• PRINCIPLES:
– SOCIAL STRUCTURE REFERS TO RELATIVELY
STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR – SOCIAL FUNCTION REFERS TO THE CONSEQUENCES
OF SOCIAL PATTERNS FOR SOCIETY• ROBERT K. MERTON’S THOUGHTS:
– MANIFEST, LATENT, AND DYSFUNCTIONS
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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• ASSUMPTION:
– ANOTHER MACRO-ORIENTED
PARADIGM, BUT THIS ONE VIEWS
SOCIETY AS A SYSTEM BASED ON
INEQUALITY AND CONFLICT
• PRINCIPLES:
– FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, SEX,
CLASS, AND AGE ARE LINKED TO
SOCIAL INEQUALITY – DOMINANT GROUP VS. MINORITY
GROUPS
• INCOMPATIBLE DIFFERENCES
• SETTING UP “SOCIAL
ROADBLOCKS” FOR OTHERS
8/6/2019 C01 Introduction by Mrs. Rosemary Fernandez
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• ASSUMPTION:
–
THE VIEW THAT SOCIETY IS THE PRODUCTOF EVERYDAY INTERACTIONS
• PRINCIPLES:
– SOCIETY IS A COMPLEX MOSAIC OF
UNDERSTANDING THAT EMERGES FROMTHE VERY PROCESS OF INTERACTING
• GOFFMAN’S DRAMATURGICAL ANALSYIS
• THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION IS A MICRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM,
WHICH MEANS IT IS EFFECTIVELY USED WHEN ATTEMPTING
TO UNDERSTAND SMALLER SCALE SOCIAL PHENOMENA
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