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DC (CE/SG) 144332/4© UCLES 2018 [Turn over
Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/23Paper 2 May/June 2018 1 hour 45 minutesCandidates answer on the Question Paper.No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer both questions.
Electronic calculators may be used.You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
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1 (a) The flow diagram shows part of the water cycle.
output
run-offoutput
input
channelfall
river channel
base flow
through-flow
overlandflow
percolation
infiltration
throughfallunimpeded
fall
soil storage
interception storage
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(i) Complete the flow diagram by labelling the four boxes. Use these terms:
evaporation groundwater storage precipitation surface storage [3]
(ii) State the meaning of the terms interception and infiltration.
interception ........................................................................................................................
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infiltration ...........................................................................................................................
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(b) The graph shows the effect of a rain storm on the flow of a river.
12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00
river flow/ m3 persecond
rainfall/ mm
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
day 1 day 2
time
Key
rainfall
river flow
(i) State the highest rainfall and the day and time at which it occurred.
highest rainfall ........................................................ mm
day and time ............................................................... [2]
(ii) State the highest river flow and the day and time at which it occurred.
highest river flow ....................................... m3 per second
day and time ............................................................... [2]
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(iii) Explain why there were several hours between the highest rainfall and the highest river flow. Use the flow diagram in (a) to help you.
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(iv) The river flowed through a village and a crop growing area. The river flooded when the flow reached 30 m3 per second.
Suggest three economic impacts of the flood.
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(v) Suggest two ways in which the risk of flooding from the river could be reduced.
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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(vi) After the flood, water remained on the fields for several weeks.
Explain how this led to an outbreak of malaria in the village.
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(c) The diagram compares climatic data and types of vegetation.
+32+28+24+20+16+12
+8+4
0–4–8
–12–16
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
mean annualtemperature
/ °C
mean annual precipitation / mm
desertsavanna
grassland tropical rainforest
taiga
tundra
(i) State the type of vegetation that has a mean annual precipitation range of 400 to 2500 mm and a mean annual temperature range of +2 to +18 °C.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the mean annual precipitation range and mean annual temperature range for a desert.
mean annual precipitation range ........................................................ mm
mean annual temperature range .......................................................... °C [1]
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(iii) Using data from the diagram in (c), describe the climate in the tundra.
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(iv) Describe typical tundra vegetation.
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(v) Savanna ecosystems are at risk. Describe strategies for conserving the biodiversity of the savanna.
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(d) (i) The table shows water use in a country.
water use percentage key
agriculture 69
domestic 22
industry 9
Complete the key column of the table and the pie graph using the data in the table.
010
20
30
4050
60
70
80
90
[2]
(ii) State the main use of water in agriculture.
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(iii) There are many competing demands for water.
Suggest how competing demands for water can be managed.
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2 (a) The graph shows worldwide electricity generation from renewable sources from 1971 to 2011.
300
250
200
150
100
50
01971 1981 1991
year
2001 2011
biofuel and waste
hydro-electric power (HEP)
geothermalsolar, wind and tidal
electricitygeneration
/ million tonnesof oil equivalent
(i) State the renewable energy source that increased the most from 1971 to 2011.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the increase in electricity generation for hydro-electric power (HEP) from 1971 to 2011.
.......... million tonnes of oil equivalent [1]
(iii) Explain why there has been an increase in the use of renewable energy sources since 1971.
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(iv) Suggest two reasons why geothermal energy generation is very low.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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(b) Nuclear power is used to generate much more electricity than all the renewable sources. The percentage of electricity generated using nuclear power in some countries is shown on the graph.
(i) Complete the graph using the data in the table.
China India UK SouthKorea
country
Sweden France0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
percentageof electricityfrom nuclear
power
country percentage of electricity from nuclear power
India 4
South Korea 30
[1]
(ii) Calculate the percentage of electricity generated in France from sources other than nuclear.
....................................................... % [1]
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(iii) Suggest reasons why some countries generate a much larger percentage of their electricity from nuclear power than other countries.
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(iv) State one environmental reason for, and one environmental reason against, nuclear power.
for ......................................................................................................................................
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against ...............................................................................................................................
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(c) The map shows the location of ten major bauxite producing countries. Bauxite is the ore from which aluminium is obtained. The circles show the amount of bauxite mined in million tonnes per year.
Equator
Tropic ofCapricorn
Tropic ofCancer
Key
5 15 25 50
bauxite mined per year / million tonnes
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICASOUTH
AMERICA
EUROPEEUROPE
AFRICAAFRICA
ASIA
ChinaChina
India
Australia
VenezuelaVenezuela SurinamSuriname
BrazilBrazilGuineaGuinea
KazakhstanKazakhstan
Russia
JamaicaJamaica
(i) State the country which produces the largest amount of bauxite per year.
............................................................[1]
(ii) Describe the distribution of bauxite mining shown on the map.
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(iii) Bauxite is mined using the open-pit (opencast) method.
Briefly describe this mining method.
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(iv) Open-pit mining causes environmental problems.
Describe how these problems can be overcome.
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(d) The table shows the top ten aluminium producing countries in 2015.
country aluminium production
/ million tonnes
Australia 1.65
Bahrain 0.96
Canada 2.90
China 32.00
Iceland 0.82
India 2.35
Norway 1.32
Russia 3.50
United Arab Emirates (UAE) 2.30
USA 1.60
(i) Place the top five countries in rank order of aluminium production. The first one has been done for you.
rank country
1 China
2 .................................
3 .................................
4 .................................
5 ................................. [2]
(ii) In 2015, the total world production of aluminium was 57.8 million tonnes.
Calculate the percentage of the world total produced in China. Circle the correct answer.
45% 50% 55% 60% 65% [1]
(iii) Using the information in part (c) and part (d), state how many of the ten major bauxite producing countries are also top ten aluminium producing countries.
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(e) Producing aluminium from bauxite requires a great deal of energy, so cheap energy is important for companies producing aluminium. Countries such as Canada and Norway have large amounts of cheap HEP available. Iceland has cheap geothermal energy. Some countries such as USA, Bahrain and UAE have cheap natural gas in large quantities. The other large producers of aluminium use cheap coal to generate electricity.
(i) Using the information in part (d) and (e), state one country that uses electricity generated from coal to produce aluminium.
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(ii) State which aluminium producing countries use electricity generated from renewable resources.
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(iii) Explain why using large amounts of coal to generate electricity damages the environment.
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Question 2(f) starts on page 16
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
(f) ‘Recycling will solve the problems of depletion of resources and atmospheric pollution.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
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