Camera Handling and Shooting Techniques -Interaction between camera and reporter is very important -Reporter must explain scene/Shots to the Cameraman -Always plan your shoot: Discuss the story and make a tentative list of shots -Check the audio: There two audio channels (General Sound, Background Sound) -Shoot Enough cut-aways ; anticipate shoots and events -Duration of each shot should be 7-10 sec. -Hold your shots: Avoid excessive panning and zooming -Sequence of the shots: Wide-Mid-Close up- Extreme Close up -Dont jump over shots- Use cut away shot if jump is necessary -Close up- Main Objects -Big Close up- Extreme Close up: Helps in reading expressions: Forehead to Chin usually used in SOT/Thematic Interview, Vox-Pop -News Package: Excessive zooming is not recommended. Camera Handling and Shooting Techniques -Pan: Horizontal move Tilt: Vertical move of camera -Documentary: 50% close 25% Mid 25% Wide -Framing and Composing: angels of object above, below, right, left, centralized -Depth in background is highly recommended -Obstacle behind the subject for instance tree will make the background dead Camera Handling and Shooting Techniques -Depth of Field: Objects can be used in the background, give viewer a sense of depth, should not block the eye. -Wide angle shot will provide a much better depth Camera Handling and Shooting Techniques Depth of Field Head/Nose Room: -Space for the head in interview and soundbites in frame, minimal head room for Big Close Up shots -Nose room where subject is looking, maintain 2/3 subject- screen ratio -Mic must be 5-6 inch away from speaker -Change positions to have different frames -Subject must look at reporters 1. Too much 2. Appropriate 3. Too Less Nose Room -Dont shoot everything from eye level -Odd/Different angle shots: apart from usual shots -Create your own shots -Close up shots/depth in expressions -Get people in your scenes: Human element, moving picture -Tripod is equally important for static shots, avoid jerks Camera Handling and Shooting Techniques Rule of 180 Lighting & Camera -Avoid high contrast in high lighting situation (High light/Sun light) -Avoid White background -Subject has to be in front of camera -If subject is against lighting increase aperture or make a shadow with the hand -Switch from auto to manual exposure Camera Shots -A long shot contains landscape but gives the viewer a more specific idea of setting. A long shot may show the viewers the building where the action will take place. -A medium shot contains the characters or a character from the waist up. From this shot, viewers can see the characters' faces more clearly as well as their interaction with other characters. This is also known as a social shot -A close-up contains just one character's face. This enables viewers to understand the actor's emotions and also allows them to feel empathy for the character. This is also known as a personal shot. -An extreme close-up contains one part of a character's face or other object. This technique is quite common in horror films, particularly the example above. This type of shot creates an intense mood and provides interaction between the audience and the viewer... Camera Angles -A bird's eye angle is an angle that looks directly down upon a scene. This angle is often used as an establishing angle, along with an extreme long shot, to establish setting. -A high angle a camera angle that looks down upon a subject. A character shot with a high angle will look vulnerable or small. These angles are often used to demonstrate to the audience a perspective of a particular character. The example above demonstrates to us the perspective or point of view of a vampire. As a viewer we can understand that the vampire feels powerful. -An eye-level angle puts the audience on an equal footing with the character/s. This is the most commonly used angle in most films as it allows the viewers to feel comfortable with the characters. -A low angle is a camera angle that looks up at a character. This is the opposite of a high angle and makes a character look more powerful. This can make the audience feel vulnerable and small by looking up at the character. This can help the responder feel empathy if they are viewing the frame from another character's point of view. Camera Movements Composers of films also use camera movement to shape meaning. The following are some examples of common camera movements and how they can be used to shape meaning in films. -A crane shot is often used by composers of films to signify the end of a film or scene. The effect is achieved by the camera being put on a crane that can move upwards -A tracking shot and a dolly shot have the same effect. A tracking shot moves on tracks and a dolly shot is mounted on a trolley to achieve the effect in the example above. This camera movement is used in a number of ways but is most commonly used to explore a room such as a restaurant. By using a tracking shot or a dolly shot the composer of a film gives the viewer a detailed tour of a situation. It can also be used to follow a character. -Panning is used to give the viewer a panoramic view of a set or setting (Horizontal movement of camera). This can be used to establish a scene -Tilting Vertical movement of camera. -Tilt up: Camera Moves Up -Tilt Down: Camera Moves down Television News Recorded Television Report: Reporter: Does research on the assigned report, consult resources and prepares the draft for news report Script Editor: Checks for Language, Factual Accuracy News Director: Finally gives the approval for news report Reporting team reaches location, records the report and brings it back to studio for editing Once report is finalized and approved, finalized copy is then sent for broadcasting Live Reporting Live Reporting and News Gather is enabled through DSNG (Digital Satellite News Gathering) or OB Van (Outdoor Broadcasting Van). Outside broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production of television programs from a mobile remote broadcast television studio. Professional Video Camera and microphone signals are received into the OB van for processing, recording and possibly transmission. The mobile Production Control Room (PCR) is known as a production truck. DSNG Production Control in OB van Television Team (Cast & Crew) Television Crew Technical Team (Cameramen, Audio Engineer, Videographer..) Content Team (Researcher, Script Writer, Screen Play Writer, Dialog Writer) Television Cast Host, Performers, Actors, Speakers, Facilitators, Artists Pre-Production Team Location manager: Does research regarding location, responsible for making arrangements related to location.. Make-up artist: Provides make up services to artists Researcher: Researches about the given subject Script Writer: Develops the initial story line, develops it into script, Finalizes the content related to program Set designer: Responsible for designing set inside studio according to the demand of production team Screenplay writer: Adapts the script for screen, develop the content to make it suitable for screen Dialog Writer: Writes the dialogs, exact content to be spoken/narrated on screen by performers Production Team Boom Mic operator: Boom Mic is attached to a pole, The principal responsibility of the operator is microphone placement, to hold the microphone as close to the actors or action as possible without allowing the microphone or boom pole to enter the camera's frame Boom Mic Production Team Camera Team: Camera Team includes a chief cameraman and various camera persons depending on the camera set, camera team records all the action of the floor. Production Team Jib Operator: A jib is useful for getting high shots, or shots which need to move a great distance horizontally or vertically, without the expense and safety issues of putting a camera operator on a crane for a crane shot or laying track for a camera dolly. Production Team Floor manager: A floor manager is a member of the crew of a television show. The floor manager is responsible for giving information from the director in the control room, to the crew on the studio floor, and then back to the director. Master Control Room Manager: Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks. A master control room would comprise of following equipment: Video monitors Videotape machines (used to record the live broadcast) Video servers Satellite receivers Transmission equipment (that allows over-the-air transmission from studio to TV networks) Production Team Executive Producer: The role of the Executive Producer is to oversee the work on behalf of the studio. They will ensure the program is completed on time, within budget, and to agreed artistic and technical standards. Senior Producers: Overseeing team members and delegating tasks Devising timescales and ensuring projects stay within a designated budget Structuring projects and devising efficient processes Signing-off work and checking it is of the highest quality Providing knowledgeable creative input to all campaigns Production Team Associate Producers: Often referred to as the 'AP', an Associate Producer generally assists the producer in putting the TV program or film together. Duties may include writing, editing, organizing scripts, running the teleprompter in news casts, or helping the editor by making beat calls. Stages of Production-Pre Production The Key Steps in Pre-Production: Idea Generation Research Development of Concept Approval of the Idea Script Writing/Story Lines are crafted Breakdown the Script/Shooting List Make a Rough Schedule Pre Production Cont Set Designing/Set Construction Confirm Locations/Location Recce Budget Your Shoot Hire Talent and Crew Lock the Schedule Dry Rehearsals/Dress Rehearsals Checking availability & booking of Equipment Booking of editing shifts Production Stage Production is the actual taping of the TV show or shoot. Cast and crew are assembled, and the director will orchestrate the taping and work to shoot as quickly as possible. Production may take place in a studio or on location. Location shooting is almost always more work, as production equipment needs to be brought to the location along with the cast and crew. Most TV shows prefer to use established sets since this makes the production process easier. Post-Production Post-Production involves: Video editing Audio-Visual Treatment of the content Sound editing and mixing Dubbing Visual effects Computer-generated graphics Preparing Program promos and Press Ads. Introduction to Advertising Defining Advertising: Advertising is paid communication through a non-personal medium in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled. Advertising & Society Advantages: It provides information about the product. Advertising help people to make a quick selection. Advertising help to increases the standard of living. Advertising provides wide choice to consumers Advertising helps to fix the prices by creating competition among various brands. Advertising dispels wrong impressions by providing information about various things. Advertising supports media as it is the primary source of income. Advertising helps to create awareness in the society through public service messages. Advertising also has an entertainment value. When it comes to competition Role of an advertising agency What are we selling? -- An analysis of the product or service in relation to competition. This includes not only tangibles, such as price, size, etc, but also intangibles such as the attitudes and feelings engendered in the consumer from exposure to the product/service. To whom are we selling it? -- Development of a consumer profile age, sex, socio-economic group, geographical location, etc. Why are we selling it? --What particular need or want does the product address. Where are we selling it? ---What media will be most appropriate TV, newspapers, magazines, radio, etc. When are we selling it? Are there certain times of the day, days of the week, and months of the year when it is more effective to advertise? Agency Structure While advertising agencies are fairly adept at tailoring their structure to the needs of specific clients How Advertising Agency Works Agency Structure While advertising agencies are fairly adept at tailoring their structure to the needs of specific clients, a full-service advertising agency involves four main departments. Account Service Creative Services Media Planning and Buying Account Planning and Research PR-Management, Practice, Process and Communication Public Relations is influencing behavior to achieve objectives through the effective management of Relationships and Communication. Deliberate: PR activity is intentional. It is designed to influence, gain understanding, provide information and obtain feedback. Planned: Organized activity, Solution to the problem Introduction Performance: Publicizing, support for Community concerns Public Interest: Should be beneficial to organizations and its publics Two Way Communication: Disseminate Information, Solicit feedback Management Function: Strategic and Integral part of Decision Making Functions Research and Analysis: concern, problem, situation Policy Formulation: Recommendations, Possible action taken Programming: Communication programs, objectives, audience, strategy, timeline Communication: Press Release, News letter, Campaign, Conference, Event Feedback: Attitudes, Opinions, sales go up, organization enhance reputation Assessment: Evaluations, Efforts, Issues, Opportunities Process of Public Relations Online Journalism Online journalism is journalism more or less produced for the World Wide Web (unlike print, radio and television journalism).It exploits the unique characteristics of the Internet. A network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world. Features of Online Journalism USER PARTICIPATION -Sources Experts, Direct Public Account -Interactivity/ Audience Feedback -Increased Audience Feedback -Interactive News -Ability of the audience to register their feedback -Ability to share the news Features of Online Journalism -User Generated Content -Use YouTube channels -Do-it-Yourself Guides -Crowd Sourcing -Crowdsourcing is the process of getting work or funding, usually online, from a crowd of people. The word is a combination of the words 'crowd' and 'outsourcing'. The idea is to take work and outsource it to a crowd of workers. Famous Example: Wikipedia. -Revolution of Online Journalism through Mobile Devices -In-Built Camera, (Image and Videography Facility) -Downloadable User Friendly Editing Tools -Mobile Apps Key Terms: Online Journalism -Online Story Package an online news story that uses multiple media (text, photos, video, audio, graphics) working together to tell a story. -Information Graphic (Infographic) a visual representation (graphs, charts, timelines, etc.) used to make facts or concepts easier to understand. -Sidebar Story a secondary article that accompanies a main story, usually focusing in more depth on a person or topic from the main story. -Supporting Text text elements in an online story package that help explain or tie together multimedia elements. Key Terms: Online Journalism -SRSS: Speed-Read-Summary-Statements to get the attention of the -Search Operators keystrokes and characters that allow online keyword searches to be more specific and productive. -Database a collection of data (usually digital) organized so it can be easily accessed and sorted. -Hyperlink a photo, graphic, piece of text or other HTML object formatted to allow users to click through to another document. -Rule of Thirds a practice in shooting video that divides the frame into imaginary vertical and horizontal thirds, then lining subjects up along the points where those lines intersect. -Rendering the process of converting a video project into a finished movie.