Canaanite languagesThe Canaanite languages are a subfamily of
the Semiticlanguages, which were spoken by the ancient
peo-plesoftheCanaanregion, theCanaanites(includingthe Israelites
and Phoenicians), Amorites, Ammonites,Moabites, Edomites, and
Carthaginians. All of themseem to have become extinct as native
languages by theearly 1st millennium CE (although it is uncertain
howlong Punic survived), although distinct forms of Hebrewremained
in continuous literary and religious use amongJews and Samaritans.
This family of languages has thedistinction of being the rst group
of languages to use analphabet, derived from the Proto-Canaanite
alphabet, torecord their writings.The Phoenician and Carthaginian
expansion spread thePhoenician language and its Punic dialect to
the WesternMediterranean for a time, but there too it died out,
al-though it seems to have survived slightly longer than
inPhoenicia itself.Modern Hebrew as a spoken language is the result
of arevival by Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries in an ef-fort
spearheaded by Eliezer Ben Yehuda. It is currentlyspoken as the
colloquial language by the majority of theIsraeli population.1
ClassicationA part of the Classication of Semitic languagesHebrew
and Phoenician are the two major branches ofthe subfamily. The
Canaanite languages, together withthe Aramaic languages and
Ugaritic, form the NorthwestSemitic genealogical subgroup. Eorts of
classicationare complicated by the fact that some language
varietiesthought to be Canaanite or closely related thereto
havefewor no extant texts written in them, such as the
Amoritelanguage.Phoenician extinctPunic extinctPhilistine Semitic,
also known as Ekronite - not to beconfused with the pre-Semitic
Philistine language.It is attested by several dozen inscriptions in
Phoeni-cian script scattered along Israels southwest
coast.HebrewAmmoniteextinct Hebraicdialect oftheAmmonite people
mentioned in the Bible (nota distinct language[2])Moabite extinct
Hebraic dialect of theMoabite people mentioned in the Bible (not
adistinct language[3])Edomite extinct Hebraic dialect of theEdomite
people mentioned in the Bible (nota distinct language[4])Biblical
Hebrew extinct Hebraic dialect ofthe ancient Jewish Israelites.
Literary, poet-ical, liturgical; also known as Classical He-brew,
the oldest form of the language attestedin writing. The original
pronunciation of Bib-lical
Hebrewisonlyaccessiblethroughre-construction. There are dierent
pronuncia-tions traditions associated with dierent di-aspora
groups, inuenced by vernacular lan-guages spoken locally, which are
listed below. Tiberian Hebrew Masoretic schol-ars living in the
Jewish community ofTiberias in Palestine c. 750-950 CE.Mizrahi
Hebrew Mizrahi Jews,liturgicalYemenite Hebrew Yemenite
Jews,liturgicalSephardi Hebrew Sephardi Jews,liturgicalAshkenazi
Hebrew AshkenaziJews, liturgicalMishnaic Hebrew (Rabbinical Hebrew)
Jews, liturgical, rabbinical, any of the He-brew dialects found in
the Talmud.Medieval Hebrew Jews, liturgical,poetical, rabbinical,
scientic, liter-ary;
linguafrancabasedonBible,Mishnaandneologismsformscre-ated by
translators and commentatorsHaskala Hebrew Jews, scientic,literary
andjournalistic languagebased on Biblical but enriched
withneologisms created by writers andjournalists, a transition to
the laterModern Hebrew Transformationand enlargement of the former
intoa spoken language which, in turnemerged as the new
contemporaryIsraeli HebrewIsraeli Hebrew Israelis (Jews,Samaritans
and others), the mainlanguage of the State of Israel,revived12 6
EXTERNAL LINKSAncient Samaritan Hebrew extinct dialectspoken by the
ancient Samaritan IsraelitesSamaritan Hebrew Samaritans,
liturgi-cal2 Distinctive featuresSome distinctive typological
features of Canaanite in re-lation to Aramaic are:The prex h- used
as the denite article (whereasAramaic has a postxed -a). This seems
to be aninnovation of Canaanite.The rst person pronoun being nk (
anok(i), ver-sus Aramaic n/ny) which is similar to Akkadian,Ancient
Egyptian and Berber.The * > vowel shift (Canaanite shift).3
Canaanite textsSee also: Ancient Hebrew writingsThe main sources
for study of Canaanite languages arethe Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), and
inscriptions such as:in Moabite: Mesha Stele, El-Kerak Stelain
Biblical Hebrew: Gezer calendar, KhirbetQeiyafa pottery sherdin
Phoenician: Ahiramsarcophagus inscription, sar-cophagus of
Eshmunazar,[5] Kilamuwa inscription,the Byblos inscriptionin later
Punic:in Plautus' play Poenulus at the be-ginning of the fth
act.The Deir Alla Inscription is written in a dialect withAramaic
and South Canaanite characteristics, which isclassied as Canaanite
in Hetzron.Theextra-biblical Canaaniteinscriptionsaregatheredalong
with Aramaic inscriptions in editions of the book"Kanaanische und
Aramische Inschriften", from whichthey may be referenced as KAI n
(for a number n); forexample, the Mesha Stele is "KAI 181".4 See
alsoNorthwest Semitic languagesUgaritic language5 References[1]
Nordho, Sebastian; Hammarstrm, Harald; Forkel,Robert; Haspelmath,
Martin, eds. (2013). Canaanite.Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck
Institute for EvolutionaryAnthropology.[2] HaraldHammarstrm, Robert
Forkel, MartinHaspel-math, and Sebastian Nordho (eds.). Language:
Am-monite. Glottolog 2.3. Retrieved 11 November 2014.[3]
HaraldHammarstrm, Robert Forkel, MartinHaspel-math, and Sebastian
Nordho (eds.). Language:Moabite. Glottolog 2.3. Retrieved 11
November 2014.[4] HaraldHammarstrm, Robert Forkel,
MartinHaspel-math, and Sebastian Nordho (eds.). Language:Edomite.
Glottolog 2.3. Retrieved 11 November 2014.[5]The Semitic Languages.
Routledge Language FamilyDescriptions. Edited by Robert Hetzron.
New York:Routledge, 1997.Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume
(2012). Aneglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonicyod to
a following coronal in North-West Semitic.Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies75.1: 135145.
doi:10.1017/s0041977x11001261.6 External linksSome West Semitic
InscriptionsHow the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs Bib-lical
Archaeology Review37 Text and image sources, contributors, and
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