CANCER Cells can lose control of cell division & growth or cell death Cells can lose control of cell...
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CANCER Cells can lose control of cell division & growth or cell death Cells can lose control of cell division & growth or cell death If they grow unchecked,
CANCER Cells can lose control of cell division & growth or
cell death Cells can lose control of cell division & growth or
cell death If they grow unchecked, they form tumours If they grow
unchecked, they form tumours
Slide 3
TUMOURS Tumours are groups of cells Tumours are groups of cells
can be benign or malignant Benign tumours divide for a period then
stop. They can be removed by surgical or laser methods Benign
tumours divide for a period then stop. They can be removed by
surgical or laser methods Malignant tumours never stop dividing,
they cause angiogenesis (blood vessels grow into them). This
provides them food and oxygen to allow them to keep growing. It
also allows the cancer to spread. Malignant tumours never stop
dividing, they cause angiogenesis (blood vessels grow into them).
This provides them food and oxygen to allow them to keep growing.
It also allows the cancer to spread.
Slide 4
CANCER Cancers Cancers begin as a primary tumour. However,
cells break away from the primary tumour and - travelling in blood
and lymph - establish metastasesmetastases metastases metastasesin
other locations of the body. Many Many tumours is more difficult to
target treatment then a single tumour.
Slide 5
Cancer Statistics
Slide 6
Scottish Statistics
Slide 7
Cancers follow from faulty (mutated) genes Faulty genes can be
inherited Faulty genes can be inherited Exposure to agents which
damage DNA increase the chances of a mutation occurring e.g
Exposure to agents which damage DNA increase the chances of a
mutation occurring e.g Chemicals e.g. cigarette smoke Radiation e.g
UV, Xray, Gamma rays In addition, damage to repair and checking
systems will increase the chances of cancer In addition, damage to
repair and checking systems will increase the chances of
cancer
Slide 8
CAUSES OF CANCER The The development of cancer is associated
with a variety of risk factors Tobacco Tobacco Sunlight Sunlight
(UV irradiation) Body Body weight Physical Physical activity Diet
Diet Hormones Hormones Occupations Occupations Infections
Slide 9
Tobacco
Slide 10
Sunlight Exposure
Slide 11
Diet
Slide 12
Body Weight
Slide 13
Physical Activity
Slide 14
Hormones
Slide 15
Occupation
Slide 16
Infection
Slide 17
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8102621.s tm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8102621.s tm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8102621.s tm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8102621.s tm In fact, scientists
estimate about a third of the most common cancers could be
prevented if people ate healthily, maintained a healthy weight and
were regularly physically active In fact, scientists estimate about
a third of the most common cancers could be prevented if people ate
healthily, maintained a healthy weight and were regularly
physically active
Slide 18
2 sets of genes control cell division: Proliferation genes
(proto- oncogenes) speed it up Tumour suppressor
(anti-proliferation) genes slow it down Cancer, uncontrolled cell
division, can result from too much speeding or too little
slowing.
Slide 19
GENE MUTATIONS When When proto-oncogenes become mutated they
are called ONCOGENES. An An oncogene is similar to its non-mutated
counterpart, but it is more active or produced in an unregulated
way. ONCOGENES ONCOGENES STIMULATE CELL DIVISION Extension
Extension Extension material
Slide 20
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES & CANCER Tumour suppressor genes
(antiproliferation genes) suppress cell division Tumour suppressor
genes (antiproliferation genes) suppress cell division They can
also become mutated They can also become mutated Causing
uncontrolled cell division Causing uncontrolled cell division
Animation
Slide 21
GENETICS OF CANCER Cancers due to oncogenes only require
mutation in one copy of the gene (the mutated version has dominance
heterozygotes get cancer). Cancers due to oncogenes only require
mutation in one copy of the gene (the mutated version has dominance
heterozygotes get cancer). Cancers due to antiproliferation gene
mutation require mutation in both copies (the mutated versions are
recessive homozygotes get cancer). Cancers due to antiproliferation
gene mutation require mutation in both copies (the mutated versions
are recessive homozygotes get cancer).
Slide 22
CANCER TREATMENTS CANCER TREATMENTS Surgeryphysical removal of
cancer cells Surgeryphysical removal of cancer cells
Radiotherapydamages DNA, killing cell Radiotherapydamages DNA,
killing cell Chemotherapyoften inhibit aspects of cell cycle,
killing cell. Rapidly dividing cells are more severely affected
than slow dividing cells, so cancerous cells can be killed whilst
limiting damage to less rapidly dividing cells (side effects)
Chemotherapyoften inhibit aspects of cell cycle, killing cell.
Rapidly dividing cells are more severely affected than slow
dividing cells, so cancerous cells can be killed whilst limiting
damage to less rapidly dividing cells (side effects)
Slide 23
PACLITAXEL blocks a cell's ability to break down the mitotic
spindle during mitosisspindle mitosis
Slide 24
COLCHICINE Inhibits the development of spindles as the nuclei
are dividing. spindles
Slide 25
VINBLASTINE bind to tubulin, thus preventing the cell from
making the spindlestubulin spindles
Slide 26
Web Sites
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.99
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.99
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4
ch8mitosisnotes.html
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4
ch8mitosisnotes.html http://www.cancerquest.org