Capitalization and Capitalization and punctuation punctuation

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Cristian walle Cristian walle

Capitalize Capitalize

1.1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence Capitalize the first word of a sentence

2.2. The first word of a sentence following The first word of a sentence following a colon can begin with a small letter a colon can begin with a small letter or a capital latter. Be consistent or a capital latter. Be consistent throughout your writing.throughout your writing.

3.3. Capitalize the first word of a direct Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence, quotation that is a complete sentence, even if its is within another sentence. even if its is within another sentence.

Capitalize cont. Capitalize cont.

4. 4. Capitalize the pronoun I and the Capitalize the pronoun I and the interjection O. capitalize the word oh interjection O. capitalize the word oh only when it appears at the beginning only when it appears at the beginning of a sentence.of a sentence.

5. 5. Capitalize the names of specific Capitalize the names of specific persons, places, things, or ideas. persons, places, things, or ideas. Capitalize the adjective that are Capitalize the adjective that are formed from proper nouns. formed from proper nouns.

Capitalize cont.Capitalize cont.

6.6. Capitalize the first letter of last names Capitalize the first letter of last names after the prefixes D, L, O, Mc, and Mac.after the prefixes D, L, O, Mc, and Mac.

7. 7. Capitalize compass directions only Capitalize compass directions only when they designate a specific person when they designate a specific person directly. directly.

8.8. Capitalize family relationships only Capitalize family relationships only when the designate a specific person when the designate a specific person directly. directly.

Capitalize cont.Capitalize cont.

9. 9. Capitalize every word in the titles of works of Capitalize every word in the titles of works of literature and film except articles ( a, an, literature and film except articles ( a, an, the, ) prepositions, conjunctions, and the “to” the, ) prepositions, conjunctions, and the “to” in infinitives. Theses rules apply unless the in infinitives. Theses rules apply unless the above parts of speech are the first or last above parts of speech are the first or last words in the title. words in the title.

10. 10. Capitalize every word that appears in an Capitalize every word that appears in an address. Capitalize all letters in address address. Capitalize all letters in address abbreviations. If a period follows the abbreviations. If a period follows the abbreviation, capitalize only the first letters. abbreviation, capitalize only the first letters.

Capitalize cont.Capitalize cont.

11. 11. Capitalize the name of every month Capitalize the name of every month and day of the weed that appears in a and day of the weed that appears in a date. Also, capitalize the word “day” if date. Also, capitalize the word “day” if it appears after a holiday. However, do it appears after a holiday. However, do not capitalize the seasons. not capitalize the seasons.

12. 12. Capitalize titles that come before a Capitalize titles that come before a proper name proper name

Capitalize contCapitalize cont

13. 13. Capitalize the first Capitalize the first word and every noun word and every noun of salutations and the of salutations and the first word of closings first word of closings of letters. of letters.

14. 14. Capitalize the first Capitalize the first word in every line word in every line where there is a where there is a numbered or lettered numbered or lettered heading, such as am heading, such as am outline. outline.

Commas Commas

1.1. Commas separate independent clauses ( groups Commas separate independent clauses ( groups of words that form a coherent sentence ) only of words that form a coherent sentence ) only when they are joined by a conjunction ( words when they are joined by a conjunction ( words such as and, but, or, nor, yet, ) such as and, but, or, nor, yet, )

2. 2. Commas are used to set nonrestrictive Commas are used to set nonrestrictive elements off from the rest of the sentence. elements off from the rest of the sentence. Nonrestrictive elements are clauses, Nonrestrictive elements are clauses, appositive, and phrases that are not essential appositive, and phrases that are not essential to the words they modify. Restrictive elements, to the words they modify. Restrictive elements, on the other hand, are essential to the on the other hand, are essential to the meaning of the words they modify and are set meaning of the words they modify and are set off by commas. off by commas.

Commas cont. Commas cont.

3. 3. Commas usually follow an introductory Commas usually follow an introductory word phrase, clause, or expression. word phrase, clause, or expression.

4. 4. Commas are used to separate items in Commas are used to separate items in a series of three or more words, and a series of three or more words, and excelled in phrases.excelled in phrases.

5.5. Commas are used to set off added Commas are used to set off added comments or information. Transitional comments or information. Transitional expressions such as conjunctive expressions such as conjunctive adverbs are also set off with commas. adverbs are also set off with commas.

Commas cont.Commas cont.

6. 6. Commas are used to set off direct Commas are used to set off direct address, tag question, interjections, address, tag question, interjections, and opposing elements. and opposing elements.

7. 7. Commas are used before and after Commas are used before and after quotations. Commas are not used quotations. Commas are not used when the quotations is a question, and when the quotations is a question, and interjection, an indirect quotation, or interjection, an indirect quotation, or when the quotations includes the word when the quotations includes the word that. that.

Commas cont.Commas cont.

8. 8. Commas are not used after Commas are not used after a quotation is an a quotation is an exclamatory statement or a exclamatory statement or a question.question.

9. 9. Commas are used between Commas are used between the date and year as well as the date and year as well as after the year.after the year.

10. 10. Commas are used after Commas are used after the street address of PO the street address of PO Box, city, and state in Box, city, and state in addresses. If the zip code is addresses. If the zip code is included, do not place a included, do not place a comma between the state comma between the state and the zip code. and the zip code.

Quotation marks Quotation marks

1.1. Use quotation marks to Use quotation marks to signify a direct quotation.signify a direct quotation.

2. 2. Use quotation marks to signify Use quotation marks to signify a short work of literature or a a short work of literature or a speech. Also, use single speech. Also, use single quotation marks when the quotation marks when the title of any short work inside title of any short work inside a person quotation.a person quotation.

3.3. Do not use quotation marks for Do not use quotation marks for indirect marks for indirect indirect marks for indirect quotations because they do quotations because they do not contain someone exact not contain someone exact words. Conjunctions like that, words. Conjunctions like that, if, who, what, and why often if, who, what, and why often introduce indirect quotation introduce indirect quotation

colonscolons

1.1. Use a colon to introduce a Use a colon to introduce a list, series quotation, or list, series quotation, or formal statement.formal statement.

2. 2. Use a colon before a Use a colon before a second independent second independent clause which restates or clause which restates or explains the first clause. explains the first clause.

3. 3. Use a colon after a greeting Use a colon after a greeting in formal business letter. in formal business letter.

4. 4. Use a colon to separate Use a colon to separate chapters and verses in the chapters and verses in the bible and to separate bible and to separate hours and minutes. hours and minutes.

Semicolons Semicolons

1.1. Semicolons separate independent Semicolons separate independent clauses that are not joined conjunction. clauses that are not joined conjunction. Usually, semicolons are used in place Usually, semicolons are used in place of periods when the two independent of periods when the two independent clauses are closely related. clauses are closely related.

2.2. Semicolons separate independents Semicolons separate independents clauses that are joined by sentence clauses that are joined by sentence interrupters for instance, nevertheless, interrupters for instance, nevertheless, besides, moreover, instead, besides, besides, moreover, instead, besides, ect. ect.

Semicolons cont. Semicolons cont.

3.3. Semicolons are Semicolons are sometimes used to sometimes used to split independent split independent clause when there are clause when there are several commas several commas inside the clauses. inside the clauses.

4. 4. Semicolons are used Semicolons are used if a colon precede if a colon precede items in a series and items in a series and if commas are part of if commas are part of the items. the items.

Using apostrophes Using apostrophes

1. 1. Contraction are combinations of two Contraction are combinations of two words that leave out certain letters. words that leave out certain letters. The places for the missing letters are The places for the missing letters are marked with apostrophes.marked with apostrophes.

2.2. The words it and is are contracted as The words it and is are contracted as its. H however, if it acts as a its. H however, if it acts as a possessive pronoun, the word changes possessive pronoun, the word changes to its. to its.

Using apostrophes cont.Using apostrophes cont.

3.3. Apostrophe can Apostrophe can signal omissions in signal omissions in phrases.phrases.

4.4. Apostrophes can be Apostrophes can be used to make the used to make the plural form of plural form of letters, symbols, letters, symbols, numbers, and term numbers, and term words.words.

Hyphen Hyphen

1.1. Word parts- use hyphen between a Word parts- use hyphen between a prefix and a proper noun or proper prefix and a proper noun or proper adjective.adjective.

2.2. Use hyphen to connect two or more Use hyphen to connect two or more nouns that are used as one word. nouns that are used as one word.

3.3. Use a hyphen to connect a compound Use a hyphen to connect a compound adjective that comes before a noun. adjective that comes before a noun.

4.4. Do not use a hyphen in compound Do not use a hyphen in compound word one of the words ends in ly or in word one of the words ends in ly or in a compound proper adjective. a compound proper adjective.

Hyphen cont. Hyphen cont.

5.5. Use a hyphen when Use a hyphen when writing out the writing out the numbers twenty- one numbers twenty- one nine. A fraction used nine. A fraction used as an objective needs as an objective needs a hyphen.a hyphen.

6.6. Use a hyphen to Use a hyphen to show word has been show word has been broken into syllables broken into syllables and continued on the and continued on the next line. next line.

End punctuationEnd punctuation

1.1. A period comes A period comes after a complete after a complete statement.statement.

2.2. A question mark A question mark comes after any comes after any question.question.

3.3. An exclamation An exclamation point follows an point follows an emotional or emotional or forceful statement. forceful statement.