carateristicas morfológicas

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130 HORT. SCI. (PRAGUE), 35 , 2008 (3): 130135

Te garlic ( Allium sativum L.) belongs to the ge-nus Allium . Te taxonomic position of Allium and

related genera had been a matter of controversy forlong (F , F 2002). Te following hier-archy was adopted ( 1997):

1. Class Lil iopsida, 2. Subclass Liliidae,3. Superorder Liliianae, 4. Order Amaryllidales,5. Family Alliaceae , 6. Subfamily Allioideae,7. ribe Allieae, 8. Genus Allium.

Te estimations accept about 750 species in thegenus Allium (S 1992). Tus, the sum of allspecies numbers given exceeds 800, which is pos-sibly somewhat too high, but a number of about780 Allium species currently seems a realistic esti-mation (F et al. 2006). Tis large number ofspecies was divided into 6 subgenera and 56 sections(H et al. 1992). Te most recent classicationproposal is based primarily on sequences of the in-ternal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosom-al DNA, grouping about 780 species to 15 subgeneraand 56 sections (F et al. 2006).

Te genus Allium is widely distributed over thewarm-temperate and temperate zones of northernhemisphere and it occurs in boreal zone. One or

two species occur even in the subartic belt, e.g. A. schoenoprasum L. A few Allium species are scat-

tered in mountains or highlands within the sub-tropics and tropics areas, e.g. in Sri Lanka, Ethiopiaand Central America (H 1990; F ,F 2002). Only one species from the southernhemisphere (South Africa), A. dregeanum Kth., wasdescribed, but its status is doubtful and it may havebeen brought from Europe by early settlers (DW -D 1976). A region of especially highspecies diversity stretches from the Mediterraneanbasin to Central Asia and Pakistan. Te second, lesspronounced centre of species diversity occurs in thewestern part of North America (F , F2002).

Some Allium species, e.g., garlic, shallot and mostornamentals, are propagated vegetatively from axil-lary bulbs, bulblets on stolons, division of rhizomes,and topsets (K , R 2006).Maintaining of vegetatively propagated crops in thegenebank requires more efforts than generativelypropagated crops. Cryopreservation is the most ef-cient technique for these crops (K et al. 2007);it is a modern and effective method for plant germ-

Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Project No. 0002700602.

Morphological characteristics of garlic ( Allium sativum L.)genetic resources collection Information

H. S

Department of Vegetables and Special Crops, Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyn,Olomouc, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT : Maintenance of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) genetic resources has had a long tradition in the Czech Republic.Te collection was founded in 1951 and its current holder is the Crop Research Institute, Department of Vegetablesand Special Crops in Olomouc. Te collection consists of 613 genotypes. Te oldest genotype was acquired in 1954.Te collection has been evaluated according to the Descriptor list for Allium spp. (IPGRI 2001). 17 characters of theDescriptor list were supplemented with 5 additional characters. Te photos of all garlic genotypes were taken. Tegenotypes were divided into the three main morphological groups according to the ability to produce the scape: therst group with the scape (bolting) 300 genotypes, the second part without the scape (non-bolting garlic) 205 geno-types and the third part presents semi-bolting garlic 108 genotypes. Te last morphological type has bulbils in thedifferent parts of the pseudostem.

Keywords : garlic; morphological characteristic; genetic resources; scape


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plasm storage. Te plant material is stored straightin liquid nitrogen in the temperature of 196C orin the vapour of liquid nitrogen in the temperatureof 150C. During storage in ultra low temperaturethe cell life activity is reduced to stop all physiologi-cal processes in stored material. Successful material

transfer from the cultivation to liquid nitrogen andback without strong damage of the material is impor-tant precondition for using this method (F etal. 2005). Te important crops (garlic, potato, apple,pear, cherry, strawberry and hop) are cryopreservedin the Czech Cryobank by modied vitricationmethods (Z et al. 2007).

Te genus Allium is economically important be-cause it includes several important vegetable crops onion, garlic etc., as well as many ornamental spe-cies. Te garlic is the second most important Alliumspecies. It is grown worldwide as an important spiceand medicinal plant. Te bulb, composed of few tomany cloves, is the main economic organ. Te freshleaves, pseudostems and bulbils (topsets) are alsoconsumed (F , F 2002). Like onion,garlic has been used by humans for a very long time.

Te rst mentions about the garlic are 6,000 yearsold; Sumerians, Egyptians or Jews used it. Te partsof garlic plants were found also in Southern Moravia.Tey come from 2000 B.C. (L , V 1982).

Since ancient times, garlic, onion and relatedspecies have been widely used in many parts of the

word as vegetables, as well as in traditional folkmedicine. Garlic and onion have been the most in-tensively investigated. Garlic showed lipid-loweringeffects, antiplatelet activity and antiatheroscleroticactivities. Te cardiovascular effects of garlic areamong the best investigated of all medicinal plantsspecies (K 2002). Louis Pasteur was therst to describe the antibacterial effect of onionand garlic juices. Garlic exhibits a broad antibioticspectrum against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) isa bacterium implicated in the etiology of stomachcancer and ulcers. Te incidence of stomach canceris lower in populations with high intake of Allium vegetables.

It was demonstratedin vitro that H. pylori is sus-ceptible to garlic extract at a fairly moderate con-

able 1. Harvest area and production of garlic (FAO 2008)

2003 2004 2005 2006Harvest area of garlic (ha)

Africa 34,998 34,728 37,312 37,486America 68,774 60,946 60,734 59,570Asia 906,496 932,314.80 952,298 956,382Europe 123,393 116,220 114,040 112,035Oceania 280 280 285 285World 1,133,941 1,144,488 1,164,669.10 1,165,758.40China 632,350 637,250 647,250 657,250

Production of garlic (t)

Africa 378,398 383,607 361,106 366,539America 740,259 667,221 613,313 596,410Asia 11,717,807 12,444,235 12,924,667 13,395,831Europe 759,830 808,141 816,982 823,340

Oceania 1,680 1,660 1,740 1,480

World 13,597,974 14,304,864 14,717,808 15,183,600China 10,080,948 10,596,559 11,084,194 11,587,000

able 2. Production, harvest area and import of garlic in the Czech Republic

2003 2004 2005 2006Harvest area (ha) 381 333 328 337Production (t) 957 1,927 1,712 2,079

Import (t) 7,762 8,251 7,042 6,928


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132 HORT. SCI. (PRAGUE), 35 , 2008 (3): 130135

centration. Even some antibiotic-resistant H. pyloristrains are susceptible to garlic (S 2001).

Garlic, Japanese bunching onion, leek and onionare most important edible Allium crops. World pro-duction of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) occupies thesecond position after onions ( Allium cepa L.) amongthe Allium species (F , F 2002). Garlicis grown in many the countries today; China, Indiaand Republic of Korea are its principal producers( able 1). Russian Federation, Ukraine and Spainare then the biggest producers of garlic in Europe(FAO 2008).

In the Czech Republic the import of garlic is sev-eral times greater than its home production ( able 2)(B 2006, 2007).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Maintenance of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) geneticresources has had a long tradition in the CzechRepublic. Te collection was founded in 1951 inthe Research Institute of Vegetable Growing andBreeding in Olomouc (RIVGB in Olomouc). Nowthe holder of this collection is the Crop ResearchInstitute, Department of Vegetables and SpecialCrops in Olomouc. Te collection has 613 geno-types (Fig. 1) at present. Te oldest genotype wasacquired in 1954.

Te actual collection comprises material from allover the world ( able 3). Passport data of collectionare available on-line on the web application EVIGEZ(Catalogue Plant Genetic Resources in the Czech Re-public), http://genbank.vurv.cz/genetic/resources/.

Te passport information is included also in theECPGR European Allium Database available at the

URL: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/hri/about/staff/dastley/gbrhrigru/ecpallium/.

Te Allium collection held at the CRI Olomouc isthe official International collection of vegetativelypropagated Allium sp. for long day type. Te im-portant parts of the collection are represented bygarlic landraces from different parts of the CzechRepublic, by Czech cultivars and wild species aswell as by primitive forms of garlic originating fromCentral Asia and Siberia.

Garlic was grown in the eld conditions in Olo-mouc-Holice (4937'N, 1717'E, 209 m a.s.l.). Meanair temperature is 8.7C and mean precipitation is570 mm (CHMI 2007).

Te trial plots have loam sand to loam soil horizonand the soil type is alluvial and gley soil.

Garlic was transplanted in eld in the autumntime, namely in the mid October. It was stained bycombination of effectual substance iprodian 255 g/l(Rowral Flo), chlorinepyrifos-methyl 400 g/l (Reldan40 EC) and carbendazin 500 g/kg (Bavistin WG) for20 min. Te harvest time was the end of June andbeginning of July. Te weed control was done during

able 3. Structure of garlic collection according to the originof accessions

Country of origin Number of accessionsFormer Soviet Union 149Czech Republic 127Bulgaria 59

Poland 42Slovakia 38Austria 26Spain 26Romania 26Hungary 22Portugal 22Other 76otal 613

Fig. 1. Field collection of garlic

Fig. 2. Te bulb structure


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all vegetative period. Te insecticide chlorinepyrifos methyl 400 g/l (Reldan 40 EC) and diazion 10%(Basudin 10G) were used as the protection of thepests. Te harvested plants were dried in the special

room with good air circulation. After 68 weeksthe rest of leaves and roots were cut and garlic wasprepared for planting.

Since 2002, whole collection has been describedaccording to the Descriptor list for Allium spp.(IPGRI 2001). Te Descriptor has 17 characters:Foliage colour and attitude, leaf cross section,shaft length, bulb shape of mature garlic, outerskin colour of compound bulb, skin colour of theclove, number of cloves per compound bulb, struc-ture type, shape of the compound bulb in horizontalsection and weight of cloves, ability to ower, abilityto produce scape, number of bulbils (topset), bulbilsweight, general fertility and ower number in umbel.17 characters from Descriptor were supplementedwith 5 characters plant vigour, leaf diameter andattitude after winter, shaft diameter and number ofbranches in umbel. Te characters were rated ona scale from 1 to 9, where 1 means the lowest and9 means the highest expression of the character.Te description of all genotypes was done within athree-year period. Te character ability to producethe scape was monitored in the long term.

We took photos of all garlic accessions sideways/sidelong look, top point of view, horizontal crosssection. Te shape of the compound bulb and bulbstructure type are seen on them (Fig. 2). Individualgarlic cloves and bulbils were photographed as well(Fig. 3).

RESULTS

Te collection of garlic comprises 613 genotypes.Te collection was divided into three main morpho-

logical groups according to the ability to producescape: the rst group presents 300 genotypes with

the scape (bolting garlic), the second comprises205 genotypes without scape (non-bolting garlic),and the third part presents semi-bolting garlic 108 genotypes. Te last morphological type hasbulbils in the different parts of the pseudostem(Fig. 4).

wenty-ve genotypes from the second (non-bolt-ing garlic) and ve genotypes from the third group(semi-bolting garlic) are able to produce scape underspecial conditions.

All genotypes were divided according to the dif-ferent expression of the character. Most genotypes(350) had medium plant habitus and 507 genotypeshad green color of foliage. he prostrate foliageattitude was described at 57 genotypes, 469 geno-types had erect foliage in the spring, compared to368 genotypes (gt) in summer. Te at leaf crosssection was observed at 468 genotypes. 302 geno-

types had the width of leaf in a range from 15 mmto 21 mm. Te most genotypes (516) had the lengthof shaft from 18 cm to 27 cm and 273 genotypeshad intermediate (8 mm10 mm) diameter of shaft.Many genotypes (344) had broadly ovate shape ofmature garlic bulb and 477 genotypes had creamcolour of compound bulb. Only three genotypeshad one clove, whereas 334 genotypes had numberof coves in the interval from 5 to 10. 209 genotypeshad bulb structure with regular multi-fan groups,which is a characteristic type for non-bolting garlic.Te weight of clove was low at 334 genotypes. wolandraces (Villaviiosa 1, Bozanes 1) from Spain and

Fig. 3. Different types of bulbils

Fig. 4. Semi-bolting garlic


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one landrace from Portugal had the ability to ower,however, these owers were sterile. 330 genotypeshad ability to produce scape, while 180 genotypesdid not produce scape and 103 genotypes producedscapes but never develop heads. 176 genotypes hadmore than 30 bulbils in one head (umbel). Te weightof 100 bulbils was lower than 10 g at 167 genotypes.wo branches of the umbel were reported at 32 geno-types, three branches at 3 genotypes.

CONCLUSION

Te rst step of description of garlic collectiongenetics resources comprised of morphologicalcharacterization in association with passport data.On this basis, it is possible to choose the genotypesfor further evaluation dry matter content, contentof sulphur, suitability for new and effective method

of the germplasm storage cryopreservation, andselection set of core collection. Te rst steps ofevaluation were done. Te collection was includedinto the projectOptimization of Recovery Methodsand in vitro Propagation for Purpose of Long-time Preservation by Cryoconservation of National GarlicGenotypes (National Agency of Agricultural Re-search QH71228) and to the 050 AGRI GEN RES870/2004 acronym EURALLIVEG Contract No.AGRI-2006-0395Vegetative Allium, Europes CoreCollection, Safe & Sound . Te main aim is the estab-lishment of European Core Collection of vegetativealliums, including garlic molecular characterization,cryopreservation and virus elimination, and molecu-lar characterization of shallot.

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DE WILDE-DUYFJES B.E.E., 1976. A revision of the genus Allium L. ( Liliaceae ) in Africa. Belmotia,7 : 7578.

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HANEL P., 1990. axonomy, evolution and history. In: RA-BINOWI CH H.D., BREWS ER J.L. (eds), Onions andAllied Crops. Volume 1. Boca Raton, CRC Press: 126.

HANEL P., SCHUL ZE-MO EL J., FRI SCH R., KRUSEJ., MAA H.I., OHLE H., PIS RICK K., 1992. Infrage-neric grouping of Allium the Gatersleben approach. In:HANEL P., HAMMER K., KNPFFER H. (eds), Te Genus Allium axonomic Problems and Genetic Resources.Proceedings of the International Symposium, Gatersleben,June 1113, 1991. Gatersleben, Institut fr Panzengenetikund Kulturpanzenforschung: 107123.

IPGRI ECP/GR, AVRDC 2001. Descriptors for Allium (Al-lium spp.) International Plant Genetic Resources Institute,Rome, European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic

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ing Plants. New York, Columbia University Press: 643.ZMENK J., FAL US M., BILAVK A., 2007. Rozvoj

innosti kryobanky ve VRV, v.v.i., Praha. In: FBEROVI. (ed.), Aktuln problmy prce s genofony rostlin v R.Sbornk refert ze semin podanch 23. listopadu2005 VO Holovousy, s. r. o., v Hradci Krlov a 22.lis-topadu 2006 ZV Krom, s. r. o. v Kostelanech. Praha,Vzkumn stav rostlinn vroby, v.v.i.: 6771.

Received for publication December 4, 2007Accepted after corrections April 16, 2008


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