Carbon crediting in rice production: realistic outlook or wishful thinking?

8/2/2019 Carbon crediting in rice production: realistic outlook or wishful thinking?

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Reiner WassmannInternational Rice Research Institute

Carbon Crediting

in Rice ProductionRealistic Outlook oronly Wishful Thinking?


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Structure

Rice as a source of Greenhouse Gases

Technical Feasibility of Mitigation

Overview of different mechanismsof Carbon Crediting

Highlighting ongoing activities inrice production

Conclusion


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Methane emissions from rice fields

Rice field emissions: 100 500 kg CH4/ ha season=> 2.1 11.05 tCO2eq/ ha season

GlobalWarmingPotential

of CH4:21 CO2eq


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Energysupply, 25.9%

Transport,

13.1%Buildings,

7.9%Industry,19.4%

Forestry,17.4%

Waste andwastewater,2.8%

Agriculture,

13.5%

Global Sources of Greenhouse Gases

(IPCC 4th AR, 2007)


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Energysupply, 25.9%

Transport,

13.1%Buildings,

7.9%Industry,19.4%

Forestry,17.4%


Rice,

1.5%

Agriculture(w/o rice),

12.0%

(IPCC 4th AR, 2007)



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Energysupply, 25.9%

Buildings,7.9%

Industry,19.4%

Agriculture,13.5%

Forestry,17.4%


Transport

(w/o aviation),11.6%

Aviation,1.5%

(IPCC 4th AR, 2007)



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National Statistics in SE Asia

CountryEmissions from rice production(Mt CO2eq) Perc. of total

Cambodia 9.505 17.0 %

Indonesia 53.856 1.9 %

Lao PDR 2.308 5.1 %Myanmar 30.890 6.1 %

Malaysia 3.445 1.0 %

Philippines 21.706 16.0 %

Thailand 44.156 13.5 %Timor-Leste 0.225 26.1 %

Viet Nam 38.199 17.9 %

Data source: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php


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Structure





Conclusion


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Alternate-Wetting-and-Drying (AWD)


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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

tCO

2

eq.

ha-1

aa

a

b

ab

b

c

N2O

CH4

Global Warming Potentialof CH4 and N2O under AWD

Urea 48-h

before irrig.

Urea 2-h

after irrig.

Urea 2-h

after irrig. +

flooding for

7 days

Continuously

floodedHosen,

pers. comm.


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Site-Specific Nutrient Management(SSNM)

Applying nutrients asand when needed

Adjusting nutrient

application to cropneeds in givenlocation and season


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Preventing Straw Burning

Technological options for using rice straw as renewableenergy:

controled combustion,

biogas technology (in combination with animalhusbandry),

conversion of rice straw to ethanol,

and bio-char technology.


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Short duration cultivar

0

100

200

300

400

500

Emission

rate(mgCH4

m-2d

-1) DodokanIR64Cisadane

02Dec

Wet season Dry season

Dodokan

IR64Cisadane

PLANTING H A R V E S T

02 Mar

08 Mar

06 Apr

PLANTING H A R V E S T

28May

Dodokan

IR64Cisadane

10 Aug

17 Aug

01 Sep

Field data from C. Java (Setyanto et al. 2000)


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Structure





Conclusion


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Mechanisms of Carbon Crediting

1. Clean Development Mechanism

2. New mechanisms under UNFCCC

umbrella

3. Voluntary emission reductions

4. Funding National Action Plans ofdeveloping countries


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Kyoto Protocol: CDM Concept

Greenhouse gas emissions

Projectfunding ($)

Carboncredits (CER)

Sellerin

Non Annex I

Buyerin

Annex I

Emissioncap


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Kyoto Protocol: CDM Concept

Greenhouse gas emissions

Projectfunding ($)

Carboncredits (CER)

Sellerin

Non Annex I

Buyerin

Annex I

Emissioncap


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CDM projects (in the pipeline)

http://cdmpipeline.org/cdm-projects-type.htm

CH4 reduction,

18.0%Renewables,

66.0%

Others, 6.0%

Energyefficiency,

10.0%

TOTAL:n=7532


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Energyefficiency,

10.0%

Others (w/oforest), 5.2%

Renewables,66.0%

CH4 reduction,

18.0%

Afforestation,

Reforestation,0.8% (n=62)



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Renewables

(w/o husk),63.6%

CH4 reduction,

18.0%

Energyefficiency,

10.0%

Others (w/oforest), 5.2%

Rice husk,

2.4% (n=184)

Afforestation,

Reforstation,0.8% (n=62)

Agriculture:0.0002% (n=2)



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ApprovedMethodoloy

CDM Pipeline


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SSM Small Scale MethodologyApproved in May 2011

http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/4BTFS58C2AXGMPIVDOJEL3K1Y0UWRN


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Obstacles of CDM in rice production

Involvement of many stakeholders/transaction costs

Measurement/ Reporting/ Verification(MRV)

Possible leakages

Emission savings based on areaand not on grain production


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umbrella3. Voluntary emission reductions



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REDD = Reducing Emissions fromDeforestation and Forest Degradation

Only afforestation and reforestation projects areallowed as CDM project

The REDDconcept:


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World Bank, UNDP, UNEP and FAO have

set up several programmes for funding of

REDD activities

The Norwegian government launched the

International Forests and Climate Initiative

and provided 30 million USD in 2010, and

pledged up to 250 million USD until 2015

REDD Funding Mechanisms


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REDD

= Reducing Emissionsfrom All Land Uses

REALU

Expansion of the REDD concept?

?

Include aspects of biodiversity,sustainable management etc REDD+(+)

Include other land usesbeyond forests


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Alberta: 4-R N Stewardship Plan

Performance Level

Basic Intermediate Advanced

Right Source

Right Rate

Right Time

Right Place

ReductionModifier


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China: Panda Standard

Aimed at providing transparency and credibility in

the nascent Chinese carbon market

encouraging investment into Chinasrural economy

Panda Standard Registry is responsible for

the issuance and transfer of Panda StandardCredits

http://www.pandastandard.org/


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NAMA

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

NAMAs are voluntary countryengagement proposals

They are expected to become the mainvehicle for mitigation action in developingcountries in the future

Funding should come from the newlyestablished Green Fund (target:

100 bn USD by 2020)


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Structure





Conclusion


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Tabela Project of Bayer CropScience

Bayer Indonesia developedTabela-method for directseeding

Required water managementduring the first month inTabela is like AWD

Bayer funded emission measurements (conducted byIndonesian Agric. and Environm. Research Institute)

IRRI provided technical assistance on MRV issues(Measurem./ Report./ Verif.) and literature research


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ApprovedMethodoloy

CDM Pipeline

Validation

May 2011

Nov.2011


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Tabela CDM project in Java

Water regime Emission factor

[tCH4/ha yr]

[tCO2eq/ha yr]

Baseline:

Conventional

0.62

13.02

Project: TABELA 0.40 8.40

DIFFERENCE 0.22 4.62

@ 5 USD per tCO2eq => 23.1 USD/ ha yr


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Target area: 12,500 ha

Approved methodology requires emission

measurements in reference fields Training, demonstration and monitoringof crop management by Bayer field

teams

cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/G8XUOQ9W3FEMCT7Y46S15I02JVZDBL

Project Design Document


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Developed by

o Environmental Defense Fund

o California Rice Commission

o Two private companies

Voluntary Emission Reductions in Rice

New Methodology currently under review by

http://www.americancarbonregistry.org/

carbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systems
http://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/%0Bcarbon-accounting/emission-reductions-in-rice-management-systemshttp://www.americancarbonregistry.org/


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Approach:

Emission savings are quantified using a simulationmodel (DNDC = Denitrification Decomposition)

Modelling emissions using DNDC model


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Modelling emissions using DNDC model

(DeNitrification-DeComposition)

Li et al. 2000

InputsSOIL

Texture, pH,

C and N content

CLIMATE

Temp., rainfall

MANAGEMENT

N inputs, tillage,

irrigation etc.

CO2CH4N2O

NOxNH3

moisture...


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Approach:

Emission savings are quantified using a simulationmodel (DNDC = Denitrification Decomposition)

Status of review:

The 1st version of the proposal was posted on the

web in June 2011 and received substantial criticism,in particular because of unclear model validationprocedures


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Structure




Highlighting ongoing activities in

rice production

Conclusion


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Conclusion in terms of adoption:

Wishful

thinking

Wide-spread implementation of

mitigation projects as part offarming routine

Realisticoutlook Individual mitigation projectswith limited geographic domain


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Conclusion in terms of economics:

Wishful

thinking

Significant impact on farmers

income and poverty alleviation

Realisticoutlook

Attaining additional funds forrural development (irrigationfacilities, improved technol.)


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Conclusion in terms of policy:

Wishful

thinking

Establishment of a global fund

for mitigation in agriculture(matching the set-up for forests)

Realisticoutlook More interest and hopefullymore recognition of the specificrole of food production


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Thank you

Documents

Carbon crediting in rice production: realistic outlook or wishful thinking?