Cardiovascular diseasesCardiovascular diseases

Done byDone by: Isra Abu Alreesh

Alice Tayseer

Cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system carries oxygen and nutrients to all of the cells in the body.

It also picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products that the body produces so that they can be disposed of.

The main components of this system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

When a problem arises within the system, it is known as a cardiovascular disease.

Infectious disease of blood

• What is sepsis? life-threatening medical condition, found in association

with a known or suspected infection (usually but not limited to bacteria) whose signs and symptoms fulfill at least two of the following criteria of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS):

– tachycardia >90 b/min (rest)– body temperature either high (>100.4F or 38C) or low

(<96.8F or 36C)– increased respiratory rate of >20 breaths per minute

or a PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood) <32 mm Hg

– abnormal white blood cell count (>12000 cells/µL or <4000 cells/µL or >10% bands [an immature type of white blood cell)

• Patients that meet the above criteria have sepsis and are also termed septic.

• Terms that are often used in place of sepsis are bacteremia, septicemia, and blood poisoning.

• However, bacteremia means the presence of bacteria in the blood; this can occur without any of the criteria listed above and should not be confused with sepsis. For example, you can brush your teeth and get bacteremia for a short time and have no SIRS criteria occur.

What cause sepsis ? ?

Common bacterial causes of sepsis are gram-negative bacilli (for example, E. coli,P. aeruginosa, E. corrodens), S. aureus, Streptococcus species and Enterococcus species.

 Candida species are some of the most frequent fungi that cause sepsis.

Bacterial sepsis

Streptococcal septicemia

• A common cause (Streptococcus pyogenes). streptococcus causes severe fever, malaise, and dropping blood pressure.

• An important complication of streptococcal septicemia is endocarditis.

Rheumatic fever• is an immune reaction taking

place in the heart tissues and is usually stimulated by antigens derived from Streptococcus pyogenes.

• Inflammation of the heart tissues is often accompanied by inflammation and arthritis of the joints, a condition called rheumatoid arthritis.

• Tularemia is due to a Gram-negative rod Francisella tularensis. – Patients experience a

blood disorder accompanied by fever, malaise, and numerous nonspecific symptoms.

• Septicemic plague  When the Gram-negative rod Yersinia pestis enters the blood.

• transmitted by its rodent reservoir, the rat flea.

Brucellosis

• Brucellosis is also known as undulant fever.• The bacterial agents …. genus Brucella.• They are transmitted to humans by

unpasteurized milk and contaminated meat.• the bacteria cause fever, chills, and malaise.

Anthrax• due to the Gram-positive, aerobic,

sporeforming rod Bacillus anthracis.• Spores are inhaled from the air, or

they are acquired during contact with contaminated soil or animals such as sheep and cattle.

•In the bloodstream, B. anthracis causes severe hemorrhaging, and the spleen, kidneys, and other bloodrich organs become engorged with blood

Relapsing fever

• Relapsing fever is so named because of the recurrent periods of fever.

• Borrelia recurrentis transmitted by lice.It may also be transmitted among humans by ticks.

• Jaundice and rose-colored skin spots accompany the infection.

Lyme disease• Borrelia burgdorferi. • transmitted by ticks of the genus

Ixodes. • first symptoms of Lyme disease is a

bull's-eye rash occurring on the skin. The rash is called erythema chronicum migrans.

• After the rash fades and spirochetes enter the blood, fever and other symptoms appear.

• the heart is affected and irregular heartbeat may be observed.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever• caused by the rickettsia

Rickettsia rickettsii.

• transmitted by ticks of the genus Dermacentor.

• The disease is characterized by a maculopapular skin rash (a “spotted rash”) occurring on the appendages and then spreading to the trunk. The fever is very high, and headaches accompany the disease.

Viral Diseases

ViremiaViremia • is the presence of viruses in the

bloodstream.• commonly occurs in viral infections,

but is dangerous only in certain infections.

“systemic” symptoms headache, fever, skin rash, diarrhea, and

muscle pains. Exact symptoms depend on a type of infection; there are no “specific symptoms of viremia”.

Primary and Secondary Viremia• Primary viremia<<  invasion of

viruses into the blood from the initial site of infection. Viruses can then infect various organs, like the lymph nodes or liver, and spread into the blood again after some days or weeks; this is secondary viremia.

Yellow fever.

• Transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti.

• After injection, the virus spreads to the lymph nodes and blood, where it persists in the bloodrich organs such as the liver.

• Very high fever, nausea, and jaundice accompany the disease. The mortality rate is high.

• Transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito

• cause fever and severe muscle, bone, and joint pains, leading to break bone fever.

• Successive exposures to the virus may result in dengue hemorrhagic fever, in which extensive hemorrhaging occurs in the blood-rich organs.

Infectious mononucleosiscaused by Epstein-Barr virus.remain latent in the B-lymphocytes. Symptoms sore throat, mild fever, enlarged spleen,

and an elevation of infected B-lymphocytes known as Downey cells.

The viruses are often transmitted by saliva. Treatment usually consists of extensive bed rest, and recurrences are possible.

The virus of infectious mononucleosis is related to a type of tumor of the jaw tissues known as Burkitt's lymphoma.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Destruction of T-lymphocytes of the immune system was associated with these infections.

Vasculitis• occurs when your body attacks your blood vessels. It's

not always clear why this happens, infection, some cancers, certain immune system disorders or an allergic reaction may serve as the trigger.

• primary vasculitis “unknown”• secondary vasculitis

– Infections– Immune system diseases.– Allergic reactions.– Blood cell cancers.

 Rheumatoid vasculitis<<

• Lymphangitis is an inflammation of the lymphatic channels that occurs as a result of infection at a site distal to the channel. The most common cause of lymphangitis in humans is Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A strep).

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CARDITIS

• Carditis, inflammation of the heart, is most conveniently broken down into three categories:

1. Pericarditis

2. Myocarditis

3. Endocarditis

PERICARDITIS

• Pericarditis, inflammation of the fibroserous sac enclosing the heart, manifests itself as one of three types as a result of the bodies reaction to the infecting agent

•   Acute serofibrinous pericarditis - the result of virus infection 

• Acute purulent pericarditis - the result of bacterial infection (except Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

• Chronic pericarditis - the result of infection by M. tuberculosis or fungi

The most common viruses causing the disease are members of the Picornaviridae (enteroviruses)

• most common bacteria infecting the pericardium are the pyogenic cocci (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria)

• Chronic pericarditis is most commonly caused by M. tuberculosis or Histoplasma capsulatum. 

MYOCARDITIS

• Many species of viruses, bacteria, chlamydia, rickettsia, fungi and protozoans can cause myocarditis. However, viruses are the most important infectious agents. Of these, the enteroviruses are the single most important group.

• Coxsackie B virus >> Direct viral damage of myocardial cell.

MYOCARDITIS

ENDOCARDITIS• inflammation of the membrane

lining the chambers of the heart and covering the cusps of the various valves.

• Is caused directly by microbial colonization of the endocardium.

• or indirectly by induction of autoimmunity, as in acute rheumatic fever.

• Direct colonization is termed infective endocarditis

• Almost all bacteria and many fungi, when they get into the blood stream, can cause

infective endocarditis.

• 80% of the cases are caused by streptococci or staphylococci. 

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS  • Low grade fever • Anorexia• Fatigue • Weight loss • Anemia • Splenomegaly

Serologic findings include:•Hypergammaglobulinemia •High levels of rheumatoid factor •High levels of antinuclear antibody •High levels of circulating immune complexes

Urinary findings may include:•Proteinuria •Microscopic hematuria •Red blood cell casts

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

• Chylamydia pneumoniae

 infection is one of risk factors that can induce plaque rupture. The plaque debris lodges in a blood vessel upon rupture and blocks blood flow.

Myocardial abcesses

• is a suppurative infection of the myocardium, endocardium, native or prosthetic valves or perivalvular structures.

Causes of myocardial abscess

Associated with endocarditis – Native valve endocarditis– Prosthetic valve endocarditis– Myocardial infection.

Associated with septicemia: •Bronchopneumonias•Genitourinary infections

Miscellaneous: – Complications of acute MI– Trauma– Mechanical interventions -

Catheterization, angioplasty, stent

– Infection associated with L.V aneurysm

– Infection associated with atrial myxoma

– Myocarditis and suppuration associated with HIV

– Transplanted heart infection

Protozoal and Parasitic Diseases

Toxoplasmosis• caused by the sporozoan

Toxoplasma gondii.

• In humans, the protozoa multiply in the bloodstream and undergo a complex reproductive cycle.

• Patients experience fever, with other constitutional abnormalities, but symptoms are generally mild.

• AIDS patients, toxoplasmosis can result in seizures and then brain inflammation, and it may be a cause of death.

Malaria• blood disease due to many species of the

genus Plasmodium.• transmitted by mosquitoes Anopheles.• they invade the red blood cells in the

merozoite form. Within the red blood cells, the protozoa undergo various stages of their life cycle, and eventually the red blood cells rupture to release large numbers of parasites.

• The toxic compounds released during the rupture cause the paroxysms of chills and fever that characterize malaria.

• Treatment is effective with drugs such as quinine, chloroquine, and primaquine.

Schistosomiasis

• Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni.

• The parasites multiply and live within the bloodstream

• Interfere with the flow of blood and lymph and cause local tissue damage.

filariasis

Cause

(round worms) of the family Filariodidea. There are three types of these thread-like filarial worms:

• Wuchereria bancrofti,90%• Brugia malayi, the remainder • B. timori, also causes the

diseases.

transmitted to humans through mosquitoes.

SymptomsThe majority of infections are asymptomatic. still cause damage to the lymphatic systemAcute episodes of local inflammation involving skin, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels often accompany the chronic lymphoedema or elephantiasis.

Chagas disease

• American trypanosomiasis, is caused by infection with  Trypanosoma cruzi.

• Transmitted by blood‑sucking triatomine insects (kissing bugs)

Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathySigns of congestion due to isolated left-sided heart failure

Biventricular failure with peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, ascites, and pulmonary congestion are more common in the later stages.

Signs of thromboembolism may appear, mostly with embolization to the brain, lungs, and extremities.

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