Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Teresa RogersTeresa RogersButler County ATCButler County ATC

Spring 2012Spring 2012

ComponentsComponents• Includes:Includes:

– HeartHeart– Blood vesselsBlood vessels– Blood Blood

FunctionFunction▫ Transports nutrients and oxygen to the bodyTransports nutrients and oxygen to the body▫ Removes metabolic waste and carbon dioxide Removes metabolic waste and carbon dioxide

from cellsfrom cells▫ Distributes hormones and antibodies Distributes hormones and antibodies

throughout the bodythroughout the body▫ Helps control body temperature and Helps control body temperature and

electrolyte balanceelectrolyte balance

The HeartThe Heart• Is a two-sided, hollow organ about the size of a fist.Is a two-sided, hollow organ about the size of a fist.

• Located in the mediastinal cavityLocated in the mediastinal cavity

• Has three layers of tissue:Has three layers of tissue:▫ PericardiumPericardium – outer layer, – outer layer, reduces friction as the heart beats reduces friction as the heart beats ▫ MyocardiumMyocardium – middle layer, – middle layer, pumps blood through the systempumps blood through the system▫ EndocardiumEndocardium – inner layer, – inner layer, allows the blood to flow smoothly allows the blood to flow smoothly

Chambers of the HeartChambers of the Heart• Septum – muscular wall that separates the Septum – muscular wall that separates the

heart into the right and left sidesheart into the right and left sides• Each side is divided into two parts Each side is divided into two parts

• AtriaAtria – two top chambers – two top chambers• VentriclesVentricles – two bottom chambers – two bottom chambers

• Blood enters the heart Blood enters the heart through the atria through the atria • Blood leaves through Blood leaves through the ventriclesthe ventricles

Heart ValvesHeart Valves• AtrioventricularAtrioventricular - - located between the atria and located between the atria and

the ventricles on each side of the heartthe ventricles on each side of the heart. . ▫ Tricuspid valveTricuspid valve – right side – right side ▫ Bicuspid valveBicuspid valve – left side– left side

• SemilunarSemilunar - - located between located between the ventricles and the vessels the ventricles and the vessels where blood leaves the heartwhere blood leaves the heart. .

▫ Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve ▫ Aortic valveAortic valve

Circulation of BloodCirculation of Blood• PulmonaryPulmonary• SystemicSystemic• CoronaryCoronary

Pulmonary Circulation Pulmonary Circulation • Flow of blood between the heart and Flow of blood between the heart and

lungslungs▫ The right side of the heart pumps The right side of the heart pumps

deoxygenated blood to the lungs.deoxygenated blood to the lungs.▫ Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.▫ Oxygenated blood Oxygenated blood returns to the left side returns to the left side of the heart.of the heart.

Systemic CirculationSystemic Circulation• Flow of blood between the Flow of blood between the heart and bodyheart and body▫ The left side of the heart The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to pumps oxygenated blood to the body.the body.▫ Blood returns to the right side Blood returns to the right side of the heartof the heart

Coronary CirculationCoronary Circulation• Flow of blood to the heart muscleFlow of blood to the heart muscle

▫ The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to heart tissue blood to heart tissue

▫ Blood returns to the right side of the heart.Blood returns to the right side of the heart.

Blood Flow Through the HeartBlood Flow Through the Heart• Superior & inferior vena cavaSuperior & inferior vena cava• Right atriumRight atrium• Tricuspid valveTricuspid valve• Right ventricleRight ventricle• Pulmonary semilunar valvePulmonary semilunar valve• Pulumonary arteriesPulumonary arteries• Lungs to exchange gasesLungs to exchange gases• Pulmonary veinsPulmonary veins• Left atriumLeft atrium• Bicuspid / Mitral valveBicuspid / Mitral valve• Left ventricleLeft ventricle• Aortic semilunar valveAortic semilunar valve• Aorta all parts of the bodyAorta all parts of the body

Electrical Conduction SystemElectrical Conduction SystemAutomaticity-enables heart to contract rhythmically Automaticity-enables heart to contract rhythmically

and continuously without motor nerve impulses and continuously without motor nerve impulses

1.1. SA (sinoatrial) NodeSA (sinoatrial) Node: pacemaker located where : pacemaker located where the superior and inferior vena cava enter the the superior and inferior vena cava enter the right atrium right atrium

2.2. AV (atrioventricular)AV (atrioventricular) Node: sends impulses to Node: sends impulses to ventricles ventricles

3.3. Bundle of His/Left and Right Bundle Bundle of His/Left and Right Bundle BranchesBranches: in septum: in septumeach to a ventricleeach to a ventricle

4.4. Purkinje FibersPurkinje Fibers: in ventricle walls to distribute : in ventricle walls to distribute nerve impulses nerve impulses

Conduction PathwayConduction Pathway• Sinoatrial NodeSinoatrial Node• AtrioVentricular NodeAtrioVentricular Node• Bundle of HisBundle of His

– Left and right bundle branchesLeft and right bundle branches• Purkinje FibersPurkinje Fibers

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22/animation__conducting_system_of_the_heart.htmlanimation__conducting_system_of_the_heart.html

This repeats every 0.8 seconds

If a person dies of a heart attack, who will SAVe His KIN?

Arrhythmias - are abnormal heart rhythms and can be mild to life-threateningDefibrillator- a device that shocks the heart with an electrical current to stop the uncoordinated contraction and allow the SA node to regain controlPacemaker- is a small battery -powered device with electrodes

Conductive Pathway Conductive Pathway

Defibrillator

AED

http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65&TopicID=775

http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65&TopicID=728

Electrical CardiogramElectrical Cardiogram

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html

http://www.flashwebmaster.com/portfolio/animation/video/heart/2d_heart_animation_flash_charts_medical.html

http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/anim_bloodflow.html

http://www.3dscience.com/Resources/3d_Heart_Model_anterior_cut.php

blood from the heart gets around

the body through blood vessels

There are 3 types of blood vessels

a. ARTERY

b. VEIN

c. CAPILLARY

The ARTERY

thick muscle and elastic fibres

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under

pressure

the thick muscle can contract to push the blood

along.

The VEINVeins carry blood towards from the heart.

thin muscle and elastic fibres

veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.

body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

The CAPILLARYCapillaries link Arteries with Veins

the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick

they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

artery vein

capillariesbody cell

The CAPILLARYA collection of capillaries is known as a capillary capillary bedbed.

what’s in

red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

plasma

carbon dioxide

digested food

waste (urea)

hormones

oxygen

The Blood

plasma

red blood cell

white blood cell

platelets

Red Blood Cellscontain haemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it.

can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries.

a biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus

White Blood Cells

there are many different types and all contain a big nucleus.

their main function is phagocytosis which means to fight infection by engulfing, ingesting and destroying pathogens.

some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them. other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.

5 Types of Leukocytes•Neutophilis: phagocytize bacteria

•Eosinophils: remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions

•Basophils: participate in the body’s inflammatory response; produce histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin, an anticoagulant

•Lymphocytes: provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells

•Monocytes: fight protozoa and some bacteriahttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14704

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.lp_specializ/

PlateletsPlatelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells.

Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.

Plasma

A straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.

• carbon dioxide• glucose• amino acids• proteins• minerals• vitamins• hormones• waste materials like urea.

It also contains useful things like;

SUMMARYcopy and complete the following;Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery

are made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins

carry blood ________ the heart and also have valves. The

_________ link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall.

Blood is made up of four main things. ______ is the liquid part of

the blood. Red Blood Cells carry ______. White Blood cells

protect the body from disease . And _________ help blood clot.

Diseases and Abnormal Diseases and Abnormal ConditionsConditions

d. Analyze the interdependence of the body’s systems as related to wellness, disease, and disorders.

e. Discuss the goals of therapy and care rehabilitation.

f. Discuss the etiology of two common diseases in each body system and how to treat and/or prevent them.

AnemiaAnemia• - is an inadequate - is an inadequate

number of red blood number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or bothcells, hemoglobin, or both

• Symptoms:Symptoms: pallor(paleness), fatigue,, pallor(paleness), fatigue,, dyspnea(difficult dyspnea(difficult breathing), and rapid breathing), and rapid heart rateheart rate

• Treatment:Treatment: transfusions transfusions of packed cells and of packed cells and supportive therapy during supportive therapy during crisis, and genetic crisis, and genetic counselingcounseling

ArteriosclerosisArteriosclerosis• Hardening or thickening Hardening or thickening

of the arterial walls, of the arterial walls, resulting in a loss of resulting in a loss of elasticity and contractilityelasticity and contractility

• Causes:Causes: high blood high blood pressure, or pressure, or hypertension, and can hypertension, and can lead to an aneurysm or lead to an aneurysm or cerebral hemorrhagecerebral hemorrhage

• Treated:Treated: with diet and with diet and exercise and medicationsexercise and medications

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis• Occurs when fatty plaques Occurs when fatty plaques

(frequently cholesterol) are (frequently cholesterol) are deposited on the walls of the deposited on the walls of the arteries.arteries.

• Prevention:Prevention: low-cholesterol diet low-cholesterol diet and exerciseand exercise

• AngioplastyAngioplasty may be used to may be used to remove or compress the deposits, remove or compress the deposits, or to insert a stent to allow blood or to insert a stent to allow blood flowflow

• Bypass surgeryBypass surgery is used when is used when the arteries are completely the arteries are completely blockedblocked

• TreatedTreated with Diet changes, meds with Diet changes, meds and exercise and exercise

http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/videos-44017-47.html

http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/videos-44022-47.html

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)• Condition that occurs when the Condition that occurs when the

heart muscles do not beat heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply the blood adequately to supply the blood needs of the bodyneeds of the body

• Symptoms:Symptoms: edema(swelling); edema(swelling); dypsnea; pallor; distention of the dypsnea; pallor; distention of the neck veins; a weak, rapid pulse; and neck veins; a weak, rapid pulse; and a cough accompanied by pink, a cough accompanied by pink, frothy sputum, enlarged heartfrothy sputum, enlarged heart

• Treatment:Treatment: cardiac drugs, cardiac drugs, diuretics(to remove retained body diuretics(to remove retained body fluids), elastic support hose, oxygen fluids), elastic support hose, oxygen therapy, bedrest, and/or a low-therapy, bedrest, and/or a low-sodium dietsodium diet

• DiagnosisDiagnosis: H&P, Echo, X-ray, EKG: H&P, Echo, X-ray, EKG

• EmbolusEmbolus• A foreign A foreign

substance substance circulating in the circulating in the bloodstream. bloodstream.

• It can be a blood It can be a blood clot, air, fat or clot, air, fat or bacterial clumps…bacterial clumps…

• Can cause MI, CVA Can cause MI, CVA and death and death

Blockage seen on arteriogram

HemophiliaHemophilia• An inherited disease that An inherited disease that

occurs almost exclusively occurs almost exclusively in males but can be in males but can be carried by femalescarried by females

• Persons with hemophilia Persons with hemophilia are missing clotting are missing clotting factors, which allow our factors, which allow our blood to clotblood to clot

• Treatment:Treatment: transfusing transfusing whole blood, or plasma, whole blood, or plasma, and administering the and administering the missing protein factormissing protein factor

HypertensionHypertension• High blood pressureHigh blood pressure• Increasing risk factors:Increasing risk factors: family history, family history,

race(higher in African Americans), obesity, race(higher in African Americans), obesity, stress, smoking, aging (higher in stress, smoking, aging (higher in postmenopausal women), and a diet high in postmenopausal women), and a diet high in saturated fatsaturated fat

• Treatment:Treatment: no cure, but : antihypertensive no cure, but : antihypertensive drugs, diuretics (to remove retained body drugs, diuretics (to remove retained body fluids), limited stress, avoidance of tobacco, fluids), limited stress, avoidance of tobacco, and/or low-sodium dietand/or low-sodium diet

• S/SX:S/SX: flushed face, HA, dizziness, visual flushed face, HA, dizziness, visual disturbances.disturbances.

• DiagnosisDiagnosis: H&P, BP log: H&P, BP log

LeukemiaLeukemia• Malignant disease of the bone Malignant disease of the bone

marrow or lymph tissuemarrow or lymph tissue• Symptoms:Symptoms: fever, pallor, fever, pallor,

swelling of lymphoid tissues, swelling of lymphoid tissues, fatigue, anemia, bleeding fatigue, anemia, bleeding gums, excessive bruising, and gums, excessive bruising, and joint painjoint pain

• Treatment:Treatment: vary w/ type of vary w/ type of leukemia but include: leukemia but include: chemotherapy, radiation, chemotherapy, radiation, and/or bone marrow transplantand/or bone marrow transplant

Myocardial InfarctionMyocardial Infarction• Heart attack;Heart attack; occurs when a blockage in occurs when a blockage in

the coronary arteries cuts off the supply the coronary arteries cuts off the supply of blood to the heartof blood to the heart

• SymptomsSymptoms: severe crushing pain that : severe crushing pain that radiates to the arm, neck, and jaw; radiates to the arm, neck, and jaw; pressure in the chest; perspiration and pressure in the chest; perspiration and cold,clammy skin; dypsnea; and a cold,clammy skin; dypsnea; and a change in blood pressurechange in blood pressure

• TreatmentTreatment: “clot-busting”drug (TPA), : “clot-busting”drug (TPA), complete bed rest, pain medications, complete bed rest, pain medications, oxygen therapy, anticoagulants, and oxygen therapy, anticoagulants, and control of arrhythmia, angioplastycontrol of arrhythmia, angioplasty

• Diagnosis:Diagnosis: Echo, CT scan, EKG, blood Echo, CT scan, EKG, blood work, H&P, X-ray, Cardiac catheterwork, H&P, X-ray, Cardiac catheter

http://www.healthcentral.com/cholesterol/understanding-cholesterol-13-115.html

PhlebitisPhlebitis• An inflammation of a vein, An inflammation of a vein,

frequently in the legfrequently in the leg• Symptoms: pain, edema, Symptoms: pain, edema,

redness, an discoloration redness, an discoloration at the siteat the site

• Treatment: Treatment: anticoagulants; pain anticoagulants; pain medication; elevation of medication; elevation of the affected area; the affected area; antiembolism or support antiembolism or support hose; and if necessary; hose; and if necessary; surgery to remove the surgery to remove the clotclot

Varicose VeinsVaricose Veins• Dilated, swollen veins that Dilated, swollen veins that

have lost elasticity and have lost elasticity and cause stasis (decreased cause stasis (decreased blood flow)blood flow)

• Occur in the legsOccur in the legs• Caused by prolonged Caused by prolonged

sitting or standing, sitting or standing, hereditary factors and hereditary factors and pregnancypregnancy

• Treatment includes Treatment includes exercise, TED hose, or exercise, TED hose, or surgery if indicated.surgery if indicated.

AneurysmAneurysm• Ballooning out of, or saclike formation on Ballooning out of, or saclike formation on

an artery wallan artery wall• Caused by high blood pressure, congenital Caused by high blood pressure, congenital

defects or other arterial diseasesdefects or other arterial diseases• Usually no symptoms-only mild pain or Usually no symptoms-only mild pain or

pressure are caused by somepressure are caused by some• Common sites include cerebral, aortic and Common sites include cerebral, aortic and

abdominal arteriesabdominal arteries• Treatment includes surgery to removed Treatment includes surgery to removed

damaged portiondamaged portion• Watching a smaller aneurysm and Watching a smaller aneurysm and

managing blood pressure are early managing blood pressure are early treatment options.treatment options.