Carl A. Griffey, David Marshall, Wynse S. Brooks, Nicholas Meier, Mark E. Vaughn, and Wade E. Thomason

Virginia Tech

Research and development of winter malt barley

varieties for the eastern US

Barley Production and Craft Beer Statistics by State in the

mid-Atlantic, 2015 data

Mid-Atlantic

States

Winter Barley

Planted Acreage

#Craft

Breweries

/state Rank

Annual Craft

Beer

Production

(#barrels) Rank

Economic

Impact $ in

millions Rank

Impact

per

Capita

$ Rank

Pennsylvania 55,000 178 8 4,059,330 1 4,488 2 477 4

Maryland 50,000 60 20 258,926 21 652 23 151 23

Virginia 46,000 124 13 274,111 16 1,046 19 173 39

Delaware 32,000 15 49 248,742 22 264 42 389 9

North Carolina 19,000 161 9 675,469 11 1,200 16 168 40

New York 11,000 208 5 1,086,719 7 2,921 4 202 35

New Jersey N/A 51 24 799,942 35 1,236 15 190 37

Conneticut N/A 35 32 105,484 30 569 26 216 30

West Virginia N/A 12 48 14,161 49 211 46 152 45

Washington

DC N/A 10 43 29,727 45 149 51 293 16

Total 213,000 854 6,832,610 12,736 2,412

N/A= Not available Sources: http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/. & https://www.brewersassociation.org/statistics/by-state/ & http://barleycap.cfans.umn.edu/

Craft Maltsters / Brewers Location Cooper Fox Distillery & Maltings Sperryville, VA

Stone Brewing Co. Richmond, VA

Deer Creek Malthouse Glen Mills, PA

Double Eagle Mault Philadelphia, PA

Sierra Nevada Brewing Asheville, NC

Epiphany Craft Malt Durham, NC

Dogfish Head Craft Brewery Milton, DE

Flying Dog Brewery Frederick, MD

Peterson Quality Malt Monkton, VT

Cottrell Brewing Co. Pawcatuck, CT

Pioneer Malting Rochester, NY

River House Brewing Co. Ewing, NJ

Blue Ox Malthouse Lisbon Falls, ME

Maltarie Frontenac Inc. Quebec, Canada

Deschutes Brewery Roanoke, VA

Malt Barley Market Potential and Opportunities:

Some Craft Malt & Micro Brewers in Eastern North America

Source:

https://www.brewersassociation.org/statistics/by-state/?state=VA

Regional Brewing Operations

• 129+ Craft Breweries in

Virginia

• 3 Macro Breweries within 4 hrs

• 4 Regional Craft Breweries in

planning

• Deschutes

• Ballast Point

• Greenflash

• Stone

• 2 Regional Craft Breweries

• Sierra Nevada Brewing Co

• New Belgium Brewing Co

Malt Barley Development at Virginia Tech: Progress,

Constraints and Challenges

YIELD (Secretariat, Thoroughbred and Atlantic)

GRAIN QUALITY and KERNEL SIZE (Thoroughbred and Violetta)

NETBLOTCH

RESISTANCE (Nomini)

LEAF RUST RESISTANCE (VA92-42-46 and Secretariat)

FHB RESISTANCE (Nomini and Eve))

POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE (Wysor)

Available Commercial Winter Malt Barley Varieties in

the Eastern U.S.

• Charles, Endeavor, Wintmalt and Thoroughbred (AMBA recommended

varieties)

• Charles and Endeavor, developed and released by the USDA-ARS in

Idaho and available from Idaho Foundation Seed Program and Wintmalt

was developed in Europe available from KWS

• Thoroughbred, developed and released from the Virginia Tech breeding

program

• These varieties do not possess the required genetic resistance to all

prevalent diseases in eastern regions of North America

• It is economically and environmentally beneficial that barley varieties

developed for the eastern regions of North America be resistant to

diseases (FHB, leaf rust, powdery mildew, net blotch and BYD Virus)

Potential malt barley cultivars: Violetta and Flavia

recommended for production in eastern U.S.

• Violetta LCS is a European high yielding two row winter malt barley variety

developed by Limagrain with very good disease resistance package.

• Flavia also is a European high yielding two row winter malt barley variety develop

in Germany (Ackerman) with very good leaf rust and net blotch resistance.

• Over two years (2014 and 2015), Violetta and Flavia performed very well in the

WMBT in Virginia and were recommended for production.

• In the WMBT, Violetta out yields current two row winter malt barley check

varieties Endeavor and Charles and has overall better disease resistance

• Malting quality in Virginia for Flavia and Violetta is good with high test

weight, plump seed and bright kernels.

Contact information: Seed Source

Limagrain Cereal Seeds North American Office 2040 SE Frontage Road Fort Collins, CO 80525 Telephone: 970-498-2200

Virginia Crop Improvement Association P.O. Box 78 Mt. Holly, VA 22524 Telephone: 804-472-3500 email: bbeahm@rivnet.net

• Currently involved in cooperative testing of winter malt

barley lines in 13 states (WA, OR, ID, UT, NE, ND,

MN, WI, MT, NY, TX, VT, and VA) via: Winter Malt

Barley Trial (WMBT).

• Crosses made between Virginia elite lines and varieties

with superior malt barley varieties from the WMBT to

develop high yielding, disease resistant varieties with

superior malt quality.

• In collaboration with OSU, Double Haploid Method

being used to accelerate malt variety development.

• In 2016, we evaluated malt barley lines in yield tests at 1-

2 locations in Virginia:

- 28 lines in the WMBT - 48 DH malt barley lines

Production of two and six-rowed winter malt

barley for the eastern U.S. regions

Table 1. Winter Malt Barley Germplasm being developed and

evaluated in the Virginia Tech Breeding Program in 2015-2016

Tests/Year 2015 2016 2017 Total

POPULATIONS

New Malt Barley Crosses (F1) 45 60 159 264

New Double haploid (DH) Crosses 1 3 4 8

Populations (F2 and higher generations) 48 57 68 173

Progeny Rows 660 627 450 1737

DH Progeny Rows* (New DH lines 2018) 60 640 0* 700

YIELD TESTS

VA-Malt Observation Test 0 61 31 92

Facultative Malt Barley Observation Test 0 0 31 31

VA-Preliminary Malt Test 0 0 39 39

Winter Malt Barley Trial (WMBT) 29 28 30 87

Table 2. Summary of performance of barley entries versus check

varieties in the WMBT at Blacksburg and Warsaw, VA in 2016

Line Row

#

Yield

(bu/ac)

Yield

Rank

Test

weight

(Lb/bu)

Date

headed

(Julian)

Leaf

rust

(0-9)

Net

blotch

(0-9)

Powdery

Mildew

(0-9)

BYD

V (0-

9)

Winter

Survival

(0-100%)

Hirondella 6 107 1 42.6 117 1 5 0 0 95

Calypso 2 94 4 43.5 120 1 3 0 1 99

10/069/1 2 93 5 41.1 115 2 6 2 3 96

SU Mateo 2 85 6 43.8 118 1 5 0 2 96

Thoroughbred

(chk) 6 100 2 44.9 111 5 6 5 0 98

McGregor (chk) 6 96 3 40.8 116 4 3 5 1 98

Endeavor (chk) 2 75 9 42.6 113 7 4 1 2 96

Wintmalt (chk) 2 66 12 43.6 120 4 3 2 5 98

Charles (chk) 2 65 14 37.3 113 8 5 0 3 96

Mean (n=28) 65 40 116 4 5 3 4 94

LSD (0.05) 8 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1 1.2 3.8

CV 13 4.1 1

Table 3. Summary of Malt Quality of Entries versus Check

varieties in the WMBT at Blacksburg and Warsaw, 2016 harvest

*All analyses performed by the USDA Cereal Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI

Parameter Score Lo-Hi Flavia Calypso Hirondella Violetta Endeavor (Chk)

Thoroughbred (Chk)

McGregor (Chk)

Charles (Chk)

Malt Extract [%] 78-81+ 80 81 80 81 81 78 77 80

Protein Content [% dm] 11-13+ 12 11 12 12 12 11 11 12

Diastatic Power [°ASBC] 110-150 183 174 164 192 165 138 93 154

Alpha amylase[20°DU] 40-70 64 53 54 67 108 54 55 112

Beta glucan [ppm] 100-120 181 217 388 178 169 466 425 167

Fan 140-210 199 181 156 195 273 160 162 278

Overall quality score 43 38 35 42 48 29 27 34

Row type 2 2 6 2 2 6 6 2

Table 4. 2016 Warsaw Malt Quality Data

Variety or

Selection

Row

#

Kernel

Weight

(mg)

on

6/64"

(%)

Malt

Extract

(%)

Wort

Clarity

Barley

Protein

(%)

Wort

Protein

(%)

S/T

(%)

DP

(ASBC)

Alpha-

Amylase

(20 DU)

Beta-

glucan

(ppm)

FAN

(ppm)

Quality

score

Overall

Rank

DH14BDH

12-81 2 41.8 98.7 82.3 2.0 12.4 5.0 40.5 121.7 71.5 94.5 296.0 68 1

DH14BDH

12-82 2 34.5 91.1 81.6 1.0 12.0 4.8 41.8 160.5 90.7 228.9 230.3 58 4

Wintmalt 2 32.8 83.4 81.4 2.0 12.1 4.7 41.5 171.9 76.1 128.4 211.5 55 7

Flavia 2 34.2 84.2 81.4 2.0 12.3 5.1 43.4 167.7 71.2 136.9 248.3 55 7

Violetta 2 38.0 94.6 83.4 1.0 10.2 4.7 47.9 144.8 70.9 131.6 190.7 53 12

VA16B-82

2R 2 41.1 97.9 82.8 3.0 10.8 4.8 49.0 125.9 66.3 120.9 212.6 53 12

Calypso 2 38.9 90.6 83.4 1.0 9.8 4.3 45.6 151.2 57.9 209.3 187.8 49 18

DH14BDH

12-94 2 42.7 96.0 82.8 1.0 11.2 6.4 57.8 113.1 105.1 156.7 350.0 48 25

VA16B-81

2R 2 37.6 97.0 83.5 3.0 10.8 3.9 37.0 167.8 82.8 57.0 205.8 46 33

Endeavor 2 29.7 79.0 83.3 3.0 11.0 5.5 53.7 111.1 97.9 138.9 269.6 46 33

Charles 2 28.4 82.1 83.1 3.0 10.4 5.4 52.8 105.0 102.9 167.7 260.2 38 47

Thorough-

bred 6 28.2 83.3 78.8 1.0 10.3 3.4 33.9 128.1 59.6 522.9 161.2 32 64

Small Grains Breeding Nursery, May 2016, Raleigh, NC

USDA/ARS Program in Breeding Malt-Quality Winter Barley for the Southeastern U.S.

Introduction of Variation

•Parent genotyping & identification

•70 new crosses made in November 2010-January 2011

•F1s grown in New Zealand April 2011-November 2011

•F2s grown in North Carolina November 2011-May 2012

Segregation & Selection

•100 spikes/F2 population selected for agronomics, disease resistance, and plump kernels

•Selected F3s sorted on a gravity-table

•F4s planted in field

•Single heads selected for improved type

•F5 head rows grown and selected for yield trials

Evaluation and Release

•First year yield trials (organic and conventional) evaluation for multiple traits in screening nurseries for agronomic, biotic stress characteristics, and grain quality

•Second (2015-16) and third year (2016-17) yield trials at multiple locations (organic and conventional), and throughout the U.S.; multiple trait screening nurseries

•Purity, multiplication, and release of new varieties in 2018 or 2019

Steps repeated each year and material recycled from late to early generations

Winter Malting Barley Breeding Scheme – USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC

Barley Breeding Challenges for Malt Production Quality & Yield

Disease & Insect Resistance

Winter Hardiness

Lodging Resistance

Preharvest Sprouting Tolerance

Non-Traditional Traits: Terroir Sensory Climate (CO2, O3,

temp, vpd)

Progress in Malting Barley Variety Development - 2016 Began malting barley development in 2010.

Provided information to Riverbend Malt House (Asheville), Epiphany Malt (Durham); and Carolina Malt House (Statesville). The number of craft breweries (micro, regional, and brewpubs) has doubled in North Carolina, going from 60 in 2011 to 122 in 2015. In the U.S. as a whole, there were 3,464 craft breweries in 2014. This is the highest number since 1873, when there were 4,131 breweries; all-time low was in 1920 (Prohibition).

In 2016, for barley, had 38 elite lines, 153 advanced lines, 620 preliminary lines, 18,000 head rows, and 420 segregating populations.

In house, agronomic, disease, grain quality (protein, falling numbers, germination, 6/64 sieving); USDA-ARS lab in Madison, WI. Germplasm development and exchange with the USDA-ARS Winter Malting Barley breeding program in Aberdeen, ID.

Virginia

Tennessee

Georgia

South Carolina

Small Grain Testing Locations in North Carolina. Eight locations in all, spanning from the Appalachian Mountains to the Atlantic coast.

Kernel on Barley Malt Barley Wort Alpha- Beta-

Weight 6/64" Color Extract Wort Wort Protein Protein S/T DP amylase glucan FAN Qual i ty Overal l

yield pro twt (mg) (%) (Agtron) (%) ColorClari ty (%) (%) (%) (°ASBC) (20°DU) (ppm) (ppm) Score Rank

ARS14B01 91.93 10.24 54.8 40.0 97.8 34 78.3 2.3 1 12.5 4.07 33.6 98 40.4 541 153 32 16

ARS14B02 85.29 12.74 49.2 39.2 96.2 32 77.7 2.2 1 13.2 4.17 33.6 95 38.2 517 141 17 34

ARS14B06 109.16 10.20 51.9 38.6 95.5 29 78.9 3.4 1 11.9 4.23 36.1 87 39.9 443 169 26 21

ARS14B07 113.73 12.24 47.4 39.4 96.4 34 78.3 2.9 1 12.0 4.19 35.4 82 38.6 708 123 26 21

ARS14B08 107.83 11.68 50.3 38.6 96.0 35 78.3 2.9 1 12.0 4.02 33.8 81 36.2 682 141 26 21

ARS14B15 90.47 11.13 55.5 37.7 95.9 34 77.7 2.6 2 12.1 3.77 33.3 81 36.4 614 170 16 36

ARS14B22 93.06 9.78 47.7 37.0 92.8 27 80.3 3.0 1 11.9 5.16 45.9 129 88.2 521 268 55 1

ARS14B23 85.68 12.77 53.5 38.9 96.3 33 77.0 2.3 1 12.9 3.98 31.3 92 41.5 691 137 23 28

ARS14B25 135.44 8.69 49.6 34.5 86.9 30 81.7 2.9 1 10.9 4.79 47.4 114 88.3 281 282 43 14

ARS14B26 119.13 9.65 55.0 33.8 89.0 30 82.3 3.2 1 9.8 4.82 52.1 132 87.1 264 291 46 10

ARS14B27 139.55 10.41 54.2 33.8 86.5 32 81.3 3.1 1 10.6 4.92 47.2 145 76.5 309 298 46 10

ARS14B29 122.53 10.17 49.8 34.0 89.0 29 81.7 3.3 1 10.5 4.86 49.2 132 76.0 401 255 46 10

ARS14B30 83.85 9.49 55.8 37.0 94.9 32 78.6 2.8 2 11.4 3.97 36.0 81 42.8 655 170 24 26

ARS14B31 99.09 10.08 56.2 39.7 96.1 27 78.3 2.7 1 11.8 3.99 34.0 80 37.5 754 213 28 19

ARS14B32 98.03 10.20 56.2 39.2 95.9 33 78.2 2.6 1 12.5 4.08 34.1 83 38.4 896 218 31 17

ARS14B33 133.04 10.94 35.1 34.3 89.1 26 80.5 3.1 1 11.8 4.64 42.3 150 62.4 439 259 53 4

ARS14B34 146.40 9.01 39.1 34.2 89.7 23 80.8 3.0 1 11.0 4.59 42.6 148 67.2 373 269 48 6

ARS14B35 122.67 8.33 50.5 35.3 92.0 32 82.9 2.5 1 10.0 4.88 52.1 141 90.8 246 284 48 6

ARS14B36 144.66 10.25 49.2 34.6 91.1 30 82.0 3.0 1 10.2 4.79 49.2 152 80.2 302 218 48 6

ARS14B37 124.09 10.29 56.6 35.3 90.5 30 82.5 2.8 1 10.5 5.05 51.2 153 92.0 259 278 48 6

Harrington 38.8 95.8 73 82.1 2.2 1 11.5 4.65 40.6 118 91.3 162 245 57

Endeavor 98.81 9.77 51.3Thoroughbred 106.80 10.44 49.7

Mills River

USDA-ARS Raleigh Small Grains Researchers:

• David Marshall – Wheat and Barley Breeding & Pathology • Christina Cowger – Small Grains Pathology • Gina Brown-Guedira – Small Grain Genetics • David Livingston – Small Grains Physiology • Alan Franzluebbers – Soil Scientist

Identification of Informative Malt Quality Molecular Markers

for MAS to Facilitate the Development of High Yielding,

Superior Quality Winter Malt Barley Cultivars for eastern

North America

• 2 Double Haploid Mapping Populations; Each with ~150 individuals

(Endeavor x VA09B-34) & (Violetta x VA09B-34)

• Will be genotyped with Illumina Micro-Array 50k SNP chip

• Phenotyping of malt quality traits (i.e. malt extract, β –glucan, α-amylase,

FAN, DP, etc….) will take place at the Center for Craft Food and Beverage at

Hartwick College, New York

• Informative markers at specific QTL that positively influence malt quality

traits will be integrated into the program for use in MAS to facilitate high-

throughput selection of superior quality winter malt barley cultivars

By: Nicholas Meier; PhD student

Winter Malt Barley and Wheat Flavor Study

• Grow, malt, and brew 50 kg of 4 malt cultivars (Flavia, Violetta, Endeavor, and

Thoroughbred), 2 soft red and 1 soft white winter wheat cultivars (AgriMaxx 444,

Hilliard, and MCIA Venus), and 1 Triticale cultivar (Trical 498) in Blacksburg and

Warsaw; planted Fall 2016

• Use Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and VT’s trained sensory panel to

analyze aroma compounds of barely, malt, and wort to identify unique flavors which

are genetically and environmentally (terroir) influenced

• All activities to take place on campus in Virginia Tech’s Pilot Malt and Brew house in

collaboration with the Department of Food Science and Technology (Dr. Sean

O’Keefe & Brian Weirsma)

By: Nicholas Meier;

PhD Student

• Continue to participate in the national

collaborative Winter Malt Barley Trial.

• Initiate a regional mid-Atlantic and

Eastern Uniform Winter Malt Barley

Trial.

• Continue to select and use superior

germplasm from the WMBT as parents in

crosses with elite material from our

program.

SUMMARY: FUTURE WORK PLAN

• Accelerate the development of superior,

widely adapted, high yielding two and six-

row winter malt barley varieties using

double-haploid breeding.

• New winter malt barley varieties must have

advantages either in yield, disease

resistance, or quality performance in Malt

houses and Breweries.

• Evaluate yield, disease resistance and

FHB resistance of lines in Virginia state

variety trial and the WMBT in a Scab

nursery at Mount Holly, VA.

SUMMARY: FUTURE WORK PLAN

Acknowledgements

Research Funds Provided by:

● Virginia Small Grains Board

● Kentucky Small Grain Growers Association

● Maryland Grain Producers Utilization Board

● The U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiatives

● American Malt Barley Association (AMBA)

● Brewers Association

THANKS!

Nicholas Meier: namvf6@vt.edu

Wynse Brooks: wybrooks@vt.edu

Carl Griffey: cgriffey@vt.edu

Dave Marshall: David.Marshall@ars.usda.gov