Caroling Ian Power Point

8/6/2019 Caroling Ian Power Point

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What did you learn about Charles Martel from the primary sources? The Franks?

In 741, Pepin deposed the Merovingians& assumed the kingship for himself and his

family. Pepin was approved by the Pope. He ruled 751-768. Crowned and anointed byrepresentative of the pope. Symbolized that the kings had been entrusted to sacred

office and shows how a Germanic institution fused with a Christian practice in the

Early middle ages.

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United Gaul, gaining back Saxony and the lands occupied by the Hungarians, adding

also Lombardy

Promoted education, establishing schools for clergy and lay people, which enforcedthe learning of Latin so that the Bible could be comprehended

Married more than 10 times; wife Hildegard bore him no less than 9 children

Pepin had two sons Charles and Carloman. After the death of their father they ruled

together, but in a few years Carloman died, and then Charles became sole king.This

Charles was the most famous of the kings of the Franks. He did so many great and

wonderful things that he is called Charlemagne (shar-le-main), which means Charles

the Great.

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He was one of Charlemagnes courtiers; Wrote the first medieval biography of a

layman.

Literary model was Suetonius (of Augustus); described everything about the ruler:appearance, dress, eating & drinking habits, religious practices, intellectual interests.

*Read selection from Einhard on p. 200 of Spielvogel

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Undertook 54 military campaigns!

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He was a great soldier. For thirty years he carried on a war against the Saxons. Finally heconquered them, and their great chief, Wittekind, submitted to him. The Saxons were apeople of Germany, who then lived near the land of the Franks. They spoke the samelanguage and were of the same race as the Franks, but had not been civilized by contact withthe Romans.They were still pagans, just as the Franks had been before Clovis became a Christian. Theyactually offered human sacrifices. [Einhard said: No war ever undertaken by the Frank nationwas carried on with such persistence and bitterness, or cost so much labor, because theSaxons, like almost all of the tribes of Germany, were a fierce people, g iven to the worship ofdevils, and hostile to our religion, and did not consider it dishonorable to transgress andviolate all law, human and divine.]After Charlemagne conquered them he made their lands part of his kingdom. A great numberof them, among whom was Wittekind, then became Christians and were baptized; and soonthey had churches and schools in many parts of their country.

Another of Charlemagnes wars was against the Lombards.Pepin, as you have read, haddefeated the Lombards and given to the Pope part of the country held by them. The Lombardking now invaded the Popes lands and threatened Rome itself; so the Pope sent toCharlemagne for help.Charlemagne quickly marched across the Alps and attacked the Lombards. He drove themout of the Popes lands and took possession of their country.

Charlemagnes wars were largely fought against the Tribes on the continent not yetconquered by the Franks (the Aquitainians and the Bavarians) and those that threatened theChurch to the south (namely the Lombards). He became the king of the Franks and theLombards; appointed son Pippin as king of Italy.

He also fought two minor campaigns against the heathen. He defeated the Avarsa pagan,Finnish people in Bavaria, the Saxons who remained on the conteinet, and the Saracens inSpain. (He did not drive them out, only conquering the northern border).Saracens is a Greek word for easteners which was adopted by the West and usedthroughout the Middle Ages in reference to the Arabs.

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After he had conquered the Lombards he carried on war, in 778, in Spain. A large

portion of Spain was then held by the Moorish Saracens. But a Mohammedan leader

from Damascus had invaded their country, and the Moors invited Charlemagne tohelp them. He therefore led an army across the Pyrenees. He succeeded in putting his

Moorish friends in possession of their lands in Spain and then set out on his return to

his own country.

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On the march his army was divided into two parts. The main body was led by

Charlemagne himself. The rear guard was commanded by a famous warrior named

Roland. While marching through the narrow pass of Roncesvalles (ron-thes-val-yes),among the Pyrenees, Rolands division was attacked by a tribe called the Basques

(basks), who lived on the mountain slopes of the neighboring region.

High cliffs walled in the pass on either side. From the tops of these cliffs the Basques

hurled down rocks and trunks of trees upon the Franks, and crushed many of them to

death. Besides this, the wild mountaineers descended into the pass and attacked

them with weapons. Roland fought bravely; but at last he was overpowered, and he

and all his men were killed.

Roland had a friend and companion named Oliver, who was as brave as himself. Many

stories and songs have been written telling of the wonderful adventures they weresaid to have had and of their wonderful deeds in war.

The work of Charlemagne in Spain was quickly undone; for Abd-er-Rahman, the

leader of the Mohammedans who had come from Damascus, soon conquered almost

all the territory south of the Pyrenees.

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Church reform: created new bishoprics and archbishoprics, restored old ones, made

sure clergy followed orders from superiors and did duties

Inefficiency of the system: great distances had to be covered on horseback,Charlemagne and staff couldnt supervise local affairs. System was held together by

personal loyalty to a single ruler who was strong enough to ensure loyalty by force

when necessary.

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For more than forty years Charlemagne was king of the Franks; but a still greater dignity wasto come to him. In the year 800 some of the people in Rome rebelled against the Pope, andCharlemagne went with an army to put down the rebellion. He entered the city with great

pomp and soon conquered the rebels. On Christmas day he went to the church of St. Peter,and as he knelt before the altar the Pope placed a crown upon his head, saying:Long live Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans.The people assembled in the church shouted the same words; and so Charlemagne was nowemperor of the Western Roman Empire, as well as king of the Franks [the emperors ofConstantinople still called themselves Roman Emperors, and still claimed Italy, Germany andFrance as parts of their empire, though really their authority had not been respected in thesecountries for more than 300 years.].

For conquering the Lombards and defending the West against the pagans and the Arabs,Pope Leo wanted to personally recognize and reward Charlemagne. He invited him to Romein 800. C did not know his intentions and said later that he would not have come if he hadknown.

The coronation of Charles the Great has significance in that he represents the Popes desireto reclaim the Roman Empire, led by the Church and guarded by the emperor. The lands thatthe Frankish kings would control for the preceeding centuries have been called,inapporpriately, the Holy Roman Epire.

Charlemagne did not take this seriously, though, for he continued to call himself simply Kingof Franks and Lombards. He never went back to Rome or wore Roman dress. This event wassignifcant in that they signified the transition of power from the east to the west. The popeand Italy would now look to the west, not the east for support and cultivation.

Charlemagne didnt make provision in his will for empire to continue; but after 2 of 3 sons

died, he and his son Louis the Pious thought that God intended the empire to survive as aunity.

Note: its important to realize that this developed out of an already complicated relationshipwith the papacy. Popes welcomed the support of the Franks under Pepin; severed more &more ties with Byzantine empire in 8th century to unite with Pepin. Charlemagne encouragedthe development. In 799, after a rebellion against his authority, Pope Leo III managed to

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It was not until the time of Napoleon in the 19th century that an empire of this size

would be seen again in Europe.

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Reading for Homework: pp. 203-209 (blackout Christianity and Sexuality; stop at Invasionsof the Ninth and Tenth Centuries)Charlemagne was a great king in may other ways besides the fighting of battles. He did

much for the good of his people. He made many excellent laws and appointed judges to seethat the laws were carried out. He established schools and placed good teachers in charge ofthem. He had a school in his palace for his own children, and he employed as their teacher avery learned Englishman named Alcuin (al-kwin).In those times few people could read or write. There were not many schools anywhere, andin most places there were none at all. Even the kings had little education. Indeed, few ofthem could write their own names, and most of them did not care about sending theirchildren to school. They did not think that reading or writing was of much use; but thoughtthat it was far better for boys to learn to be good soldiers, and for gir ls to learn to spin andweave.Charlemagne had a very different opinion. He was fond of learning; and whenever he heard

of a learned man, living in any foreign country, he tried to get him to come and live inFrankland.Charlemagne died in 814. He was buried in the church which he had built at Aix-la-Chapelle.His body was placed in the tomb, seated upon a grand chair, dressed in royal robes, with acrown on the head, a sword at the side, and a Bible in the hands.

For next slides, see pp. 103-105 in OIHMEand homework reading in Spielvogel

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The fame of Charlemagne as a great warrior and a wise emperor spread all over the

world. Many kings sent messengers to him to ask his friendship, and bring him

presents. Harun-al-Rashid (hah-roon-al-rash-eed), the famous caliph, who lived atBagdad, in Asia, sent him an elephant and a clock which struck the hours.

The Franks were much astonished at the sight of the elephant; for they had never

seen one before. They also wondered much at the clock. In those days there were in

Europe no clocks such as we have; but water-clocks and hour-glasses were used in

some places. The water-clock was a vessel into which water was allowed to trickle. It

contained a float which pointed to a scale of hours at the side of the vessel. The float

gradually rose as the water trickled in.

The hour-glasses measured time by the falling of fine sand from the top to the

bottom of a glass vessel made with a narrow neck in the middle for the sand to go

through.

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Spielvogel Reading;

Make a Chart

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Be sure to question! Advantages/disadvantages

Kin to nuclear family

No divorceYoung wife had control over own household

Children valued more than Rome/Germanic; strict discipline in monasteries

Hospitality as sacred duty

Food: mostly bread; upper classes loved pork, game; not much beef; dairy was

prevalent; veggies included; honey & spices; ate a lot more than before; much

drunkenness

Some baths; aristocrats changed clothes/bathed at least once a week; otherwise,

more than that a luxury but some aristocrats liked it

Health: herbs & bleeding; magic; miracles

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Last question: see p. 203 in Spielvogel

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Point 3: What is a Scriptorium? See p. 203 in Spielvogel

Point 4: Including: Virgil, Horace, Pliny, Livy, Seneca, Martial, Juvenal, etc.

WHY IS THIS IMPO

RTANT?

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Derek Wilson, 120

Benefits? Good/Bad?

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Charlemagne headed influential architecture movements through his construction of

his place at Aachen/Aix-la-chapelle. He brought in new designs from the east into the

west

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Charlemagnes Palace; only the chapel/cathedral remains today

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The palaces octagonal shape and intricate mosaics were modeled after the hall of

state built by Justinian II (565-578) in Constantinople

This is the Plan of Cathedral at AixlaChapelle in Aachen, Germany. It is an example

of Romanesque and Gothic architecture in Germany. It was built in AD 796. "With the

exception of the church built at Trves (There) by the empress Helena, of which small

portions can still be traced in the cathedral, there are no remains of earlier date than

the tombhouse built by Charlemagne at Aachen (AixlaChapelle), which, though

much restored in the 19th century, is still in good preservation. It consists [...] of an

octagonal domed hall surrounded by aisles in two [stories], both vaulted; externally

the structure is a polygon of sixteen sides, about 105 ft. in diameter, and it was

preceded by a porch flanked by turrets."

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Inside Aachen Cathedral; The palaces use of arches and columns reflect the

architecture of the Roman churches of northern Italy.

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Aachen Cathedral; the faade of the palace is northern and medieval, not classical.

The use of stained glass, the pointed spires, and the brick faade are all medieval. The

ancients were fond of marble and limestone.

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Though Charlemagne respected the power and stability of the Eastern Empire, he did

not agree with the Emperors headship of the Church.

In the state hall of Constantinople, the Emperors throne sat in the east end, replacing

the altar, and signified his role as the Vicar of God. At Aachen, the Emperors throne

was placed in the west end, acknowledging that the Church belonged to God, not the

state.

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Discuss: why is this important? What are the other options?

Cassiodorus was from an aristocratic Roman family and served as an official of the

Ostrogothic king Theodoric.

He made use of the advice to make use of classical works while treasuring the

scriptures above all else.

In dividing into seven liberal arts, he was following late ancient authors

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Probably came out of Charlemagnes court

Portrait closely follows Roman portraiture

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Mosaic of the Ark of the Covenant, Germigny-des-Prs, c. 806, but restored.

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Drogo Sacramentary, ca. 850: a historiated initial 'C' contains the Ascension of Christ.

The text is in gold ink.

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