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Regulatory Framework Considerations for Implementing
Direct Potable Reuse
Guy Carpenter, PEVice President
Reuse Technical Practice Director
Monday, August 11, 2014
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Presentation Agenda
• Definitions
• Drivers for Potable Reuse
• Water Quality Criteria
• Treatment Technologies
• Risk Mitigation
• Public Perception
• Status of IPR/DPR projects going on in the US
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Definitions
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Non-Potable Reuse (NPR) or “Direct Reuse” (Purple Pipe)
Indirect Potable Reuse - Surface Water Augmentation
Indirect Potable Reuse -Groundwater Recharge
Direct Potable Reuse
What should I do with my reclaimed water?
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Drivers for Potable Reuse
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DPR Planning, Pilot Testing, and Full Scale Implementation is Underway
DPR Demonstration in Oregon
State Law Mandates Direct Potable Reuse Initiative $$$M collected for DPR research
NWRI Expert Panel Formed for Cloudcroft NM, DPR to soon follow
Initial DPR workshops underway in Oklahoma
• “Big Spring” in operation, treatment performance analysis underway • DPR planning and design happening throughout the state
IPR/DPR planning studies and pilot studies for utilities across CA
Steering Committee for AZ Potable Reuse developing regulatory framework
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But in Florida, Drivers are More Diverse
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Drivers in Florida
• Surface water quality
• Salt water intrusion - Biscayne
• Decreasing Availability of Low-Cost Fresh Water
– Central Florida Coordinating Area
– Southwest Florida Southern Water Use Caution Area and Most Impacted Area
– South Florida Regional Availability Rule
• Everglades restoration
• South Florida Ocean Outfall Legislation
Eutrophication in St. Johns River
Saltwater intrusion
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Water Quality Criteria
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What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage?
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Treatment
Risk Mitigation
Public Acceptance
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Overall Goal: How do we make DPR safe?
WRRF Project 11-02 Addresses Two Key Questions:
1. What level of treatment must we achieve?
2. How can we achieve that level of treatment?
Adenovirus Cryptosporidium fluoxetine
NDMA
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WRRF 11-02 Panel Report specifies treatment goals
• From Raw Wastewater to Potable Water
– 12-log virus
– 9-log bacteria
– 10-log protozoa
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NWRI Panel – Chemical Criteria
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Public health goals for DPR
• CDPH: 12 / 10 / 10– 12-log virus
– 10-log Giardia and Crypto reduction
• WRRF 11-02: 12 / 10 / 9– 12-log enteric virus
– 10-log Crypto (Giardia implied)
– 9-log bacteria
• Both:– Requirements for trace
chemicals
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Treatment Technologies
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What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage?
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Treatment
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If you address the pathogens, you will address the trace organic chemicals (WRRF-11-02)
Treatment Train Virus Crypto Total Coliform
15 12 18
15 13 18
14 11 16
14 11 16
13 11 16
GOALS 12 10 9
MF RO UV/H2O2Cl2CAS
UF O3 BAF UVCAS
O3CAS BAF UF UV
O3CAS BAF UVMF
CASO3 MF RO UV/H2O2
From raw wastewater to potable water
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But what if a process fails?
Treatment Train Virus Crypto Total Coliform
15 12 18
15 13 18
14 11 16
14 11 16
13 11 16
GOALS 12 10 9
MF RO UV/H2O2Cl2CAS
UF O3 BAF UVCAS
O3CAS BAF UF UV
O3CAS BAF UVMF
CASO3 MF RO UV/H2O2
X X X X9 6 12
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Risk Mitigation
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What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage?
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Risk Mitigation
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The bottom line:
• Process failure cannot reduce delivered water quality below target goals; so…
– We must know when the failure has occurred and divert flow from the potable stream; or
– We must have sufficient redundancy of treatment, storage, and monitoring to know that water quality goals are being met.
Processes WILL fail.
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In addition to robust treatment, there are two key components you need for protecting public health and minimizing cost in the case of process failure:
1. Quick response time
2. Good monitoring to ensure expected treatment result
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For each individual process:
Basic Framework for Setting Engineered Storage Size: Failure Response Time
Sampling Interval
Sample TAT
SystemReaction
Minimum Storage Time
Identify Failure
Failure Response Time (FRT)
Respond
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Through research, we are increasing online monitoring sensitivity (method detection), which allows for greater confidence in actual removal
Log removal credits:
• Minimum of:– process efficiency
– Monitoring method sensitivity
Met
ho
d
Sen
siti
vity
Pro
cess
E
ffic
ien
cy
Log
Rem
oval
Cre
dits
Limit
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WRRF-11-10 – Application of Risk Reduction Principles to Direct Potable Reuse
• Project Goal – “A critical initial evaluation of DPR, including treatment, monitoring, and operation.”
– Identify important weak points in the advanced treatment process train.
– Look at how and when we can manage these risks.
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Key Lessons
• Make things simpler and/or less tightly coupled.
• Control potential failure points relative to their risk.
• Monitoring is key.
• For personnel:
– Training, training, training.
– SOPs for critical failure events.
– Simple checklists
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Public Acceptance
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What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage?
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Public Acceptance
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The general public has difficulty with the concept of relative concentrations and risk
• There is a concern that “presence” in any amount is a problem
• Adverse health effects are presumed if anything can be detected.
• There is no “zero”of anything…including risk.
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Pharmaceutically Active Compounds
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Amount of Water to Meet Acceptable Daily Intake (for Humans) - Pharmaceuticals
Credit: Shane Snyder, University of Arizona
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Public Perception Lessons• Hire an expert
• Well-conceived plan
• Validate “contagion” mentality
• Watch your mouth!– Different vocabulary– Alarming words and
acronyms
• Present DPR among other options
– Energy– Capital and O&M– Social & Environmental
impacts
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The majority of the world’s population drinks from rivers and streams that have received treated discharges from upstream users. It is nothing new. We’ve been doing it for centuries.
www.athirstyplanet.com
We are nearly all “Downstream”
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The Ways of Water
The Ways of Water presents an overview of the many human interventions in the water cycle and looks at the benefits around some of the key water provision options including Direct Potable Reuse using easy-to-understand language
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Communicating Risk of PPCPs (Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products)
User & Public Friendly Document
Includes a CD with printable materials
http://www.watereuse.org/catalog/toolkit
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The Words We Use Really Do Matter
Number one impediment to any water reuse project is public perception
Can’t talk to public in the same way we do to each other
http://www.watereuse.org/product/07-03
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So, all three components must fold into the regulatory framework for DPR
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Treatment
Risk Mitigation
Public Acceptance
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Status of DPR Projects in US
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Colorado River Municipal Water District’s
Raw Water Production Facility
at Big Spring
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Colorado River Municipal Water District
• Member cities:
• Population served: 450,000
• Surface water reservoirs:– Lake J.B. Thomas (<2% full)
– E.V. Spence (<5% full)
– O.H. Ivie (<15% full)
• Five well fields (peaking) Lake O.H. Ivie, April 2011
Odessa
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Direct potable reuse is a reality for the Colorado River Municipal Water District
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• Designed by Freese & Nichols
• Operating since May 2013
DPR at Big Spring
MicrofiltrationReverse Osmosis
UV
Filtered secondary
effluent from City of
Big Spring Filters pathogens,pretreats for RO
Removes pathogens,salt, and trace pollutants
Kills pathogens and destroys trace pollutants
H2O2Membrane Processes
Advanced Oxidation
<20% blend
Blended water to conventional drinking water
plants
Moss Creek Lake
Raw water from
E.V. Spence Reservoir
Raw Water Production Facility
RO concentrateto Beal’s Creek
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• Process evaluation, advanced monitoring
• Detailed study of water quality– Pathogens
– Trace chemicals
– Surrogate development
Carollo Led Monitoring Study Expanding on WRRF Research
Ethinyl estradiol caffeine
MicrofiltrationReverse Osmosis
UVSecondary
Effluent
H2O2
<20% blend
To drinking water plants
Moss Creek Lake
E.V. Spence Pipeline
4
1 2
RO concentrate
3 5
6
Proposed Sample Locations
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Clean Water ServicesOregon
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Clean Water Services (Oregon) Provides Industry Leadership in the NW• Phosphorus Recovery
• Reclaimed Water– Wetlands for nutrient removal
and reclaimed water applications
– Reclaimed water purification for DPR and industrial use
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DPR Demonstration – Progressive Analysis Using the Latest Industry Tools• Clean Water Services
– Diane Taniguchi-Dennis
– Rick Shanley
– Adrienne Menniti
– Forest Grove Plant Staff
• GE – UF and RO Membranes
• Trojan – UV AOP
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Startup Testing Baselines Process Performance• UF Pressure Decay Results
Tracked and Are Stable and Within Tolerance
• RO EC is Constant
• Microbiological Reductions through Process Train as Expected (from a lot to zero!)
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Detailed Pathogen and CEC Testing Complete
Process Target Monitoring Notes
Full-Scale UV Pathogens Dose and total coliform reduction
Provides bacteria and protozoa
barrier
Pilot-Scale UF Pathogens Particle, protozoa, and virus reduction
Includes seeding and indigenous
monitoring
Pilot-Scale RO Pathogens, CECs Virus and CEC reduction
Includes seeding of virus, monitoring of indigenous CECs
Pilot-Scale UV AOP Pathogens, CECs NDMA, CECs Correlation of NDMA reduction to
UV Dose
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2014 One Water Innovations Gala
• WEFTEC 2014
• September 28, 20146-10 p.m.The RepublicNew Orleans, LA
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Cloudcroft New Mexico
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Notes from the Field, Cloudcroft NM
• System is Not Operational
– 80% Constructed
– Online Spring 2015
• Highly Advanced and Redundant Processes
Membrane Bioreactor
Reverse Osmosis UV/AOP
Chlorine Disinfection
Wastewater Purification
UltrafiltrationUVChlorine
Disinfection 1 MG Storage (10 days)Water
Treatment
~50% Blending with Raw Water
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Critical Issues Remain to Be Addressed in Cloudcroft
• Water Supply is Low and DPR is the Answer
– Vacation Community
– 9,000 feet, limited groundwater resources
– No surface water resources
– Population doubles/triples during peak tourist season
– Water needed to sustain tourism in the Village
• Public Support is Split
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Critical Issues Remain to Be Addressed in Cloudcroft
• New Mexico Environment Department Needs Answers
– What level of treatment meets public health standards?
– Is the existing treatment scheme sufficient? What about process monitoring?
– How will a small community properly operate an advanced facility?
• Existing WWTP is a trickling filter, is current staff and training sufficient?
– What type of state-wide guidance is needed for big and small DPR projects?
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NWRI Hired by NMED to Answer Key Questions
• Independent Advisory Panel (IAP)
– Jeff Mosher, Supreme Leader
– Jim Crook, Chair
– Joe Cotruvo, Panelist
– Andrew Salveson, Panelist
– Bruce Thompson, Panelist
– John Stomp, Panelist
– Assistance From:
– Village Trustees
– Eddie Livingston
– NMED
Panelist in Training (PIT)
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NWRI IAP Preliminary Conclusions
• Treatment Process is Robust and Sufficient
• Additional Process Monitoring is Recommended to Improve Confidence
– Online TOC to monitor RO performance
– Online chloramines to monitor UV AOP performance
– Online CT to measure chlorination performance
– Offline microbial testing
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• O&M issues are Key!
– Training
– Retraining
– Staff Redundancy (small community!)
– Budgeting, this will be a large increase in O&M costs.
• Outreach & Education ASAP
NWRI IAP Preliminary Conclusions
