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National Trends in Water Reuse
Guy Carpenter, PEVice President
Reuse Technical Practice Director
February 11, 2015C
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Non-Potable Reuse (NPR) or “Direct Reuse” (Purple Pipe)
Indirect Potable Reuse - Surface Water Augmentation
The ways water can be reused…
“De Facto” Potable Reuse
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WRRF-11-05: Demonstrating the Benefits of Engineered Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) versus De facto Reuse Systems
Case Studies
• Greater Cincinnati Water Works (Ohio)
• Frederick County Utilities (Maryland)
• Philadelphia Water Department (Pennsylvania).
Findings• Water quality at WTP intakes
dependent upon:
– Dilution
– Background contamination
– Ambient temperature
– Residence time
• Impact of upstream effluent was negligible
• Quality of water produced by engineered DPR systems is higher and more reliable
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• National Research Council, 2012
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Three risk scenarios examined
NRC 2012
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Three risk scenarios examined
NRC 2012
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Three risk scenarios examined
NRC 2012
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Pathogen risk lowest for planned IPR
NRC 2012
Lower is
Better
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Chemical risk similar or lower for planned IPR
Higher is
Better
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Non-Potable Reuse (NPR) or “Direct Reuse” (Purple Pipe)
Indirect Potable Reuse - Surface Water Augmentation
Indirect Potable Reuse -Groundwater Recharge
Direct Potable Reuse
The ways water can be reused…
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So, what’s the best way to put recycled water to use?
• Direct reuse (purple pipe)– Expensive, dual distribution
– Dedicated to particular end uses
• “De Facto” Indirect Potable Reuse relies on CWA + SDWA
• Indirect Potable Reuse– Losses to the environment
– Unnecessary extra steps (?)
• Direct Potable Reuse– Requires higher level of intentionality
• Conjunctive approach may also be best
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In a good water year, everyone gets what they need, and purple pipe system meets non-potable demands
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But when a drought occurs, purple pipe still meeting non-potable demands, but everyone has to cut back on potable demand
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So maybe hybrid approach of some NPR and some IPR makes more sense?
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WRRF-09-02: New Decision Tool Helps with Systematic Evaluation
• Easy navigation
• Evaluate up to 6 alternatives per file
• Save file for each evaluation
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Score and Rank TBL Criteria for Alternatives
• Assign relative rank for each criteria
• Assign priorities
• Use weighted average or compromise programming methods
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Comparison Shows Preferred Alternatives
• Graphical representationof data
• Useful for reporting
• Shows relative influence of each TBLcategory
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Trend Toward Decentralized & On-site Water Management
Living Machine in San Francisco Public Utilities Commission Cafeteria Area
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NSF Center: Stanford, Berkeley, Colorado School of Mines
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Direct Potable Reuse (DPR)
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What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage?
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Treatment
Risk Mitigation
Public Acceptance
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RIS
K
WateReuse Research Foundation conducts research to protect public health
• Removing pollutants with membrane processes –WRRF 06-019
• Advanced Oxidation for pollutant and pathogen treatment – WRRF 02-009
• Finding alternative technologies for IPR and DPR –WRRF 11-02
• Risk reduction and implementation of DPR –WRRF 11-10
• Guidelines for monitoring and engineered storage for DPR – WRRF 12-06
TR
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Overall Goal: How do we make DPR safe?
WRRF Project 11-02 Addresses Two Key Questions:
1. What level of treatment must we achieve?
2. How can we achieve that level of treatment?
Adenovirus Cryptosporidium fluoxetine
NDMA
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WRRF 11-02 Panel Report specifies treatment goals
• From Raw Wastewater to Potable Water
– 12-log virus
– 9-log bacteria
– 10-log protozoa
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NWRI Panel – Chemical Criteria
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Public health goals for DPR
• CDPH (now SWRCB): 12 / 10 / 10
– 12-log virus
– 10-log Giardia and Crypto reduction
• WRRF 11-02: 12 / 10 / 9– 12-log enteric virus
– 10-log Crypto (Giardia implied)
– 9-log bacteria
• Both:– Requirements for trace
chemicals
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Treatment Technologies
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What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage?
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Treatment
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If you address the pathogens, you will address the trace organic chemicals (WRRF-11-02)
Treatment Train Virus CryptoTotal
Coliform
15 12 18
15 13 18
14 11 16
14 11 16
13 11 16
GOALS 12 10 9
MF RO UV/H2O2Cl2CAS
UF O3 BAF UVCAS
O3CAS BAF UF UV
O3CAS BAF UVMF
CASO3 MF RO UV/H2O2
From raw wastewater to potable water
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But what if a process fails?
Treatment Train Virus CryptoTotal
Coliform
15 12 18
15 13 18
14 11 16
14 11 16
13 11 16
GOALS 12 10 9
MF RO UV/H2O2Cl2CAS
UF O3 BAF UVCAS
O3CAS BAF UF UV
O3CAS BAF UVMF
CASO3 MF RO UV/H2O2
X X X X9 6 12
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Risk Mitigation
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What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage?
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Risk Mitigation
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The bottom line:
• Process failure cannot reduce delivered water quality below target goals; so…
– We must know when the failure has occurred and divert flow from the potable stream; or
– We must have sufficient redundancy of treatment, storage, and monitoring to know that water quality goals are being met.
Processes WILL fail.
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In addition to robust treatment, there are two key components you need for protecting public health and minimizing cost in the case of process failure:
1. Quick response time
2. Good monitoring to ensure expected treatment result
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Basic Framework for Setting Engineered Storage Size: Failure Response Time (WRRF-12-06)
• For each individual process:
Sampling Interval
Sample TAT
SystemReaction
Minimum Storage Time
Identify Failure
Failure Response Time (FRT)
Respond
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Process Example #1: Microfiltration
Standard “Advanced”
Monitoring ApproachDirect Integrity Test
(pressure decay, e.g.)
BioScan & Online / Benchtop Particle
Counts
Log Removal Credit4-log protozoa3-log bacteria
Monitoring Interval 24 hoursinstant (online)/
hourly (benchtop)
Sample TAT minutesinstant (online)/
minutes (benchtop)
Response time(valve & pumps)
minutes minutes
FRT 24+ hoursminutes (online)/
1+ hour (benchtop)
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WRRF-11-10 – Application of Risk Reduction Principles to Direct Potable Reuse
• Project Goal – “A critical initial evaluation of DPR, including treatment, monitoring, and operation.”
– Identify important weak points in the advanced treatment process train.
– Look at how and when we can manage these risks.
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Key Lessons
• Make things simpler and/or less tightly coupled.
• Control potential failure points relative to their risk.
• Monitoring is key.
• For personnel:
– Training, training, training.
– SOPs for critical failure events.
– Simple checklists
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Public Acceptance
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What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage?
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Public Acceptance
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The general public has difficulty with the concept of relative concentrations and risk
• There is a concern that “presence” in any amount is a problem
• Adverse health effects are presumed if anything can be detected.
• There is no “zero”of anything…including risk.
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Pharmaceutically Active CompoundsC
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Amount of Water to Meet Acceptable Daily Intake (for Humans) - Pharmaceuticals
Credit: Shane Snyder, University of Arizona
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Public Perception Lessons• Hire an expert
• Well-conceived plan
• Validate “contagion” mentality
• Watch your mouth!– Different vocabulary
– Alarming words and acronyms
• Present DPR among other options
– Energy
– Capital and O&M
– Social & Environmental impacts
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The Words We Use Really Do Matter
Linda Macpherson –CH2MHill, Consultant
Number one impediment to any water reuse project is public perception
Can’t talk to public in the same way we do to each other
http://www.watereuse.org/product/07-03
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So, all three components must fold into the regulatory framework for DPR
Pathogens& Trace Organic
Compounds
Treatment
Risk Mitigation
Public Acceptance
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g g
Colorado River Municipal Water District’s
Raw Water Production Facility
at Big Spring
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Colorado River Municipal Water District
• Member cities:
• Population served: 450,000
• Surface water reservoirs:– Lake J.B. Thomas (<2% full)
– E.V. Spence (<5% full)
– O.H. Ivie (<15% full)
• Five well fields (peaking) Lake O.H. Ivie, April 2011
Odessa
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Direct potable reuse is a reality for the Colorado River Municipal Water District
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• Designed by Freese & Nichols
• Operating since May 2013
DPR at Big Spring
MicrofiltrationReverse Osmosis
UV
Filtered secondary
effluent from City of
Big Spring Filters pathogens,pretreats for RO
Removes pathogens,salt, and trace pollutants
Kills pathogens and destroys trace pollutants
H2O2Membrane Processes
Advanced Oxidation
<20% blend
Blended water to conventional drinking water
plants
Moss Creek Lake
Raw water from
E.V. Spence Reservoir
Raw Water Production Facility
RO concentrateto Beal’s Creek
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• Process evaluation, advanced monitoring
• Detailed study of water quality– Pathogens
– Trace chemicals
– Surrogate development
Carollo Led Monitoring Study Expanding on WRRF Research
Ethinyl estradiol caffeine
MicrofiltrationReverse Osmosis
UVSecondary
Effluent
H2O2
<20% blend
To drinking water plants
Moss Creek Lake
E.V. Spence Pipeline
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1 2
RO concentrate
3 5
6
Proposed Sample Locations
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