Case Studies and Benchmarking: Canadian DER Integration Projects

Tarek EL-Fouly, PhD

Workshop: Smart Grid Demo Project ReviewsDecember 10, 2010

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Outline

Introduction

Modeling, Simulation and Benchmark Case Studies

Demonstrations and Field Tests Case Studies

Smart Grid Demonstration Projects

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Introduction

Modeling, Simulation and Benchmark Case Studies

Demonstrations and Field Tests Case Studies

Smart Grid Demonstration Projects

4Statistical Source: North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC)Map Source: Global Energy Network Institute (GENI)

Provincial Electricity Generation Mix

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CanmetENERGY, NRCan

National energy laboratories within the department of Natural Resources Canada

CanmetENERGY manages science and technology programs and services and support the development of energy policies, codes and regulations.

Canadian leader in clean energy research and technology development - 3 energy research centres : Ottawa, Devon and Varennes. Over 450 scientists, engineers and technicians.

Located in Varennes, QC about 26 km from downtown Montreal.

Web link: http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/eng/index.html

CanmetENERGYVarennes, Québec,

Canada

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Program Objectives and Key Activities

Smart Grid R&D objective: To support national S&T efforts that will contribute to the modernization of the electricity grid network,enhance the benefits of renewable and clean distributed energy resources, increase diversity and reliability of supply, and facilitate recovery after disruptions.

Key activities:

Modeling, Simulation and Benchmark Case Studies

Technology Assessment and Demonstrations

Standards, Codes and Regulatory Support

National and International Collaboration

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Introduction

Modeling, Simulation and Benchmark Case Studies

Demonstrations and Field Tests Case Studies

Smart Grid Demonstration Projects

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Automatic Fault Location Detection on Rural Feeders with DGs

Locating faults on the distribution system is important to:

repair the faulted section and restore service as fast as possible in the case of permanent faults.

identify incipient problems and monitor equipment that may have been damaged during transient fault events.

Automatic fault location detection approaches:Using the voltage and current measured at the substation to estimate the impedance to the fault.

Using the voltage measured at the substation, in addition to voltages obtained from advanced meter infrastructure (AMI).

L1

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Approach using measurements at the substation

Approach using the voltage measurements from the substation and from AMI

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Automatic Fault Location Detection on Rural Feeders with DGs (Cont.)

This study considers the impact of DGs on the performance of an automatic fault location approach using the voltage and current measured at the substation.

In general, when the DG is upstream of the fault section, the performance will be degraded, with the impact being more severe for synchronous machine based DG.

L1

9.7 km

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69 kV260 MVAX/R = 1.6

25/69 kV2- 6 MVA

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Hydro DGs scenariosHydro DGs scenariosHydro DGs scenarios

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Canadian rural feeder

Automatic Fault Location Detection Algorithm

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Impact of High PV Penetration on Voltage Profiles in Residential Neighborhoods

Canadian overhead residential feeder Benchmark

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1/0 AWG, Aluminum, XLPE

4/0 AWG, Aluminum, XLPE

75 kVA14.4 kV/120 V/240 V

94 MVA120 kV/25 kV

60 MVA PF 0.95

3 MVA PF 0.9 3 MVA PF 0.92 MVA PF 0.9

2 MVA PF 0.9

2 MVA PF 0.9

216 PV Houses

PSCAD model

A model using PSCAD/EMTDC has been developed for a Canadian overhead residential feeder benchmark.

Various case studies have been investigated: Average loadLight loadFeeder length (impedance)Feeder configurationLV transformer impedance

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Impact of High PV Penetration on Voltage Profiles in Residential Neighborhoods (Cont.)

Voltage profile in the sub-network A (LV) consideringaverage feeder load level

Feeder length and transformer impedance play important roles in determining the voltage rise level for residential feeders with high PV penetration levels (up to 75 % LV transformer capacity).

An average PV penetration level of around 2.5 kW per household on a typical distribution grid would not cause the voltage to exceed the normal standard voltage threshold value.

Improvements on the LV network efficiency, by reducing transformers and feeder impedances, would reduce the voltage rise

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PV penetration levels for different absolute values of the feeder impedances

Drop Lines: Rb = 0.55 Ω/km and Lb = 0.29 mH/kmPole-Pole Lines: Rb = 0.27 Ω/km and Lb = 0.24 mH/km

PV penetration levels for different LV transformer impedances

R1b = 0.06 puR2b = R3b = 0.012 pu

Voltage profile in the sub-network A (LV) consideringlight feeder load level

12 MATLAB&SIMULINK model

F1-165 Recloser

F-183 Recloser

F1-46 Recloser

Voltage Regulator

F-293 Recloser

Substation

(280 amps)

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(100 amps)

(50 amps)

Feeder under investigation (CYMDIST View)

Feeder Protection Systems for Multiple Generation Sites on

the Same FeederData from two actual Canadian feeders are used in the analysis.Four types of faults have been investigated:

3-phase faultsL-L faultsL-G faultsHigh impedance L-G faults System has been analyzed at various

operating conditions/configurations:DG size, location and technologyPeak and minimum loadDifferent load modelTransformer impedance

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At peak load, all fault types will be detected by the line and/or the DG protection and/or the substation breaker.In some cases, DGs protection will not detect the fault but as soon as the line protection and/or the substation breaker protection trips, the DGsprotection will detect the fault.

Feeder Protection (Cont.)

Report on the findings with conclusions and recommendations will be produced

ONLY 3-phase and L-L faults have been detected

All fault types have been detected

All fault types have not been detected

ONLY L-L fault has been detected

All fault types have been detected

All fault types have not been detected

ONLY L-L fault has been detected

Substation

High impedance L-G fault has not been detected

All fault types have been detected

High impedance L-G fault has not been detected

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In collaboration with the University of Toronto

A detailed set of studies and results was presented to determine the effect of distributed storage on the Electric Distribution System with emphasis on the depth of penetration of distributed generation units.

4 types of feeders inspired from Toronto Hydro network were used as a benchmark using CYMDIST software.

All load/DG scenarios are simulated with and without distributed storage (DS) units in service.

Impact of Integration of Storage on Distribution Systems

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Impact of Integration of Storage on Distribution Systems (Cont.)

Three different options for DS capacity are considered:A DS without power and storage capacity constraints,A DS is a typical 1 MW NaS battery with 7.2 MWh storage capacity and 100% DOD; and,A DS is a typical 1 MW NaS battery with 7.2 MWh storage capacity and 90% DOD.

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Introduction

Modeling, Simulation and Benchmark Case Studies

Demonstrations and Field Tests Case Studies

Smart Grid Demonstration Projects

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Band Office

Resident

Smart Remote Microgrid

66 residences and 18 buildings Hartley Bay, BC - first smart grid of its kind in North America.

“Rural electricity cooperative” - saving remain in the communityFirst year research results 2010 – Modify transformer loading;

Monitoring 3 diesel generators; research “dispatch strategy” with DR; 2010-11 - Research on demand responsive load and validate

optimal smart grid operation; Knowledge base will improve our understanding of cost-benefit of advanced metering infrastructureTarget fuel cost reduction: $50,000-100,000 per yearOptimal smart microgrid performance tool

Project contact: Tarek El-Fouly

Photos: Pulse Energy

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AMI infrastructure – pay-as-you go meterResearch on medium penetration Solar PV, whereby the PV

generation exceeded the loadAlternative system design and grid topology optionsResearch combination with diesel gensets and low-load

operation with PVThree measures in the Nemiah grid • Introducing 6 distributed rooftop PV - 27kW, • Replacing a 95 kW genset by a 30 kW genset, • Reducing commercial loads on weekday evenings and

weekends by introducing a contactor to switch these off.- Validation of fuel saving with 25% reduction in diesel fuel compared to baseline- Local employment $ and rural electricity cooperative $

PV-Microgrid Nemiah, BC

5900

11130

9000

PV Commercial load control 30 kW genset

Fuel savings (in litres) from each of the three measures .

General Diagram of the mini-grid.

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/Nig

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120/240V Daytime Commercial Bus

120/240V Critical Commercial Loads Bus

14,400V Distribution Grid600V Generation Bus

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nce

kWh$

Pay as you go Meter kWh$

Pay as you go Meter

House with PV House without PV

120/

240V

120/

240V

Source: Dave Turcotte, Sophie Pelland

Residential area blueCommercial area pink

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Test Line Single Line Diagram

Relays’ Operating Time

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0% mismatch resistive 12.5 % mimatch resistive 9.1 % mimatch resistive 0% mismatch light resistive load11.1% mimatch light resistive load 4.4 mimatch resistive-inductive4.4 mimatch resistive-Capacitive 10.6% mimatch resitive-non-unity generation

Commercial Relays Field Tests for Passive Anti-Islanding

Protection

A combination of ROCOF and VS schemes could detect islanding of a synchronous DGs for power mismatches above 10%.

Synchronous based DGs3 commercial (off-the-shelf) protection relays.In collaboration with Hydro Quebec Research Centre (IREQ)

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Voltage Regulator Testing with Distributed Generation

In collaboration with Hydro Quebec Research Centre (IREQ).Test Line to be modeled using EMTP-RV to validate the field test results. Results will be analyzed and presented in a paper.

Copper Power System Voltage Regulator

IREQ 25 kV Test Line

Test Line Single Line Diagram

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Introduction

Modeling, Simulation and Benchmark Case Studies

Demonstrations and Field Tests Case Studies

Smart Grid Demonstration Projects

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New Brunswick Power Corporation

• Project will install monitoring and control systems in 750 buildings in PEI, NB and NS. Load control will be driven by availability of regional wind power

• 4 utilities involved• $32M project

Hydro-Québec-Institut de recherche

• Development of a smart zone in Boucherville including PHEV charging infrastructure

• $20M project

Power Measurement Ltd• Load curtailment and peak

shaving in large commercial buildings

• Partners include Brookfield Properties, ENMAX

• $10M project

BC Hydro• Installation of two 1MW storage

systems at two locations to support remote and weak grid systems

• $13.4M project

CanmetENERGY provides technical and administration support for

Clean Energy Fund (CEF) demonstration projects

Total $75.4 Million (4 projects)

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CEF Fund: The Atlantic Power Shift Project

A $32 million 4 year project led by NB Power and involving NS Power, St John Energy and Maritime Electric.

Objective is to demonstrate smart grid technologies to use responsive demand to balance wind generation with at least 750 buildings involved.

CanmetENERGY can provide technical support by providing knowledge on:

Demand response in commercial building

Building to grid models

Communications options for demand response

The Maritimes:World class wind regime but limited grid balancing resources. Current generation is mainly fossil fuel based.

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This project demonstrates the integration of energy storage as amechanism for mitigating risk of exceeding capacity at near-peak capacity substations.This type of solution has the ability to be used in other remotecommunities where the grid reliability is low and the cost of the transmission line upgrade is uneconomical.Solution to near-capacity substation at Golden

Proposed use of 2 x 1 MW battery storage (at Golden and Field) to bridge capacity gap prior to transmission upgrade (peak shaving)

Solution to poor reliability indices for FieldProposed use of 1 MW battery storage at Field and demand response to provide back-up energy source (islanding)

Use knowledge for future initiativesDefer capacity (transmission or generation) in other locationsSupport for intermittent generation from renewable sourcesEnergy management of distributed energy resourcesAlternative energy source to diesel generation as back-up

CEF Fund: BC Hydro Energy Storage and Demand Response for

Near-Capacity Substation

Source: BC Hydro

Source: BC Hydro

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C. Abbey, F. Katiraei, C. Brothers, L. Dignard-Bailey, and G. Joos, “Integration of Distributed Generation and Wind Energy in Canada”, Proceedings of the IEEE-Power Engineering Society General Meeting and Conference, Montréal Canada, June 18-22, 2006.T.H.M. EL-Fouly and C. Abbey, “On the Compatibility of Fault Location Approaches and Distributed Generation”Proceedings of the Joint CIGRE PES Integration of Wide-Scale Renewable Resources into the Power Delivery System Symposium, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. (July 29 - 31, 2009) .R. Tonkoski, D. Turcotte and T.H.M. EL-Fouly, “Impact of High PV Penetration on Voltage Profiles in ResidentialNeighbourhoods” to be published Reza Iravani, Milan Graovac and Xiaolin Wang, “Integration of Storage in Electrical Distribution Systems and its Impact on the Depth of Penetration of DG”, CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, technical report, CETCNumber 2009-174 / 2009-10-21. http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/eng/renewables/integration_der/publications.html?2009-174S. Pelland, D. Turcotte, G. Colgate and A. Swingler. “Nemiah Valley Photovoltaic-Diesel Mini-Grid: System Performance and Fuel Savings Based on one Year of Monitored Data”, to be published.T.H.M. EL-Fouly and C. Abbey, “Commercial Relays Field Tests for Passive Anti-Islanding Protection Schemes of Synchronous Generator Based DGs”, CIGRE Canada Conference on Power Systems, Toronto, Canada. (October 4 –6, 2009) Smart Grid Demonstration projects, http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/eneene/science/renren-eng.phpH. Whittaker and J. Peralta, “Microgrid R&D at BC Hydro: Golden Energy Storage Project”, 6th international symposium on microgrids, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 21, 2010. http://der.lbl.gov/presentations/microgrid-rd-bc-hydro-golden-energy-storage-projectSmart Grid Group Publications, CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/eng/publications.html

References

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Questions

Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY1615, Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec

http://canmetenergy.nrcan.gc.ca/eng/renewables/integration_der.html

CanmetENERGY research centre in Varennes (Quebec)

Further information:telfouly@nrcan.gc.ca / (450) 652-6410