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7/31/2019 Case Study Methodologies - Case Study Research - Prof. L. K. Vaswani
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CASE STUDY METHODOLOGIESCASE STUDY METHODOLOGIESCASE STUDY METHODOLOGIESCASE STUDY METHODOLOGIES(Opportunities for Case Study Research)(Opportunities for Case Study Research)(Opportunities for Case Study Research)(Opportunities for Case Study Research)
Case Study ResearchCase Study ResearchCase Study ResearchCase Study Research
Prof.Prof.Prof.Prof. L. K. Vaswani
KIIT School of Rural ManagementKIIT University, Bhubaneswar,
Orissa, India
7/31/2019 Case Study Methodologies - Case Study Research - Prof. L. K. Vaswani
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODSMETHODSMETHODSMETHODS
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Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is an interdisciplinary,
It crosses the humanities and the social andphysical sciences.
It is multi-paradigmatic in focus.
Its practitioners are sensitive to the value of the
multi-method approach.
They are committed to the naturalisticperspective, and to the interpretative
understanding of human experience.
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Application of Qualitative ApproachesApplication of Qualitative ApproachesApplication of Qualitative ApproachesApplication of Qualitative Approaches
the description and interpretation of
new or not well-researched issues; theory generation, theory
development, theory qualification, andtheory correction;
evaluation, policy advice, and action
research; and
research directed at future issues.
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Qualitative Methods & Theory BuildingQualitative Methods & Theory BuildingQualitative Methods & Theory BuildingQualitative Methods & Theory Building
Atheory tries to make sensetheory tries to make sensetheory tries to make sensetheory tries to make sense of out of the
observable world
Data describe the empirical patterns
observed, while theory explains why empiricalwhy empiricalwhy empiricalwhy empirical patterns are
observed or expected.
data dont generate theory onlyresearchers do that
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Research Process
The process starts with identifying the
research problem and framing of a researchquestion that demarcates the phenomenon
to be studied.
What is relevant to this question is allowed toemerge during the research process.
Sampling decisions evolve during theresearch process, and cannot be planned
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Research ObjectiveResearch ObjectiveResearch ObjectiveResearch ObjectiveOne can distinguish between mainly three objectives
orpurposeswith a research project:
To explainexplainexplainexplain the causality between different
observations or the reasons behind a certain
situation concerning the phenomenon
To exploreexploreexploreexplore a vague problem or a new area of
research
To describedescribedescribedescribe, i.e., observe and visualise thesituation of certain phenomena
The research objective does not automatically define
a quantitative or qualitative logic
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Research ObjectiveResearch ObjectiveResearch ObjectiveResearch Objective
The research questions implicitly determine the research
objective, and together they indicate quantitative vs.
qualitative research:
WHAT questions of descriptive nature in the sense how
much or how many call for a quantitative approach
WHAT questions of explanatory or exploratory nature call
for a qualitative approach
HOW questions and WHY questions call for a qualitative
approach
Qualitative research is needed when we want to come toterms with the meaning, not the right or wrong with the
phenomena under investigation
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What Is A Case Study Research?What Is A Case Study Research?What Is A Case Study Research?What Is A Case Study Research?
A case study research is an empiricalenquiry that investigates a contemporary
phenomenon within a real-life contextwhere the boundaries between
phenomenon and context are not clearly
evident, and in which multiple sources ofevidence are used.
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Positioning case method researchPositioning case method researchPositioning case method researchPositioning case method research
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Positioning case method researchPositioning case method researchPositioning case method researchPositioning case method research
Appreciation of the case method comes with
recognition that it fits within the traditions of qualitativeresearch.
In qualitative research the researcher is activelyinvolved in understanding the situation and, in
describing this understanding, creates knowledge. On recognizing these differences, one can appreciate
that the qualitative research is as scholarly anddemanding as quantitative research.
The benefit of using qualitative research is that it isbetter equipped than is quantitative research to tacklecertain problems.
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To explain the causal links in real-life
interventions that is too complex for the surveyor experimental strategies (explanatory study).
To describe the real-life context in which an
intervention has occurred (descriptive study). To evaluate an intervention that has already
occurred (evaluative study).
To explore those situations in which interventionbeing evaluated has no clear, single set of
outcomes (exploratory study).
12/06/2012 14I M Pandey
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Case Study is a Holistic Inquiry
The phenomenon and setting are a bound
system
Holistic inquiryHolistic inquiryHolistic inquiryHolistic inquiry involves collection of in-depth and detailed data that are rich in
content and involve multiple sources.
The multiple sources of information
provide the wide array of informationneeded to provide an in-depth picture.
Harling,2002Harling,2002Harling,2002Harling,2002
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Case Study is a Holistic Inquiry
A case study is a holistic inquiry thatinvestigates a contemporaryphenomenon within its natural setting.
The phenomenonphenomenonphenomenonphenomenon can be many differentthings: a program, an event, an activity, aproblem or an individual(s).
The natural settingnatural settingnatural settingnatural setting is the context withinwhich this phenomenon appears.
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Case Study is a Holistic Inquiry
Context is included because
contextual conditions areconsidered highly pertinent to thephenomenon being studied either
because many factors in the setting impinge on
the phenomenon or
because the separation between thephenomenon and the context is notclearly evident.
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Analysis & Interpretation
A key concept for this approach istheoretical sensitivity
Theoretical sensitivity as the attribute ofhaving insight, the ability to give meaning
to data, the capacity to understand, andcapability to separate the pertinent from
that which isnt
Pre-conceptions can get in the way ofcritical thinking and discovery.
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MYTH
RigourRigourRigourRigour
Case studies do not use standardmethodologies; hence, they lack rigour.
RealityRealityRealityReality: Case studies use multiple sources of
data collection like observation, interviews,
archives, and quantitative data. This ensures
triangulation and provides stronger
substantiation of constructs and hypotheses
(Eisenhardt, 1989).
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MYTH
GeneralizabilityGeneralizabilityGeneralizabilityGeneralizability
Case studies are subjective, lack rigour and notcapable of arriving at generalisation.
Reality:Reality:Reality:Reality:An investigator's goal is to expand and
generalise theories (analytic) and not toenumerate frequencies (statistical) [Yin,
1984].
For case studies generalisability is determined bythe strength of the description of the context.
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